Английская Википедия:Chinese character components
In Written Chinese, components (Шаблон:Lang-zh) are building blocks of characters, composed of strokes. Шаблон:Sfn In most cases, a component consists of more than one stroke, and is smaller than the whole of the character. For example, in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, there are two components: (Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh). These components can be further decomposed as follows: (Шаблон:Lang-zh: ㇓㇑) and (Шаблон:Lang-zh: ㇓㇐㇐㇑). Шаблон:Sfn
There are two methods for Chinese character component analysis, hierarchical dividing and plane dividing. Hierarchical dividing separates layer by layer from larger to smaller components, and finally gets the primitive components. Plane dividing separates out the primitive components at one time. Шаблон:Sfn
The structure of a Chinese character is the pattern or rule in which the character is formed by its (first level) components. Шаблон:Sfn Chinese character structures include single-component structure, left-right structure, up-down structure and surrounding structure. Шаблон:Sfn
Component analysis
Chinese character component analysis is to divide or separate a character into components, generally only based on the form of the character without considering its pronunciation and meaning. Шаблон:Sfn
Component analysis is very helpful for learning Chinese characters. For example, characters Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh. By component analysis, one can learn character Шаблон:Lang-zh and at the same time learn characters Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh in an easy way. If a student learns Шаблон:Lang-zh first, the knowledge will help with the learning or review of Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh. Obviously, learning by component analysis is much more efficient than learning by analyzing each character to strokes. Component analysis is also used in Chinese character encoding for computer input. Шаблон:Sfn
There are two methods for Chinese character dividing, hierarchical dividing and plane dividing. Hierarchical dividing separates layer by layer from large to small components, and finally gets the primitive components. Plane dividing separates out the primitive components at one time. Hierarchical dividing can display the external structure of Chinese characters, while plane splitting can be regarded as omitting the higher splitting levels, and directly writing out the final separating result of primitive components. Шаблон:Sfn
Rules for component dividing
The rules for hierarchical dividing include: Шаблон:Sfn
- The separation space ditch/gap (Шаблон:Lang-zh) is an obvious boundary, where the character (or bigger component) is splitted into (smaller) components.
- If there is only one separation ditch, split into two components along the separation ditch. For example: Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- When there is more than one separation ditch, divide along the longer one first. For example: Шаблон:Lang-zh→ Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh, to get the hierarchical structure of Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh)+Шаблон:Lang-zh) with two layers of components.
- When several separation ditches are parallel and equal in length, divide along all of them. For example: Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Intersecting stroke groups are not divided, for example, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh are primitive components.
- The lower bound of dividing is generally greater than single strokes, and components with only two strokes, such as "Шаблон:Lang-zh", are not to be separated.
- Hierarchical analysis should conform to the basic structure of Chinese characters. For example: the outermost layer of "Шаблон:Lang-zh" is in a left-right structure, so the left and right separation is employed first: Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh, followed by the inside-outside division (Шаблон:Lang-zh→Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh), although the latter's L-shaped separation ditch may be longer.
- A character containing multi-level components are divided from larger to smaller sizes to generate first-level components, second-level components, third-level components, etc.
An example
The hierarchical analysis of character Шаблон:Lang-zh in (1) bracketed representation:
Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh))+(⿱Шаблон:Lang-zh)(Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh(Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh))))+Шаблон:Lang-zh),Шаблон:Efn 5 layers of components.
or in tree structure:
Шаблон:Lang-zh / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh (⿱Шаблон:Lang-zh) / \ / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh / \ / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh
The level to which a Chinese character is to be analyzed or divided depends on actual applications.
In plane analysis, only components on the tree-leaves are presented, i.e.,
Шаблон:Lang-zh: Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh,Шаблон:Lang-zh.
