Английская Википедия:Chinese zodiac

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Hatnote Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Infobox Chinese

The Chinese zodiac is a traditional classification scheme based on the Chinese calendar that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating twelve-year cycle.[1] In traditional Chinese culture, the Chinese zodiac is very important and exists as a reflection of Chinese philosophy and culture.[2] Chinese folkways held that one’s personality is related to the attributes of their zodiac animal.[3] Originating from China, the zodiac and its variations remain popular in many East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, such as Japan,[4] South Korea,[5] Vietnam,[5] Singapore, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, and Thailand.[6]

Identifying this scheme using the generic term "zodiac" reflects several superficial similarities to the Western zodiac: both have time cycles divided into twelve parts, each label at least the majority of those parts with names of animals, and each is widely associated with a culture of ascribing a person's personality or events in their life to the supposed influence of the person's particular relationship to the cycle. The 12 Chinese zodiac animals in a cycle are not only used to represent years in China, but also believed to influence people’s personalities, career, compatibility, marriage, and fortune.[7]

For the starting date of a zodiac year, there are two schools of thought in Chinese astrology: Chinese New Year or the Start of Spring.

History

Шаблон:Clarify section Шаблон:Copy edit According to legend, the Jade Emperor held a contest to decide which animals would be lucky enough to be included in the calendar. The winner of the race – the mouse – received the first year of the 12-year cycle, and so on.[8]

However, according to historical records and research,Шаблон:By whom? the Chinese zodiac appeared after the establishment of the "Ganji Chronicle Law",Шаблон:When? and the twelve animals corresponded to the twelve branches one by one. People born in any given year have animals belonging to that branch of the earth, and accordingly twelve animals are used for chronology and the genus of each person.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said that the word "already" was the image of a snake, and the same was true of "Hai" and "Piggy". Since the twelve branches of the zodiac are easily remembered, twelve animals have been replaced by animals to borrow the ordinal symbols and match them with the branches of the earth to form a chronological symbol system.[9]

"Totem and celestial combination theory", puts forth the idea that the zodiac is ancient animal totem worship combined with astronomical images in astronomy. Among them, the explanation of totem and celestial combination is more scientific.

Signs

Файл:Daoist-symbols Qingyanggong Chengdu.jpg
A stone carving of the Chinese zodiac.

The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat. The following are the twelve zodiac signs in order, each with its associated characteristics (Heavenly Stems, Earthly Branch, yin/yang force, Trine, and nature element).[10]The belief that everyone and every animal has a role to play in society translates well with Confucian beliefs in a hierarchical society. Just as Confucian beliefs persist in Asia today alongside more modern social views, so does the use of the zodiac.[11]

Number Animal Characters Yin/yang Trine Fixed element
1 Mouse Шаблон:Linktext, shǔ (Шаблон:Linktext) Yang 1st Water
2 Ox Шаблон:Linktext, niú (Шаблон:Linktext) Yin 2nd Earth
3 Tiger Шаблон:Linktext, hǔ (Шаблон:Linktext) Yang 3rd Wood
4 Rabbit Шаблон:Linktext, tù (Шаблон:Linktext) Yin 4th Wood
5 Dragon Шаблон:Linktext/Шаблон:Linktext, lóng (Шаблон:Linktext) Yang 1st Earth
6 Snake Шаблон:Linktext, shé (Шаблон:Linktext) Yin 2nd Fire
7 Horse Шаблон:Linktext/Шаблон:Linktext, mǎ (Шаблон:Linktext) Yang 3rd Fire
8 Goat Шаблон:Linktext, yáng (Шаблон:Linktext) Yin 4th Earth
9 Monkey Шаблон:Linktext, hóu (Шаблон:Linktext) Yang 1st Metal
10 Rooster Шаблон:Linktext/Шаблон:Linktext, jī (Шаблон:Linktext) Yin 2nd Metal
11 Dog Шаблон:Linktext, gǒu (Шаблон:Linktext) Yang 3rd Earth
12 Pig Шаблон:Linktext/Шаблон:Linktext, zhū (Шаблон:Linktext) Yin 4th Water

In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent how others perceive one or how one presents oneself. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs, and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system. In fact, there are also animal signs assigned by month (called "inner animals"), by day (called "true animals") and hours (called "secret animals"). The Earth is all twelve signs, with five seasons.

