Английская Википедия:Chinese adjectives
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Unreferenced
Chinese adjectives (Шаблон:Zh) differ from adjectives in English in that they can be used as verbs (for example Шаблон:Zh; Шаблон:Abbr "sky black Шаблон:Smallcaps") and thus linguists sometimes prefer to use the terms static or stative verb to describe them.
Attributive (before nouns)
When a noun is modified using an adjective, the associative particle Шаблон:Lang de is inserted between the adjective and the noun. For example, Шаблон:LangШаблон:LangШаблон:Lang gāo xìng de hái zi "happy child". Шаблон:Lang is sometimes omitted to reduce repetitiveness (e.g., two or more instances of Шаблон:Lang within a sentence); it is also omitted in some establishedШаблон:Citation needed adjective-noun pairs to improve sentence flow (e.g., the TV show Шаблон:Lang in China). It is also more typical to omit Шаблон:Lang when a single-syllable adjective is used than for a multi-syllable adjective (e.g., compare Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) with Шаблон:Lang). In general, there are no strict rules regarding when Шаблон:Lang can be omitted; however, some adjectives and adjective-noun pairs are more often seen without the associative particle than others.
Some examples:
- Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p （Шаблон:Lang）— "bad person"
- Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p — "strange person"
- Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p Шаблон:Ruby-zh-p （Шаблон:Lang）— "cute panda"
Predicative (after nouns)
First pattern
Unlike English, subjects and predicate adjectives in a Chinese sentence are not linked by copula but by degree adverbs, such as Шаблон:Lang hěn "very," Шаблон:Lang hǎo "highly", Шаблон:Lang zhēn "really," and Шаблон:Lang fēicháng "extraordinarily, extremely." For example, the following sentences express increasing degrees of "beauty":
Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear
A complementary adverb (e.g. Шаблон:Lang jí le) can also specify the degree of an adjective: Шаблон:Fs interlinear
NB: Шаблон:Lang often functions as a dummy linkingШаблон:Citation needed adverb and does not carry the meaning of "very". For example, Шаблон:Lang is often understood and translated as "She is beautiful".
Besides, in colloquial Chinese the pattern "Шаблон:Lang" (sǐ le, literally "to death") or "Шаблон:Lang" is sometimes used in exaggeration to highlight the extent of influence, where AA is an adjective and BB is the thing being affected. Examples include
- "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Lang rè = hot) - meaning "It's so hot [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
- "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Lang è = hungry) - meaning "[I feel] so hungry [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
- "Шаблон:Lang" - meaning "I feel so hot [to the extent that I cannot bear any more]"
Second pattern
The linking verb Шаблон:Lang shì (to be) is used with adjectives in the pattern—Noun + Шаблон:Lang + Adj + Шаблон:Lang—to state or emphasize a fact or a perceived fact. For example:
Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear Шаблон:Fs interlinear
Since Шаблон:Lang is a possessive particle, and the following noun is understood here, more precise translations would be "He is a male one", "That car is a new one", and "That cat is a black one".
Parts of speech
