Английская Википедия:Christianity and homosexuality
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:LGBT topics and Christianity Шаблон:Christianity Within Christianity, there are a variety of views on sexual orientation and homosexuality. The view that various Bible passages speak of homosexuality as immoral or sinful emerged in the first millennium AD, and have since become entrenched in many Christian denominations through church doctrine and the wording of various translations of the Bible.[1][2]
In the present day, there are a wide variety of views within Christianity on homosexuality and sexual orientation, with some scholars of Christianity contesting the notion that scripture speaks explicitly of homosexuality as a sin against God.[2]Шаблон:Rp Within a Christian denomination, individual believers and the groups they belong to may hold different views, and not all members of a denomination necessarily support their church's views on homosexuality. Most Christian denominations teach that homosexual behavior and acts are sinful.[2] Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism officially condemn homosexual activity as sin. Various mainline Protestant denominations have taken a supportive stance towards blessing homosexual clergy and same-sex marriage while others have not.
History
Шаблон:Christianity and gender Шаблон:Main
The Hebrew Bible and its traditional interpretations in Judaism and Christianity have historically affirmed and endorsed a patriarchal and heteronormative approach towards human sexuality,[3][4] favouring exclusively penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of human sexual activity,[3][4] including autoeroticism, masturbation, oral sex, non-penetrative and non-heterosexual sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" at various times).[5][6]
They have believed and taught that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered sinful,[3][4] and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of Sodom and Gomorrah.[3][1][7][8][9] However, the status of LGBT people in early Christianity is debated.[10][11][12][13]
The history of Christianity and homosexuality has been much debated. Some maintain that the early Christian churches deplored same-sex relationships, while others maintain that they accepted them on the level of their heterosexual counterparts. These disagreements concern, in some cases, the translations of certain terms, or the meaning and context of some biblical passages.[1]
The extent to which the Bible mentions the subject, whether or not it is condemned, and whether the various passages apply today, have become contentious topics in the 20th and 21st centuries. Significant debate has arisen over the proper interpretation of the Levitical code; the narrative of Sodom and Gomorrah; and various Pauline passages, and whether these verses condemn same-sex sexual activities.[1]
Christian denominational positions
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church views as sinful any sexual act not related to procreation by a couple joined in marriage.[14][15] The Church states that "homosexual tendencies" are "objectively disordered", but does not consider the tendency itself to be sinful but rather a temptation toward sin.[14][16]
The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that "men and women who have deep-seated homosexual tendenciesШаблон:Nbsp[...] must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity" and that "every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided."[14] The Church opposes criminal penalties against homosexuality.[17] The Catholic Church requires those who are attracted to people of the same (or opposite) sex to practise chastity, because it teaches that sexuality should only be practised within marriage, which includes chaste sex as permanent, procreative, heterosexual, and monogamous. The Vatican distinguishes between "deep-seated homosexual tendencies" and the "expression of a transitory problem", in relation to ordination to the priesthood; saying in a 2005 document that homosexual tendencies "must be clearly overcome at least three years before ordination to the diaconate."[18] A 2011 report based on telephone surveys of self-identified American Catholics conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute found that 56% believe that sexual relations between two people of the same sex are not sinful.[19][20] Research indicates that the Catholic Church's teachings on sexuality are "a major source of conflict and distress" to LGBT Catholics.[21]
In January 2018 German bishop Franz-Josef Bode of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Osnabrück, and in February 2018 German Roman Catholic cardinal Reinhard Marx, chairman of the German Bishops' Conference said in interviews with German journalists that blessing of same-sex unions is possible in Roman Catholic churches in Germany.[22][23][24] In Austria blessing of same sex unions is performed in two churches[25] located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Linz.[26] In 2021, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith clarified that same-sex civil unions cannot be blessed.[27]
On March 11, 2023, the Synodal Path with support of over 80 percentage of German Roman Catholic bishops allowed blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples in all 27 German Roman Catholic diocese.[28][29][30] A similar decision had been taken a few months earlier by the Flemish bishops of the Episcopal Conference of Belgium.[31] Both decisions received strong condemnation by the Holy See and by conservative Catholic clergy: Cardinal Pietro Parolin stated that the German bishops had no authority over the issue and Cardinal Wim Eijk urged Flemish bishops to withdraw their decision.[32][33]