Michel Ferlus (2013) notes that the Old Chinese names of the earthly branches are of Austroasiatic origin.[12]Шаблон:Unreliable source? Some of Ferlus' comparisons are given below, with Old Chinese reconstructions cited from Baxter & Sagart (2014).[13]

There is also a lexical correspondence with Austronesian:[12]

The terms for the earthly branches are attested from Shang Dynasty inscriptions and were likely also used before Shang times. Ferlus (2013) suggests that the terms may have been ancient pre-Shang borrowings from Austroasiatic languages that were spoken in the Yangtze River region.[12]

Chinese calendar

Шаблон:Main

Years

Шаблон:Main Within the Four Pillars, the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents. The person's age can also be easily deduced from their sign, the current sign of the year, and the person's generational disposition (teens, mid-20s, and so on). For example, a person born a Tiger is 12, 24, 36, (etc.) years old in the year of the Tiger (2022); in the year of the Rabbit (2023), that person is one year older.

The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to the Gregorian calendar for the years 1924–2043. The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun about February 4 according to some astrological sources.[14][15]

  Year Year Associated
element		 Heavenly
stem		 Earthly
branch		 Associated
animal
1924–1983 1984–2043
1 Feb 05 1924–Jan 23 1925 Feb 02 1984–Feb 19 1985 Yang Wood 甲 子 Rat
2 Jan 24 1925–Feb 12 1926 Feb 20 1985–Feb 08 1986 Yin Wood 乙 丑 Ox
3 Feb 13 1926–Feb 01 1927 Feb 09 1986–Jan 28 1987 Yang Fire 丙 寅 Tiger
4 Feb 02 1927–Jan 22 1928 Jan 29 1987–Feb 16 1988 Yin Fire 丁 卯 Rabbit
5 Jan 23 1928–Feb 09 1929 Feb 17 1988–Feb 05 1989 Yang Earth 戊 辰 Dragon
6 Feb 10 1929–Jan 29 1930 Feb 06 1989–Jan 26 1990 Yin Earth 己 巳 Snake
7 Jan 30 1930–Feb 16 1931 Jan 27 1990–Feb 14 1991 Yang Metal 庚 午 Horse
8 Feb 17 1931–Feb 05 1932 Feb 15 1991–Feb 03 1992 Yin Metal 辛 未 Goat
9 Feb 06 1932–Jan 25 1933 Feb 04 1992–Jan 22 1993 Yang Water 壬 申 Monkey
10 Jan 26 1933–Feb 13 1934 Jan 23 1993–Feb 09 1994 Yin Water 癸 酉 Rooster
11 Feb 14 1934–Feb 03 1935 Feb 10 1994–Jan 30 1995 Yang Wood 甲 戌 Dog
12 Feb 04 1935–Jan 23 1936 Jan 31 1995–Feb 18 1996 Yin Wood 乙 亥 Pig
13 Jan 24 1936–Feb 10 1937 Feb 19 1996–Feb 06 1997 Yang Fire 丙 子 Rat
14 Feb 11 1937–Jan 30 1938 Feb 07 1997–Jan 27 1998 Yin Fire 丁 丑 Ox
15 Jan 31 1938–Feb 18 1939 Jan 28 1998–Feb 15 1999 Yang Earth 戊 寅 Tiger
16 Feb 19 1939–Feb 07 1940 Feb 16 1999–Feb 04 2000 Yin Earth 己 卯 Rabbit
17 Feb 08 1940–Jan 26 1941 Feb 05 2000–Jan 23 2001 Yang Metal 庚 辰 Dragon
18 Jan 27 1941–Feb 14 1942 Jan 24 2001–Feb 11 2002 Yin Metal 辛 巳 Snake
19 Feb 15 1942–Feb 04 1943 Feb 12 2002–Jan 31 2003 Yang Water 壬 午 Horse
20 Feb 05 1943–Jan 24 1944 Feb 01 2003–Jan 21 2004 Yin Water 癸 未 Goat
