Английская Википедия:Chinatown, Vancouver

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Версия от 22:53, 17 февраля 2024; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{Short description|Neighbourhood in Vancouver, British Columbia}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox settlement <!--See the table at Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of their usage.--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> | name = Chinatown | settlement_type = Lis...»)
(разн.) ← Предыдущая версия | Текущая версия (разн.) | Следующая версия → (разн.)
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Canadian English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Шаблон:Chinese Шаблон:Designation list

Файл:Chinatown, Vancouver, British Columbia (I0001689).tif
Chinatown, Vancouver, 1927

Chinatown is a neighbourhood in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is Canada's largest Chinatown. Centred around Pender Street, it is surrounded by Gastown to the north, the Downtown financial and central business districts to the west, the Georgia Viaduct and the False Creek inlet to the south, the Downtown Eastside and the remnant of old Japantown to the northeast, and the residential neighbourhood of Strathcona to the southeast.

Due to the large ethnic Chinese presence in Vancouver—especially represented by mostly Cantonese-speaking multi-generation Chinese Canadians and first-generation immigrants from Hong Kong—the city has been referred to as "Hongcouver".[1] However, most immigration in recent years has been Mandarin-speaking residents from Mainland China. Chinatown remains a popular tourist attraction and is one of the largest historic Chinatowns in North America, but it experienced recent decline as newer members of Vancouver's Chinese community dispersed to other parts of the metropolitan area.

Geography

Шаблон:OSM Location map The approximate borders of Chinatown as designated by the City of Vancouver are the alley between Pender and Hastings Streets, Georgia Street, Gore Avenue, and Taylor Street,[2] although unofficially the area extends well into the rest of the Downtown Eastside. Main, Pender, and Keefer Streets are the principal areas of commercial activity.

Golden Village

It has been more recently overshadowed by the newer Chinese immigrant business district along No. 3 Road in the City of Richmond, south of Vancouver. Many affluent Hong Kong and Taiwanese immigrants have moved there since the late 1980s, coinciding with the increase of Chinese ethnic retail and restaurants in that area. This new area is designated the "Golden Village" by the City of Richmond. The proposed renaming of the area to "Chinatown" met resistance both from merchants in Vancouver's Chinatown and from non-Chinese residents and merchants in Richmond itself.

History

Early immigration and head tax

Файл:Chinese at work on C.P.R. (Canadian Pacific Railway) in Mountains, 1884.jpg
Chinese railway construction workers for CP Rail, 1884

Chinese immigrants, primarily men, first came to Vancouver in large numbers during the late 19th century, attracted in part by the British Columbia gold rush of 1858 and then the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s.[3]Шаблон:Rp In the census of 1880–81, the total Chinese population in Canada was 4,383, of which the overwhelming majority (4,350) resided in British Columbia.[4]Шаблон:Rp By 1884, 17,000 Chinese immigrants had arrived in Canada to work on the railroad alone.[3]Шаблон:Rp The 1891 census counted 9,129 Chinese in Canada (8,910 in British Columbia), and the population at the 1901 census had increased to 16,792 in Canada (14,376 in British Columbia as an incomplete count).[4]Шаблон:Rp Of the estimated 16,000 Chinese immigrants in British Columbia in 1901, 2,715 lived in Victoria and another 2,011 lived in Vancouver.[4]Шаблон:Rp

After the completion of the railroad, under the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, a head tax of Шаблон:CAD per person was levied solely on Chinese immigrants to discourage further settlement; the head tax was raised to $100 in 1900 and then $500 in 1903.Шаблон:Cn

By 1900, Chinatown covered the four square blocks bounded by Canton Alley (on the west), Hastings Street (on the north), Keefer Street (on the south), and Main Street (on the east, named Westminster Avenue at the time), with Pender Street (then called Dupont) as the main commercial district.[3]Шаблон:Rp During this time, Vancouver's Red Light district was present in the area, undergoing routine police checks and attempts to clean up the area. By 1906, the Dupont brothels were forced to close. As a result, several brothels and businesses moved to two parallel dirt paved, dead-end lanes off of Dupont, West of Carrall: Shanghai Alley and Canton Alley. While these immigrants were dispersed throughout Chinatown, they strongly concentrated these areas.[5] In 1896, the health officer for the City of Vancouver reported the city had to destroy houses in Chinatown "owing to their filthy condition" and that "one could hardly pass through the [Chinatown] quarter without holding one's nose."[4]Шаблон:Rp Another health officer noted "The Chinese merchants and employers of labour endeavour to assist the health officials, and are, as a rule, willing to co-operate and help in this matter, but the lower classes of Chinese emigrants give a great deal of trouble unless constantly watched," concluding that continued immigration would lead to "circumstances and conditions which predispose to infectious disease, and serve to spread it rapidly when once it is roused into activity."[4]Шаблон:Rp This perception only worsened with the turn of the district. Residents of the area where said to face continuous "white hostility and discrimination" due to three main vices, drug problems, gambling and sex work. As these perceptions grew, the discrimination turned to violence, resulting in a destructive raid in 1907 that caused irreversible damage to the area.[5]