Analysis data of the Cihai
The following is the analysis data of Cihai (Шаблон:Lang-zh), with a character set of 16,339 traditional and simplified Chinese characters.Шаблон:Sfn
| component level | different components | total components |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3061 | 32065 |
| 2 | 1302 | 34296 |
| 3 | 539 | 16777 |
| 4 | 195 | 3872 |
| 5 | 48 | 396 |
| 6 | 12 | 184 |
| 7 | 3 | 6 |
In most cases, a component is larger than a stroke and smaller than the whole character (combines with some other components to form the character). The condition for a single stroke to be a component is: occupies a relatively independent location usually occupied by a multiple-stroke component in a character. For example: the top stroke Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, the bottom Шаблон:Lang-zh in Шаблон:Lang-zh, the left Шаблон:Lang-zh in Шаблон:Lang-zh, the right ㇟ in Шаблон:Lang-zh, the central ㇔ in Шаблон:Lang-zh, and the outer ㇆ in Шаблон:Lang-zh. In the special cases of one-stroke characters, such as Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh, a stroke is a component and is a character. Шаблон:Sfn
Classification of components
Character components and non-character components
A component that can independently form a character is a character component, or a component of independent character formation (Шаблон:Lang-zh). For example, component Шаблон:Lang-zh formed character Шаблон:Lang-zh independently, and is a component in characters Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh; and component Шаблон:Lang-zh is also a character by itself, and a component in Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh. Шаблон:Sfn
A component that can not independently form a character is a non-character component, or a component of dependent character formation (Шаблон:Lang-zh). For example, component Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh; and component Шаблон:Lang-zh in Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh. Neither Шаблон:Lang-zh nor Шаблон:Lang-zh is a character in modern Chinese. Шаблон:Sfn
Primitive components and Compound components
A component that cannot be (further) divided into smaller components by the rules is a primitive component, or basic component (Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh). Primitive components are the final-level components of hierarchical dividing. For example, components Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, and Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh. Шаблон:Sfn
A component composed of two or more primitive components is a compound component (Шаблон:Lang-zh). For example, component Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh, and component Шаблон:Lang-zh in Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh. Шаблон:Sfn
Hierarchy of components
A component divided out at the first level is called a level-one component, a component divided out at the second level is called a level-wo component, and so on. A component divided out at the final level is called a final-level component, i.e., primitive component. For example, in the example of character Шаблон:Lang-zh,
Шаблон:Lang-zh / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh (level-one components) / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh (⿱Шаблон:Lang-zh) (level-two components) / \ / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh (level-three components) / \ / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh (level-four components) / \ Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh (level-five components)
where the leaf components Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh are final-level components or primitive components.
Single-stroke components and multi-stroke components
A component formed by one stroke is called a single-stroke component. For example, stroke Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh stroke ㇑ in character Шаблон:Lang-zh stroke ㇓ in character Шаблон:Lang-zh stroke ㇔ in character Шаблон:Lang-zh stroke ㇆ in character Шаблон:Lang-zh. Шаблон:Sfn
A component formed by more than one stroke is called a multi-stroke component. For example, component Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh in character Шаблон:Lang-zh, and Шаблон:Lang-zh of Шаблон:Lang-zh.
Primitive components
Among the 16,339 traditional, simplified and unsimplified characters in Cihai, there are 675 primitive components; among the 11,834 characters excluding the simplified traditional characters, there are 648 primitive components.Шаблон:Sfn In Chinese Character Information Dictionary,Шаблон:Sfn among the 7,785 China Mainland standard characters, a total of 623 primitive components have been divided out.
| serial number | components | characters composed | frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 2409 | 20.3579% |
| 2 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 1279 | 10.8089% |
| 3 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 812 | 6.8622% |
| 4 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 791 | 6.6841% |
| 5 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 774 | 6.5404% |
| 6 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 766 | 6.4736% |
| 7 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 691 | 5.8391% |
| 8 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 679 | 5.7383% |
| 9 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 642 | 5.4252% |
| 10 | Шаблон:Lang-zh | 597 | 5.0457% |
(Divided from 11,834 simplified and unsimplified characters from Cihai).Шаблон:Sfn
Component standards
Chinese character components are widely used in Chinese character keyboard encoding input methods. Different encoding input methods have different ways for component separation. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate norms or standards related to Chinese character components.
"Chinese Character Component Standard of GB13000.1 Character Set for Information Processing" (Шаблон:Lang-zhGB13000.1Шаблон:Lang-zh) is a standard released on February 1, 1997, by the National Language Commission of China. It includes a "List of Chinese Character Primitive Components". The list contains 560 primitive components. All the 20,902 CJK Chinese characters in the GB13000.1 character set can be formed with these components. This standard is mainly for Chinese information processing. Шаблон:Sfn
Another important standard is the " Specification of Common Modern Chinese Character Components and Component Names" (Шаблон:Lang-zh) formulated by the National Language Commission in 2009. Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn It includes a list of 514 primitive components of commonly-used characters and component names. This standard is mainly for Chinese character education and dictionary collation.
Component naming
The rules for component naming include the following: Шаблон:Sfn
If the component is a character, then call it by this character, for example: Шаблон:Lang-zh(kǒu) and Шаблон:Lang-zh(tǔ). If the character has more than one sounds, then use the more common one, such as: component "Шаблон:Lang-zh" is called zhōng, not zhòng.
If the component is not a character, then if it has a name, then use the existing name. For example, Шаблон:Lang-zh (tí shǒu, Шаблон:Lang-zh) and Шаблон:Lang-zh (bǎo gài, Шаблон:Lang-zh). If the component has more than one name, then use the name commonly used, for example, Шаблон:Lang-zh is rather called shuāng lì rén (Шаблон:Lang-zh) than shuāngrén páng (Шаблон:Lang-zh).