21 Jan 25 1944–Feb 12 1945 Jan 22 2004–Feb 08 2005 Yang Wood 甲 申 Monkey
22 Feb 13 1945–Feb 01 1946 Feb 09 2005–Jan 28 2006 Yin Wood 乙 酉 Rooster
23 Feb 02 1946–Jan 21 1947 Jan 29 2006–Feb 17 2007 Yang Fire 丙 戌 Dog
24 Jan 22 1947–Feb 09 1948 Feb 18 2007–Feb 06 2008 Yin Fire 丁 亥 Pig
25 Feb 10 1948–Jan 28 1949 Feb 07 2008–Jan 25 2009 Yang Earth 戊 子 Rat
26 Jan 29 1949–Feb 16 1950 Jan 26 2009–Feb 13 2010 Yin Earth 己 丑 Ox
27 Feb 17 1950–Feb 05 1951 Feb 14 2010–Feb 02 2011 Yang Metal 庚 寅 Tiger
28 Feb 06 1951–Jan 26 1952 Feb 03 2011–Jan 22 2012 Yin Metal 辛 卯 Rabbit
29 Jan 27 1952–Feb 13 1953 Jan 23 2012–Feb 09 2013 Yang Water 壬 辰 Dragon
30 Feb 14 1953–Feb 02 1954 Feb 10 2013–Jan 30 2014 Yin Water 癸 巳 Snake
31 Feb 03 1954–Jan 23 1955 Jan 31 2014–Feb 18 2015 Yang Wood 甲 午 Horse
32 Jan 24 1955–Feb 11 1956 Feb 19 2015–Feb 07 2016 Yin Wood 乙 未 Goat
33 Feb 12 1956–Jan 30 1957 Feb 08 2016–Jan 27 2017 Yang Fire 丙 申 Monkey
34 Jan 31 1957–Feb 17 1958 Jan 28 2017–Feb 15 2018 Yin Fire 丁 酉 Rooster
35 Feb 18 1958–Feb 07 1959 Feb 16 2018–Feb 04 2019 Yang Earth 戊 戌 Dog
36 Feb 08 1959–Jan 27 1960 Feb 05 2019–Jan 24 2020 Yin Earth 己 亥 Pig
37 Jan 28 1960–Feb 14 1961 Jan 25 2020–Feb 11 2021 Yang Metal 庚 子 Rat
38 Feb 15 1961–Feb 04 1962 Feb 12 2021–Jan 31 2022 Yin Metal 辛 丑 Ox
39 Feb 05 1962–Jan 24 1963 Feb 01 2022–Jan 21 2023 Yang Water 壬 寅 Tiger
40 Jan 25 1963–Feb 12 1964 Jan 22 2023–Feb 09 2024 Yin Water 癸 卯 Rabbit
41 Feb 13 1964–Feb 01 1965 Feb 10 2024–Jan 28 2025 Yang Wood 甲 辰 Dragon
42 Feb 02 1965–Jan 20 1966 Jan 29 2025–Feb 16 2026 Yin Wood 乙 巳 Snake
43 Jan 21 1966–Feb 08 1967 Feb 17 2026–Feb 05 2027 Yang Fire 丙 午 Horse
44 Feb 09 1967–Jan 29 1968 Feb 06 2027–Jan 25 2028 Yin Fire 丁 未 Goat
45 Jan 30 1968–Feb 16 1969 Jan 26 2028–Feb 12 2029 Yang Earth 戊 申 Monkey
46 Feb 17 1969–Feb 05 1970 Feb 13 2029–Feb 02 2030 Yin Earth 己 酉 Rooster
47 Feb 06 1970–Jan 26 1971 Feb 03 2030–Jan 22 2031 Yang Metal 庚 戌 Dog
48 Jan 27 1971–Feb 14 1972 Jan 23 2031–Feb 10 2032 Yin Metal 辛 亥 Pig
49 Feb 15 1972–Feb 02 1973 Feb 11 2032–Jan 30 2033 Yang Water 壬 子 Rat
50 Feb 03 1973–Jan 22 1974 Jan 31 2033–Feb 18 2034 Yin Water 癸 丑 Ox
51 Jan 23 1974–Feb 10 1975 Feb 19 2034–Feb 07 2035 Yang Wood 甲 寅 Tiger
52 Feb 11 1975–Jan 30 1976 Feb 08 2035–Jan 27 2036 Yin Wood 乙 卯 Rabbit
53 Jan 31 1976–Feb 17 1977 Jan 28 2036–Feb 14 2037 Yang Fire 丙 辰 Dragon
54 Feb 18 1977–Feb 06 1978 Feb 15 2037–Feb 03 2038 Yin Fire 丁 巳 Snake
55 Feb 07 1978–Jan 27 1979 Feb 04 2038–Jan 23 2039 Yang Earth 戊 午 Horse
56 Jan 28 1979–Feb 15 1980 Jan 24 2039–Feb 11 2040 Yin Earth 己 未 Goat
57 Feb 16 1980–Feb 04 1981 Feb 12 2040–Jan 31 2041 Yang Metal 庚 申 Monkey
58 Feb 05 1981–Jan 24 1982 Feb 01 2041–Jan 21 2042 Yin Metal 辛 酉 Rooster
59 Jan 25 1982–Feb 12 1983 Jan 22 2042–Feb 09 2043 Yang Water 壬 戌 Dog
60 Feb 13 1983–Feb 01 1984 Feb 10 2043–Jan 29 2044 Yin Water 癸 亥 Pig

