Английская Википедия:Chen (state)

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Шаблон:Expand Chinese Шаблон:Infobox country Шаблон:Infobox Chinese Шаблон:Short description

Chen (Шаблон:Lang-zh) was a state founded by the Duke Hu of Chen during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. It existed from c. 1045 BC–479 BC. Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province. Chen, the 4th most popular surname in the world, and members of the Hu clan would claim descent from the Duke Hu of Chen who was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun. At its peak, Chen encompassed fourteen cities in modern-day Henan and Anhui.

Name

It is written 陳 the same as the Chen surname. In ancient texts, it is sometimes misspelled as 敶, also pronounced Chen.[1]

Territory

Chen was originally from Taihao (太昊、太皞), the capital of Fuxi's clan.[2] It was south of the Yellow River.[2][3]

Capital

Файл:春秋诸侯国分布图(简体).png
Chen territory (east China)

Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province.[4][5][6] Zhu Xi explains that Wanqiu means "[a hill] with a crater on top surrounded by high walls on all four sides".[7]

History

Шаблон:Expand section According to tradition, the royal family of Chen were descendants of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun. After the conquest of the Shang dynasty in 1046/45 BC, King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed his son-in-law Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, at Chen, and Man became known as Duke Hu of Chen (Chen Hugong).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Duke Shēn of Chen, son of Hugong then became second duke of Chen.Шаблон:Sfn

Chen later became an ally state of Chu, fighting as an ally of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. It was finally unified with the Chu in 479 BC. Many people of Chen then took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the many of Chinese people with the family name Chen today. After the destruction of the old Chu capital at Ying, Chen became the Chu capital.

Файл:Kyo.png
Location of Chen state

Achievements and descendants

  • The founding duke, Chen Hugong, is credited with being the originator of the Chen (surname), now the fourth most popular surname in the world[8]
  • The Chen clan would later found the Chen Dynasty of China and then the Trần dynasty, a golden age of Vietnam (陳朝 Tran is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chen).
  • In 1400 AD, Hồ Quý Ly overthrew the Trần dynasty and established the Hồ dynasty (Hồ is the Vietnamese pronunciation for "Hu"). He claimed to be a descendant of Chen Hugong and Emperor Shun, and changed the name of Vietnam from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu (大虞), or Great Ngu (Ngu is the Vietnamese pronunciation for Yu 虞 the legendary state of Emperor Shun).Шаблон:Sfn
  • In ancient times 陳 sounded similar to 東 dong, meaning 'East'. It also sounded similar to 田 tian. After the warring states period, some members of the Chen clan in Qi (state) adopted the surname 田 Tian, which later became popular in Chinese and Japanese surnames.

In summary, surnames with descent from Chen include:

Culture

The Shijing has at least 10 songs dedicated to Chen:《宛丘》、《東門之枌》、《衛門》、《東門之池》、《東門之楊》、《墓門》、《防有鵲巢》、《月出》、《株林》、《澤陂》。[9]

Rulers

The state of Chen lasted nearly 600 years and produced over 25 rulers. In chronological order from first to last (note Hu Gong means Duke of Hu and vice versa):

  1. Duke Hu of Chen
  2. Duke Shēn of Chen Шаблон:Sfn
  3. Duke Xiang of Chen
  4. Duke Xiao of Chen
  5. Duke Shèn of Chen
  6. Duke You of Chen
  7. Duke Xi of Chen
  8. Duke Wu of Chen
  9. Duke Yi of Chen
  10. Duke Ping of Chen
  11. Duke Wen of Chen
  12. Duke Huan of Chen
  13. Chen Tuo
  14. Duke Li of Chen
  15. Duke Zhuang of Chen
  16. Duke Xuan of Chen
  17. Duke Mu of Chen
  18. Duke Gong of Chen
  19. Duke Ling of Chen
  20. Xia Zhengshu
  21. Duke Cheng of Chen
  22. Duke Ai of Chen
  23. Prince Liu
  24. Chuan Fengxu
  25. Duke Hui of Chen
  26. Duke Huai of Chen
  27. Duke Min of Chen