Clan societies and 1907 riot

Файл:Chinatown riot VPL 939 (10463611326).jpg
Boarded storefronts on Carrall Street following September 1907 riots

As more people of Chinese heritage came to Vancouver, clan associations were formed to help the newcomers assimilate in their adopted homeland and to provide friendship and support. Clan societies were often formed around a shared surname lineage, county (e.g., Kaiping, Zhongshan), or other feature of identity.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Despite these efforts, discrimination against residents of the area continued to grow and eventually turned to violence.[5] The Vancouver riots of September 1907 grew out of an anti-immigration rally being held by the Asiatic Exclusion League, resulting in significant damage to Chinatown businesses.[6] 2,000 Chinese immigrants were displaced from their homes, and total property damage resulting from the actions of the mob of 10,000 was estimated at $15,000.[7] One news report speculated the riot was held to intimidate a visiting Japanese delegate.[8] Another blamed the presence of American agitators.[9] Mackenzie King, then the Deputy Minister of Labour, was dispatched to investigate the riot and recommended the disbursement of $36,000 in compensation.[10][11]

The head tax was repealed via the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, which instead abolished Chinese immigration to Canada entirely, except in limited circumstances.Шаблон:Cn

Late 20th century improvements

In 1979, the Chinatown Historic Area Planning Committee sponsored a streetscape improvement program to add various Chinese-style elements to the area, such as specially paved sidewalks and red dragon streetlamps that demarcated the area's borders while emphasizing it as a destination for heritage tourism. Starting with its designation by the province as a historic area in 1971 and subsequent economic shifts, Chinatown shifted from a central business district to playing a largely cultural role. Murality, a local non-profit, is installing a mural on East Pender Street with the aim of bringing colour and vitality to the neighbourhood.[12]

The growth of Chinatown during much of the 20th century created a healthy, robust community that gradually became an aging one as many Chinese immigrants no longer lived nearby. Noticing local businesses suffering, the Chinatown Merchants Association cited the lack of parking and restrictive heritage district rules as impediments to new uses and renovations. Their concerns subsequently led to a relaxation of zoning laws to allow for a wider range of uses, including necessary demolition.[13] Additions in the mid-1990s included a large parkade, a shopping mall, and the largest Chinese restaurant in Canada. More residential projects around the community and a lowering of property taxes helped to maintain a more rounded community. Reinvigoration was a discussed topic along government members, symbolically embedded in the Millennium Gate project, which opened in 2002.[14]

Recent immigration

Файл:Vancouver Chinatown 16.JPG
Street in Chinatown

In addition to Han Chinese from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China, Chinese Latin Americans have also settled in the Chinatown area.Шаблон:Citation needed Most of them were from Peru and arrived shortly after Juan Velasco Alvarado took over that country in a military coup in 1968. Others have come from Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Nicaragua.

Vancouver experienced large numbers of immigrants from the Asia-Pacific region in the last two decades of the twentieth century, most notably from China, whose population in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area was estimated at 300,000 in the mid-1990s.[15]

Businesses and development

Шаблон:More citations needed section Chinatown is becoming more prosperous as new investment and old traditional businesses flourishШаблон:Citation needed. Today the neighbourhood features many traditional restaurants, banks, markets, clinics, tea shops, clothing stores, and other shops catering to the local community and tourists alike. The Vancouver office of Sing Tao Daily, one of the city's four Chinese-language dailies, remains in Chinatown. OMNI British Columbia (formerly Channel M) had its television studio in Chinatown from 2003 to 2010. Vancouver Film School also has a satellite location in Chinatown. The renowned bar & nightclub known as ‘Fortune Sound Club’ is situated within the heart of Chinatown (formerly Ming’s Restaurant). As of 2019, they have grown to become one of the most popular night clubs in all of BC, rivalling off the Granville Entertainment District and bringing in world-class musicians.