Animal Trines

Шаблон:Unreferenced section Шаблон:Further

First

The first Trine consists of the Rat, Dragon, and Monkey. These three signs are said to be intense and powerful individuals capable of great good, who make great leaders but are rather unpredictable. The three are said to be intelligent, magnanimous, charismatic, charming, authoritative, confident, eloquent, and artistic, but can also be manipulative, jealous, selfish, aggressive, vindictive, and deceitful.

Second

The second Trine consists of the Ox, Snake, and Rooster. These three signs are said to possess endurance and application, with slow accumulation of energy, meticulous at planning but tending to hold fixed opinions. The three are said to be intelligent, hard-working, modest, industrious, loyal, philosophical, patient, goodhearted, and morally upright, but can also be self-righteous, egotistical, vain, judgmental, narrow-minded, and petty.

Third

The third Trine consists of the Tiger, Horse, and Dog. These three signs are said to seek true love, to pursue humanitarian causes, to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive. The three are said to be productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honorable, loyal, and protective, but can also be rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable, and stubborn.

Fourth

The fourth Trine consists of the Rabbit, Goat, and Pig. These three signs are said to have a calm nature and somewhat reasonable approach; they seek aesthetic beauty and are artistic, well-mannered and compassionate, yet detached and resigned to their condition. The three are said to be caring, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful, and prudent, but can also be naive, pedantic, insecure, selfish, indecisive, and pessimistic.

Compatibility

Файл:COMPATIBILITY CONFLICT HARM.png
Chinese Zodiac Compatibility-Conflict-Harm Grid in accordance to one's nature, characteristics, and elements

As the Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancient Five Elements Theory, every Chinese sign is associated with five elements with relations, among those elements, of interpolation, interaction, over-action, and counter-action—believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in the universe. Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities, and practitioners of Chinese astrology consult such traditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage.[16]One of the most common ways to explore the compatibility of the zodiac is to use a compatibility chart that shows how each zodiac sign interacts with another zodiac sign.For example, constellations that are considered compatible with each other may have similar values and interests, while constellations that are considered incompatible may have conflicting personalities and ways of communicating.[17]