Table

Ruler Title (Chinese) Other Name (Chinese) Reign (BC) Number of years ruling Identity
1 Chen Hugong 胡公 滿 1045—986 Ruled for 60 years The founder of Chen
2 Duke Shēn of Chen Шаблон:Sfn 申公 犀侯 985—961 Ruled for 25 years -
3 Duke Xiang of Chen 相公 皋羊 960—939 Ruled for 22 years The younger brother of Duke Shēn
4 Duke Xiao of Chen 孝公 突 938—905 Ruled for 34 years The son of Duke Shēn
5 Duke Shèn of Chen 慎公 圉戎 904—855 Ruled for 50 years The son of Duke Xiao
6 Duke You of Chen 幽公 寧 854—832 Ruled for 23 years The son of Duke Shen
7 Duke Xi of Chen 僖公 孝 831—796 Ruled for 36 years The son of Duke You
8 Duke Wu of Chen 武公 靈 795—781 Ruled for 15 years The son of Duke Xi
9 Duke Yi of Chen 夷公 說 780—778 Ruled for 3 years The son of Duke Wu
10 Duke Ping of Chen 平公 燮 777—755 Ruled for 23 years The younger brother of Duke Yi
11 Duke Wen of Chen 文公 圉 754—745 Ruled for 10 years The son of Duke Ping
12 Duke Huan of Chen 桓公 鮑 744—707 Ruled for 38 years The son of Duke Wen
13 Chen Tuo - 佗 707─706 Ruled for 8 months The younger brother of Duke Huan
14 Duke Li of Chen 厲公 躍 706─700 Ruled for 7 years The son of Duke Huan
15 Duke Zhuang of Chen 莊公 林 699—693 Ruled for 7 years The son of Duke Li
16 Duke Xuan of Chen 宣公 杵臼 692—648 Ruled for 45 years The younger brother of Duke Zhuang
17 Duke Mu of Chen 穆公 款 647—632 Ruled for 16 years The son of Duke Xuan
18 Duke Gong of Chen 共公 朔 631—614 Ruled for 18 years The son of Duke Mu
19 Duke Ling of Chen 靈公 平國 613—599 Ruled for 15 years The son of Duke Gong
20 Xia Zhengshu - 徵舒 599 Ruled for multiple months The great-grandson of Duke Xuan
21 Duke Cheng of Chen 成公 午 598—569 Ruled for 30 years The son of Duke Ling
22 Duke Ai of Chen 哀公 弱 568—534 Ruled for 35 years The son of Duke Cheng
23 Gongzi Liu - 留 534, from March to November Ruled for 9 months The son of Duke Ai
24 Chuan Fengxu - 穿封戌 533—529 Ruled for 5 years Advisor of Chu
25 Duke Hui of Chen 惠公 吳 529—506 Ruled for 28 years Grandson of Duke Ai
26 Duke Huai of Chen 懷公 柳 505—502 Ruled for 4 years Son of Duke Hui
27 Duke Min of Chen 湣公 越 501—478 Ruled for 24 years Son of Duke Huai

Note: the reign lengths of the dukes before Duke You of Chen are derived from conjecture, and are only for reference.

Family tree

Шаблон:Family tree of Chen state See zh:陈国君主世系图 Шаблон:AhnentafelШаблон:AhnentafelШаблон:Ahnentafel

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Reading

Шаблон:Rulers of Chen (state)Шаблон:Zhou dynasty topics

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  1. ↑ 《說文解字》陳 段玉裁注
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 《左傳·昭公十七年》：陈，大皞之虚也
  3. ↑ 《史记·货殖列传》："陈在楚夏之交，通鱼盐之货，其民多贾。"
  4. ↑ 《吕氏春秋·似顺论》对此有更为详细的记载："荆庄王欲伐陈，使人视之。使者曰：'陈不可伐也'。·庄王曰：'何故？'对曰：'城郭高，沟洫深，蓄积多也。'
  5. ↑ 《毛詩傳》："四方高，中央下曰宛丘"
  6. ↑ 白壽彝版《中國通史》第03卷 上古時代 第四節 地學
  7. ↑ Zhu Xi, Collected Explanations on the Classic of Poetry, "Volume 3 - Wanqiu". Qinzaotang siku quanshu huiyao 摛藻堂四庫全書薈要 version p. 79 of 124. quote: "四方高中央下曰宛丘。"
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 《詩經·國風》
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