Chinatown's businesses today predominantly consist of those selling lower-order, working-class goods, such as groceries, tea shops, and souvenir stores. While some businesses, such as restaurants, stand out, they are no longer the only Chinese food establishments in the city, a shift that contributed to a visible decline in foot traffic and nighttime activity in Chinatown. As the vacancy rate in Chinatown currently stands at 10%, it has been acknowledged that Chinatown needs a new approach to development, since some businesses have relocated to suburban shopping centres while others simply retired or went out of business. Examples include the closing of some restaurants and shops, sometimes in instances where the family did not have successors or where the business could not sustain itself any longer. Although there is a considerable business vacancy, Chinatown lease rates are considered the cheapest in the city, at $15–$30 per square foot—about one-tenth of the asking price on Vancouver's Downtown Robson Street, the city's upscale shopping district.[16]

The new Chinatown business plan encourages new entrepreneurs to move in—and has attracted a longboard store and German sausage shop—as ways of restoring storefronts and bringing in a younger crowd, and to make higher-income people more comfortable in the area.[17] Attracted to the lower rent and the building's heritage status, younger businesses have moved in, often with white owners who also live in apartments above the shops.[18] The general consensus is that Chinatown's priority is to attract people of all backgrounds to Chinatown, and it is believed that the opening of non-traditional stores will bring a new flow of energy and income to the streets.[19] As a result, the commercial activity is becoming more diversified, dotted with Western chain stores such as Waves Coffeeshop and Dollar Giant. Other additions include vintage stores, two art galleries, bars, and a nightclub, built on the site of the former Ming's restaurant,[20] in an attempt to bring something of a nightlife atmosphere, reminiscent of the 1950s and 1960s, back to the neighbourhood. The diversity of new shops and businesses is believed to be necessary in creating a new image for Chinatown in order to bring vibrancy back to the area and encourage commercial activities in general, and as a way to compete with suburban districts as well as nearby Gastown and Downtown Vancouver.

Chinatown Revitalization Action Plan

The Chinatown Historic Area planning committee, along with AECOM Economics, a US-based planning firm, helped to prepare a Chinatown Revitalization Action Plan for Vancouver's planning department in November 2011.[21] Vancouver planners surveyed 77 businesses and found that 64% reported a decrease in revenue between 2008 and 2011. The majority of consumers, 58%, were local residents, with 21% coming from elsewhere in the Lower Mainland. Tourist spending accounted for only 12% of Chinatown customers.[22]

Condominium development

Файл:Vancouver Chinatown 13.JPG
Chinese themed street-light

Vancouver city councillors voted in 2011 to raise building height restrictions in Chinatown in order to boost its population density. A limit of 9 stories for most of the neighbourhood was set, with a maximum of 15 stories on the busiest streets.[23]

Architecture

Шаблон:Further The neighbourhood was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2011.[24]

Ongoing efforts at revitalization include efforts by the business community to improve safety by hiring private security, considering new marketing promotions, and introducing residential units into the neighbourhood by restoring and renovating heritage buildings. The current focus is on the restoration and adaptive reuse of the distinctive association buildings.