Chinese zodiac compatibility grid[18]
Sign Best match (compatible) Average match (friendly) Super bad (conflict) Harmful (best avoid)
Rat Dragon, Monkey, Ox Pig, Tiger, Dog, Snake, Rabbit, Rooster, Rat Horse Goat
Ox Snake, Rooster, Rat Monkey, Dog, Rabbit, Tiger, Dragon, Pig, Ox Goat Horse
Tiger Horse, Dog, Pig Rabbit, Dragon, Rooster, Rat, Goat, Ox, Tiger Monkey Snake
Rabbit Pig, Goat, Dog Tiger, Monkey, Rabbit, Ox, Horse, Rat, Snake Rooster Dragon
Dragon Rat, Monkey, Rooster Tiger, Snake, Horse, Goat, Pig, Ox, Dragon Dog Rabbit
Snake Ox, Rooster, Monkey Horse, Dragon, Goat, Dog, Rabbit, Rat, Snake Pig Tiger
Horse Dog, Tiger, Goat Snake, Rabbit, Dragon, Rooster, Pig, Monkey, Horse Rat Ox
Goat Rabbit, Pig, Horse Snake, Goat, Dragon, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Tiger Ox Rat
Monkey Dragon, Rat, Snake Monkey, Dog, Ox, Goat, Rabbit, Rooster, Horse Tiger Pig
Rooster Ox, Snake, Dragon Horse, Rooster, Goat, Pig, Tiger, Monkey, Rat Rabbit Dog
Dog Tiger, Horse, Rabbit Monkey, Pig, Rat, Ox, Snake, Goat, Dog Dragon Rooster
Pig Rabbit, Goat, Tiger Rat, Rooster, Dog, Dragon, Horse, Ox, Pig Snake Monkey

Origin stories

Шаблон:Unreferenced section There are many stories and fables to explain the beginning of the zodiac. Since the Han Dynasty, the twelve Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. However, for the sake of entertainment and convenience,Шаблон:Citation needed they have been replaced by the twelve animals, and a mnemonic refers to the behavior of the animals:

Earthly Branches may refer to a double-hour period. In the latter case it is the center of the period; for instance, 马 (Horse) means noon as well as a period from 11:00 to 13:00.

Animal Pronunciation Period This is the time when...
Rat Zishi 23:00 to 00:59 Rats are most active in seeking food. Rats also have a different number of digits on front and hind legs, thus earning Rat the symbol of "turn over" or "new start"
Ox Choushi 01:00 to 02:59 Oxen begin to chew the cud slowly and comfortably
Tiger Yinshi 03:00 to 04:59 Tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity
Rabbit Maoshi 05:00 to 06:59 The Jade Rabbit is busy pounding herbal medicine on the Moon according to the tale
Dragon Chenshi 07:00 to 08:59 Dragons are hovering in the sky to give rain
Snake Sishi 09:00 to 10:59 Snakes are leaving their caves
Horse Wushi 11:00 to 12:59 The sun is high overhead and while other animals are lying down for a rest, horses are still standing
Goat Weishi 13:00 to 14:59 Goats eat grass and urinate frequently
Monkey Shenshi 15:00 to 16:59 Monkeys are lively
Rooster Youshi 17:00 to 18:59 Roosters begin to get back to their coops
Dog Xushi 19:00 to 20:59 Dogs carry out their duty of guarding the houses
Pig Haishi 21:00 to 22:59 Pigs are sleeping sweetly

Great Race

Шаблон:Missing information

Файл:Rat and Ox.jpg
This image depicts a scene from the "Great Race" folk story, in which the Ox carries the Rat across the river.

An ancient folk story[19] called the "Great Race" tells that the Jade Emperor decreed that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they reached him. To get there, the animals would have to cross a river.

Шаблон:Blockquote

Variations

Another folk story tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back, in order for the Ox to hear the Rat sing,[20] before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first. Another variant says that the Rat had cheated the Cat out its place at the finishing line, having stowed-away on the dog's back, who was too focused to notice that he had a stow-away; this is said to account for the antagonistic dynamic between cats and rats, beyond normal predator-and-prey behaviour; and also why dogs and cats fight, the cat having tried to attack the rat in retaliation, only to get the dog by accident.

In Chinese mythology, a story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet. This is why the cat is ultimately not part of the Chinese zodiac.Шаблон:Citation needed

In Buddhism, legend has it that Gautama Buddha summoned all of the animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth, but only twelve animals actually came to bid him farewell. To reward the animals who came to him, he named a year after each of them. The years were given to them in the order they had arrived.

