Английская Википедия:Chenab River

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox river The Chenab RiverШаблон:Efn is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, before ultimately flowing into the Indus River.

The waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is allowed non-consumptive uses such as power generation. The Chenab River is extensively used in Pakistan for irrigation. Its waters are also transferred to the channel of the Ravi River via numerous link canals. The Battle of Chenab was fought on the bank of the river.

Name

The Chenab river was called Шаблон:IAST2 (Шаблон:Lang-sa) in the Rigveda (VIII.20.25, X.75.5). The name meant that it was seen to have dark-coloured waters.Шаблон:Sfn The term Krishana is also found in the Atharvaveda.Шаблон:Sfn A later form of Askikni was Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang-sa)Шаблон:Citation needed and the Greek form was Шаблон:Lang-grc - Akesínes; Latinized to Acesines.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Mahabharata, the common name of the river was Chandrabhaga (Шаблон:Lang-sa) because the river is formed from the confluence of the Chandra and the Bhaga rivers.Шаблон:Sfn This name was also known to the Ancient Greeks, who Hellenised it in various forms such as Sandrophagos, Sandabaga and Cantabra.Шаблон:Sfn

The simplification of Chandrabhaga to 'Chenab', with evident Persianate influence, probably occurred in early medieval times and is witnessed in Alberuni.

Course

Файл:Confluence Chandra Bhaga Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03346.jpg

Confluence of the Chandra (left) and Bhaga (right), the two main headstreams of the Chenab, at Tandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi, Шаблон:Convert southwest of Keylong, in the Lahaul and Spiti district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

The Bhaga river originates from Surya taal lake, which is situated a few kilometers west of the Bara-lacha la pass in Himachal Pradesh. The Chandra river originates from glaciers east of the same pass (near Chandra Taal). This pass also acts as a water-divide between these two rivers. The Chandra river transverses Шаблон:Convert while the Bhaga river transverses Шаблон:Convert through narrow gorges before their confluence at Tandi.

The Chandra-Bhaga then flows through the Chamba district in Himachal Pradesh before entering the Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir, where it flows through the Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Reasi and Jammu districts. It enters Pakistan and flows through the Punjab province before emptying into the Sutlej, forming the Panjnad river.

History

The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period. In 325 BCE, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of Alexandria on the Indus (present-day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan) at the confluence of the Indus and the combined streams of Punjab rivers (currently known as the Panjnad River). Arrian, in the Anabasis of Alexander, quotes the eyewitness Ptolemy Lagides as writing that the river is 2 miles wide where Alexander crossed it.

Dams

Файл:Salaldam.jpg

The Salal Dam near Reasi, Jammu and Kashmir, India

The river has rich power generation potential in India. There are many dams built, under construction or proposed to be built on the Chenab for the purpose of hydroelectric power generation in the country, including: Шаблон:Columns-list

All of these are "run-of-the-river" projects as per the Indus Water Treaty of 1960. The Treaty allocates the waters of Chenab to Pakistan. India can use its water for domestic and agricultural uses or for "non-consumptive" uses such as hydropower. India is entitled to store up to Шаблон:Convert of water in its projects. The three projects completed Шаблон:As of, Salal, Baglihar and Dul Hasti, have a combined storage capacity of Шаблон:Convert.

Файл:Sunset at Head Marala.jpg

The Chenab river at the Marala Headworks

Pakistan has four headworks on the Chenab: Шаблон:Columns-list

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Citation