Historical and significant architecture in Chinatown, Vancouver
Name № Street Builder/Designer Year Built by/for Notes Photo
Sam Kee Building 8 West Pender Street Brown and Gillam 1913 Chang Toy (Sam Kee Company) Narrowest commercial building in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records; front-to-back depth is only Шаблон:Convert.[25] Файл:Sam Kee.jpg
Wing Sang Building 51 East Pender Street Thomas Ennor Julian 1889–1901 Yip Sang (Wing Sang Company) One of the oldest buildings in Chinatown. The 6-storey building was home to Yip Sang's Wing Sang Company (Wing Sang Limited) from 1889 to 1955. T.E. Julian added third storey in 1901.[26] Файл:Wing sang building, vancouver, b.c..JPG
Chinese Freemasons Building 1–5 West Pender Street S.B. Birds 1906, 1913 Modified by Samuel Buttrey Birds in 1913. Facade retained after building was demolished in 1975.[27] Файл:Chinese Freemasons building modern.jpg
Chinese Benevolent Association of Vancouver 104–108 East Pender Street 1901–1910 Chinese Benevolent Association The Association was organized by leading businessmen including Yip Sang, Chang Toy, and Wang Yu Shan.[28] Файл:Chinese Benevolent Association 02.JPG
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden 578 Carrall St Joe Wai, Donald Vaughan, Wang Zu-Xin 1986 Файл:Chinese Garden.jpg
Lim Sai Hor Association Building 525–531 Carrall Street Samuel Buttrey Birds, W. H. Chow 1903, 1914 Chinese Empire Reform Association Altered in 1914, keeping with the contemporary style of Chinatown buildings.[29] [1]
Mah Society of Canada 137–139 East Pender Street H.B. Watson, E.J. Boughen 1913, 1921 Originally housed street-level grocery with residences above; top storey added in 1921 for Mah Society.[30] Файл:Mah Society Building.JPG
Yue Shan Society 33–47 East Pender St. W.H. Chow 1889, 1898, 1920 Consists of three buildings around a central courtyard: 41–47 E Pender (1889), 33–39 E Pender (1920), and 37 E Pender (1914).[31] Файл:Yue Shan Society Buildings, Vancouver, BC 01.jpg
Chinese Times Building 1 East Pender Street William Tuff Whiteway 1902 Yip Sang (Wing Sang Company) One of the first brick buildings in Chinatown; influenced later architecture.[32] Файл:2010-08 1 East Pender Street.jpg
Chinese School 121–125 East Pender Street J.A. Radford and G.L. Southall 1910, 1921 Mon Keang School Altered by Radford in 1921. Mon Keang School established in 1925.[33] [2]
Lee Building 127–131 East Pender Street Henriquez and Todd 1907, 1973 Lee's Association Original building was damaged in a 1972 fire and demolished; the facade was retained and a new building was constructed behind it in 1973, designed by Henriquez and Todd.[27] Файл:127 East Pender St. 02.JPG
Carnegie Community Centre 401 Main Street G.W. Grant 1902–03 Vancouver Public Library; later as Vancouver Museum and City Archives Carnegie library from its construction until 1957.[34] Файл:41551-Vancouver (37509844511).jpg
Commercial Buildings 235–257 East Hastings Street 1901–1913 Includes the Hotel Empress (235),[35] Phoenix Hotel (237),[36] Belmont Building (241),[37] and Afton Hotel (249).[38] Файл:Run down hotel in Vancouver Chinatown (14817809694).jpg
Hotel East 445 Gore Street S.B. Birds 1912 Lee Kee Part of the expansion of Chinatown to east of Main.[39] Файл:445 Gore 01.JPG
Kuomintang Building 296 East Pender Street W.E. Sproat 1920 The Kuomintang (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist League) Файл:KMT Blg.jpg
Chin Wing Chun Society 158–160 East Pender Street R.A. McKenzie 1925 Chin Wing Chun Society Meeting rooms above street-level commercial space.[40] Файл:Chin Wing Chun Society Building 03.JPG
Ho Ho Restaurant and Sun Ah Hotel 100–102 East Pender Street R.T. Perry and White and Cockrill 1911 Loo Gee Wing Ho Ho Restaurant opened in 1954.[41] Файл:Sun Ah Hotel & Ho Ho Restaurant 02.JPG
May Wah Hotel 258 East Pender Street William Frederick Gardiner 1913 Messrs. Barrett and Deane SRO hotel; built in response to the Lodging House By-Law of 1910. Used by both Chau Luen Society and Shon Yee Benevolent Association of Canada.[42] Файл:May Wah Hotel 03.JPG
Chau Luen Tower 325 Keefer 1971 Chau Luen Benevolent Society
London Drugs 800 Main St Unknown-1968 (Expropriated) Chau Luen Benevolent Society [43]

Gates

Шаблон:Multiple image The China Gate (next to the Chinese Cultural Centre, near the intersection with Carrall) facing Pender Street was donated to the City of Vancouver by the Government of the People's Republic of China following the Expo 86 world's fair, where it was on display. After being displayed for almost 20 years at its current location, the gate was rebuilt and received a major renovation of its façade employing stone and steel. Funding for the renovation came from government and private sources; the renovated gate was unveiled during the October 2005 visit of Guangdong governor Huang Huahua. Шаблон:Multiple image This is not to be confused with the larger Millennium Gate, which straddles Pender Street at the west end of Chinatown, near the intersection with Taylor Street. The Millennium Gate was approved on September 20, 2001,[44] and erected in 2002 at the same site as a temporary wooden arch built to celebrate the 1901 royal tour by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York.[45][46] Joe Y. Wai designed the Millennium Gate.[47]