The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages of Chinese civilization, therefore it is difficult to investigate its real origins. Most historians agree that the cat is not included, as they had not yet been introduced to China from India with the arrival of Buddhism. However until recently the Vietnamese have moved away from their traditional texts[21] and literature and unlike all other countries who follow the Sino lunar calendar, have the cat instead of the rabbit as a zodiac animal. The most common explanation would be that the Cat is worshipped for luck and prosperity in East Asia by farmers to protect their crops,[22] another popular cultural reason is the ancient word for Rabbit (Mao) sounds like cat (Meo).[23]

Adaptations

Шаблон:Unreferenced section The Chinese zodiac signs are also used by cultures other than Chinese. For one example, they usually appear on Korean New Year and Japanese New Year's cards and stamps. The United States Postal Service and several other countries' postal services issue a "Year of the ____" postage stamp each year to honor this Chinese heritage.

The zodiac is also widely used in commercial culture, for example, in the Chinese New Year market, various products related to the zodiac, such as crafts, toys, books, accessories, paintings and so on are popular.

The Chinese lunar coins, depicting the zodiac animals, inspired the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins, as well as varieties from Australia, South Korea, and Mongolia.

The Chinese zodiac is also used in some other Asian countries that have been under the cultural influence of China. However, some of the animals in the zodiac may differ by country.

Asian Шаблон:Anchor

Шаблон:Further

The Korean zodiac includes the Sheep (yang) instead of the Goat (which would be yeomso), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep (hitsuji) instead of the Goat (which would be yagi), and the Wild boar (inoshishi, i) instead of the Pig (buta).[24] Since 1873, the Japanese have celebrated the beginning of the new year on 1 January as per the Gregorian calendar.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Vietnamese zodiac varies from the Chinese zodiac with the second animal being the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal being the Cat instead of the Rabbit.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Cambodian zodiac is exactly identical to that of the Chinese although the dragon is interchangeable with the Neak (nāga) Cambodian sea snake.[25] Sheep and Goat are interchangeable as well. The Cambodian New Year is celebrated in April, rather than in January or February as it is in China and most countries.[26][27]

The Cham zodiac uses the same order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as kra).

Animal Akhar Cam
ꨀꨇꩉ ꨌꩌ 		Roman
Rat ꨓꨪꨆꨭꩍ Tikuh
Ox ꨆꨭꨯꨝꨱ Kubao
Tiger ꨣꨪꨠꨯꨱꨮ Rimaong
Rabbit ꨓꨚꩈ Tapay
Dragon ꩓ꨘꨈꨪꨣꨰ Inagirai
Snake ꨂꨤꨘꨰꩍ Ulanaih
Horse ꨀꨔꨰꩍ Athaih
Goat ꨚꨝꨰꩈ Pabaiy
Turtle ꨆꨴ Kra
Rooster ꨠꨘꨭꩀ Manuk
Dog ꨀꨔꨭꨮ Athau
Pig ꨚꩇꨥꨪꩈ Papwiy

Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces the Rabbit with the mousedeer (pelanduk) and the Pig with the tortoise (kura or kura-kura).[28] The Dragon (Loong) is normally equated with the nāga but it is sometimes called Big Snake (ular besar) while the Snake sign is called Second Snake (ular sani). This is also recorded in a 19th-century manuscript compiled by John Leyden.[29]

Animal Rumi Jawi
جاوي
Rat Tikus تيکوس
Ox Kerbau کرباو
Tiger Harimau ريماو
Mousedeer Pelanduk ڤلندوق
Dragon Naga اولر بسر
Snake Ular اولر ثاني
Horse Kuda کودا
Goat Kambing کمبيڠ
Monkey Monyet موڽيت
Rooster Ayam Jantan أيم
Dog Anjing أنجيڠ
Tortoise Kura-kura کورا

The Thai zodiac includes a nāga in place of the Dragon[30] and begins, not at the Chinese New Year, but either on the first day of the fifth month in the Thai lunar calendar, or during the Songkran New Year festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use.[31] Historically, Lan Na (Kingdom around Northern Thailand) also substitutes pig with elephant. While modern Thai have returned to pig, its name is still กุน (gu̜n), retaining the actual word for elephant in the zodiac.[32]

The Gurung zodiac in Nepal includes a Cow instead of an Ox, a Cat instead of Rabbit, an Eagle instead of a Dragon (Loong), a Bird instead of a Rooster, and a Deer instead of a Pig.Шаблон:Citation needed