For a component without a name, a colloquial and reasonable name should be determined. One way is to refer to the component by its position in common characters. For example: "the head of character Шаблон:Lang-zh" (Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh), "the frame of character Шаблон:Lang-zh" (Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh).
Chinese character structures
The structure of a Chinese character is the pattern or rule in which the character is formed by its (first level) components. Шаблон:Sfn Chinese character structures include Шаблон:Sfn
- Single-component structure: The character is formed by a single primitive component, such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Left-right structure (⿰): The character is formed by a component on the left and another one on the right, such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Left-middle-right structure (⿲): The character is formed by a component on the left, a component on the right and a component in the middle, such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Up-down structure (⿱): The character is formed by a component above another component, such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Up-middle-down structure (⿳): The character is formed by a component at the top, a component at the bottom and a component in the middle, such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Complete-surrounding (⿴ ): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Left-top-right-surrounding (⿵): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Top-left-bottom-surrounding (⿷): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Left-bottom-right surrounding (⿶): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Top-left surrounding (⿸): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Top-righr surrounding (⿹): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- Left-bottom surrounding (⿺): such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh and Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- overlapping (⿻), or multi-frame surrounding: such as Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh, Шаблон:Lang-zh.
The principles of Chinese character first-level structure analysis can be extended to other levels. For example, character Шаблон:Lang-zh is in left-right structure, where the left component is in up-down structure.
Deformation of components
Sometimes in order to make the glyph more beautiful and reasonable in structure, a component may need to be changed in form according to the character environment. The deformation of the components can be made in two ways:
- Change the shape of individual strokes.
- The entire component is flattened or narrowed. Шаблон:Sfn
Stroke deformation within a component
Stroke deformation includes the following situations: Шаблон:Sfn
- When the bottom stroke of a left component is ㇐ (heng, horizontal) or ㇐ intersected with ㇑ (shu, vertical), the ㇐ is usually changed to ㇀ (ti ). For example: Шаблон:Lang-zh, exception: Шаблон:Lang-zh.
- When "Шаблон:Lang-zh" is used as the left component, the last stroke ㇑(shu) should be changed to ㇓(pie). For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- If the last stroke of a component is ㇏ (na), and the component is on the left side or in a surrounding structure, then ㇏ often needs to be changed to ㇔ (dian, dot). Such as: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- When adjacent strokes have two or more (parallel) ㇏ (na), generally only keep one ㇏, and change the rest to ㇔ (dots). Such as: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- When component "Шаблон:Lang-zh" is on another component, the hook should be removed. For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- When "Шаблон:Lang-zh" is on the left side of other components, the horizontal bending hook is often changed to lifting. For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- When the last stroke of the left radical is a ㇟(vertical bend hook), it is often changed to a ㇙ (vertical lift). For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- When "Шаблон:Lang-zh" (hand) is used on the left side, the vertical hook may be changed to ㇓ (pie). For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
Narrowing or flattening of components
The narrowing or flattening of components is to make the structure of the whole character harmonious and well-proportioned. Take "Шаблон:Lang-zh" (dog) as an example:
- In the upper and lower structures, to be flattened. For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
- In the left and right structure, to be narrowed. For example: "Шаблон:Lang-zh".
Pianpang
(Шаблон:Lang-zh) and radicals (Шаблон:Lang-zh) are components.
Originally, the left side of a combined Chinese character was called pian, and the right side was called pang. Nowadays, it is customary to refer to the left and right, upper and lower, outer and inner parts of combined characters as pianpangs. Therefore, the pianpang analysis of combined characters is similar to the first-level component analysis. Piangpang generally carry sound or meaning information. They are called "sound side" (also called "sound symbol") and "meaning side" (also called "meaning symbol") respectively.
Radicals are components used for sorting and retrieving Chinese characters. According to the glyph structure of Chinese characters, the common components of a group of characters are taken as the basis for character sorting and searching. And these components are called radicals. In pictophonetic characters, the radicals are mostly pianpangs representing the meaning. Шаблон:Sfn
Component optimization
Hu Qiaomu said: Шаблон:Sfn "The (primitive) components of Chinese characters should be reduced, and the components of Chinese characters should be made independent characters as many as possible; those that cannot be characters should be universal and easy to say. This may be more important than reducing the number of strokes and characters. Some simplified characters have added new components of Chinese characters. For example, 'Шаблон:Lang-zh' and so on. Although the traditional character Шаблон:Lang-zh has more strokes, it is very clear to say: 'Шаблон:Lang-zh+Шаблон:Lang-zh Шаблон:Lang-zh'. When we simplify Chinese characters, we should avoid new unspeakable and uncommon components. "
Components are important structural units of Chinese characters. Optimizing the components of Chinese characters to make them more concise, standardized, and easy to learn and use is an important task for Chinese character optimization, and there is a long way to go. Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
See also
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