Notable buildings

The Sam Kee Company, run by Chang Toy, one of the wealthier merchants in turn-of-the-20th-century Chinatown, bought the land for the Sam Kee Building as a standard-sized lot in 1903. However, in 1912 the city widened Pender Street, expropriating all but 6 feet of the Pender Street side of the lot. This lot was the previous home to Shanghai Alley, an early Vancouver red light district which collaboratively hosted 105 brothels with Canton Alley.[5] In 1913 the architects Brown and Gillam designed this narrow, steel-framed free-standing building on the remaining 6-foot strip. The basement, extending under the sidewalk and much wider than the rest of the building, housed public baths, with shops on the ground floor and offices above (such basements in Vancouver were once common and zoned as "areaways"). The 1980s' rehabilitation of the building for Jack Chow was designed by Soren Rasmussen Architect and completed in 1986.

The Lord Strathcona Elementary School is the oldest public school in Greater Vancouver and the only public school serving Vancouver's Chinatown.

Neon signs

Файл:Sai Woo sign!.jpg
Reconstructed Sai Woo sign

Chinatown was once known for its neon signs, but like the rest of the city, lost many signs to changing times and a sign bylaw passed in 1974.[48][49] The last of these was the Ho Ho sign (which showed a rice bowl and chop sticks),[50] which was removed in 1997.

A large Шаблон:Convert tall neon sign was approved for the Chinatown Plaza parkade project in 2008 under the City of Vancouver's Great Beginnings initiative.[51] The new sign was installed in March 2010.[52]

In 2017, a neon sign featuring a large green and yellow-coloured rooster for the Sai Woo Restaurant was installed on Pender Street. The new owner of the Sai Woo was made aware of the original sign that hung outside the earlier incarnation of the restaurant (1925–59) from a one-second clip from a movie of a 1958 parade in Chinatown, and launched a search for the original sign which was unsuccessful.[53] The sign was recreated from the archived footage.[54] At the same time, plans were announced to relight the tall Ho Ho sign in 2018 or 2019.[55][56]

Laozi Mural

Vancouver's Laozi (also referred to "Lao Tzu" and "Lao Tsu", 老子) mural is located on the Western wall of the Lee's Association building, at the corner of Gore Avenue and Pender Street, on the boundary of Chinatown. The mural was unveiled on October 2, 2010, by the Mayor of the City of Vancouver, Gregor Robertson.[57] as part of the celebration of the 125 years of Vancouver's Chinatown.[58] The mural is featured in multiple lists of notable Vancouver murals.[59][60]

It was designed by Kenson Seto and painted by Alex Li & Falk.[61] The mural is 223 square metres, and cost $18,000 [62] which was split between the City of Vancouver and Lee's Association of Vancouver. It was defaced multiple times by graffiti,[62] causing outrage in the community.[63]

On April 5, 2016, the City of Vancouver rezoned the lot at 303 E Pender St/450 Gore Avenue,[64] allowing construction of a six-story building [65] that hid the mural from sight.[58] The building, marketed as Brixton Flats [66] was designed by architect Gair Williamson and developed by GMC Projects Inc., whose website features an image of the Laozi mural [67]

Vancouver City Council added a condition to the rezoning:

"Design development to create a new mural to reflect the character and history of Chinatown;

Note to Applicant: The intent is not to recreate the existing mural, but rather to seek a viable opportunity to create a new mural of a suitable size and location on the building, including possible location on the eastern side of the building."[68]

The developer is studying the possibility of painting a smaller version of the original mural on the new building.[69]

Notable residents

Community groups

  • Hua Foundation, non-profit building community engagement in environmentalism and sustainability

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:VancouverNeighbourhoods Шаблон:Vancouver landmarks Шаблон:Chinese Canadian Шаблон:Canada Chinatown Шаблон:NHSC Шаблон:British Columbia parks Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite report
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 Шаблон:Cite report
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:DFHD
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ 58,0 58,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ City of Vancouver "Zoning and Development By-law CD-1 (626)"
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Chinatown,_Vancouver&oldid=13911914