The Bulgar calendar used from the 2nd century[33] and that has been only partially reconstructed uses a similar sixty-year cycle of twelve animal-named years groups which are:[34]

Number Animal In Bulgar
1 Mouse Somor
2 Ox Shegor
3 Uncertain, probably Tiger/Wolf Ver?
4 Rabbit Dvan[sh]
5 Uncertain, probably Loong Ver[eni]?
6 Snake Dilom
7 Horse Imen[shegor]?
8 Ram Teku[chitem]?
9 Unattested, probably Monkey
10 Hen or Rooster Toh
11 Dog Eth
12 Boar Dohs

The Old Mongol calendar uses the Mouse, the Ox, the Leopard, the Hare, the Crocodile, the Serpent, the Horse, the Sheep, the Monkey, the Hen, the Dog and the Hog.[35]

The Tibetan calendar replaces the Rooster with the bird.

The Volga Bulgars, Kazars and other Turkic peoples replaced some animals by local fauna: Leopard (instead of Tiger), Fish or Crocodile (instead of Dragon/Loong), Hedgehog (instead of Monkey), Elephant (instead of Pig), and Camel (instead of Rat/Mouse).[36][37]

In the Persian version of the Eastern zodiac brought by Mongols during the Middle Ages, the Chinese word lóng and Mongol word lū (Dragon) was translated as nahang meaning "water beast", and may refer to any dangerous aquatic animal both mythical and real (crocodiles, hippos, sharks, sea serpents, etc.). In the 20th century the term nahang is used almost exclusively as meaning Whale, thus switching the Loong for the Whale in the Persian variant.[38][39]

In the traditional Kazakh version of the twelve-year animal cycle (Шаблон:Lang-kk, müşel), the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Шаблон:Lang-kk, ulw), and the Tiger appears as a leopard (Шаблон:Lang-kk, barıs).[40]

In the Kyrgyz version of the Chinese zodiac (Шаблон:Lang-ky, müçöl) the words for the Dragon (Шаблон:Lang-ky, uluu), Monkey (Шаблон:Lang-ky, meçin) and Tiger (Шаблон:Lang-ky, bars) are only found in Chinese zodiac names, other animal names include Mouse, Cow, Rabbit, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Chicken, Dog and Wild boar.[41]

English translation

Шаблон:Unreferenced section Due to confusion with synonyms during translation, some of the animals depicted by the English words did not exist in ancient China.Шаблон:Citation needed For example:

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Shelly H. Wu. (2005). Chinese Astrology. Publisher: The Career Press, Inc. Шаблон:ISBN.

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Chinese Zodiac Шаблон:East Asian topics


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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Title missing
  10. ↑ Theodora Lau, The Handbook of Chinese Horoscopes, pp. 2–8, 30–35, 60–64, 88–94, 118–124, 148–153, 178–184, 208–213, 238–244, 270–278, 306–312, 338–344, Souvenir Press, New York, 2005
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Ferlus, Michel (2013). The sexagesimal cycle, from China to Southeast Asia. 23rd Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. <halshs-00922842v2>
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Jan Van Alphen, Anthony Aris Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing 1995 - Page 211 "Its influence on the cultural and medical traditions of Vietnam can be clearly seen in, for example, the classical distinction between Thuoc nam, 'Southern medicine', and Thuoc bac, 'Northern or Chinese Medicine'. Both were practised and ..."
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  34. ↑ Именник на българските ханове – ново тълкуване. М.Москов. С. 1988 г. § 80,70
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  38. ↑ Rasulid Hexaglot. P. B. Golden, ed., The King’s Dictionary: The Rasūlid Hexaglot – Fourteenth Century Vocabularies in Arabic, Persian, Turkic, Greek, Armenian and Mongol, tr. T. Halasi-Kun, P. B. Golden, L. Ligeti, and E. Schütz, HO VIII/4, Leiden, 2000.
  39. ↑ Jan Gyllenbok, Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures, Volume 1, 2018, p. 244.
  40. ↑ А. Мухамбетова (A. Mukhambetova), Казахский традиционный календарь "The traditional Kazakh calendar" Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
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