On December 18, 2023, blessings of same-sex couples in document Fiducia supplicans were approved by Pope Francis and published by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.[34][35][36][37][38] However, "it is not a formal liturgical blessing and does not give the impression that the Catholic Church is blessing the union as if it were a marriage".[39]
Orthodox churches
The Eastern Orthodox churches condemn homosexual acts.[40] The Orthodox Church shares a long history of church teachings and canon law with the Catholic Church and has a similar conservative stance on homosexuality. Some Orthodox Church jurisdictions, such as the Orthodox Church in America, have taken the approach of welcoming people with "homosexual feelings and emotions", while encouraging them to work towards "overcoming its harmful effects in their lives", while not allowing the sacraments to people who seek to justify homosexual activity.[41][42] Other Orthodox Churches, such as those in Eastern Europe and Greece, view homosexuality less favourably. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America lists homosexuality along with fornication, adultery, and more because of the thinking that homosexuality breaks up the institution of marriage and family.[43] A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that the majority of Orthodox Christians in the Eastern European and former USSR states surveyed believe that homosexuality "should not be accepted by society"; 45% of Orthodox Christians in Greece and 31% in the United States answered the same way.[44]
In July 2022, Archbishop Elpidophoros of America baptized two babies adopted by clothing designers Evanggelos Bousis and Peter Dundas, making him the first Greek Orthodox bishop to baptize children adopted by gay couples.[45] According to the metropolitan in whose diocese the baptism took place (Antonios of Glyfada), Elpidophoros did not inform him in advance that the baptism in question was to be performed for a gay couple.[46] Metropolitan Antonios reported Elpidophoros to the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, which issued a formal protest to both Elpidophoros and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[47]
Protestant churches
Accepting position
Certain other Christian denominations do not view monogamous same-sex relationships as sinful or immoral, and may bless such unions and consider them marriages. These include the United Church of Canada, the Presbyterian Church (USA), the United Church of Christ,[48] all German Lutheran, reformed and united churches in EKD,[49] all Swiss reformed churches, the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, the United Protestant Church in Belgium,[50] the United Protestant Church of France,[51] the Church of Denmark, the Church of Sweden, the Church of Iceland, the Church of Norway, and the Uniting Church in Australia.[52] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland also allows prayer for same-sex couples.[53] The Metropolitan Community Church was founded specifically to serve the Christian LGBT community. The Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals (GAAAP) traces its roots back to 1980, making it the oldest LGBT-affirming Apostolic Pentecostal denomination in existence.[54] Another such organization is the Affirming Pentecostal Church International, currently the largest affirming Pentecostal organization, with churches in the US, UK, Central and South America, Europe and Africa.
LGBT-affirming denominations regard homosexuality as a natural occurrence. The United Church of Christ celebrates gay marriage,[55] and some parts of the Anglican[56] and Lutheran[57] churches allow for the blessing of gay unions. The United Church of Canada also allows same-sex marriage, and views sexual orientation as a gift from God. Within the Anglican Communion, there are openly gay clergy; for example, Gene Robinson is an openly gay Bishop in the US Episcopal Church. Within the Lutheran communion, there are openly gay clergy, too; for example, bishop Eva Brunne is an openly lesbian bishop in the Church of Sweden. Such religious groups and denominations interpret scripture and doctrine in a way that leads them to accept that homosexuality is morally acceptable, and a natural occurrence. For example, in 1988 the United Church of Canada, that country's largest Protestant denomination, affirmed that "a) All persons, regardless of their sexual orientation, who profess Jesus Christ and obedience to Him, are welcome to be or become full members of the Church; Шаблон:Em b) All members of the Church are eligible to be considered for the Ordered Ministry."[58] In 2000, the Church's General Assembly further affirmed that "human sexual orientations, whether heterosexual or homosexual, are a gift from God and part of the marvelous diversity of creation."[59]
In addition, some Christian denominations such as the Moravian Church, believe that the Bible speaks negatively of homosexual acts but, as research on the matter continues, the Moravian Church seeks to establish a policy on homosexuality and the ordination of homosexuals.[60] In 2014, Moravian Church in Europe allowed blessings of same-sex unions.[61]
Liberal Quakers, those in membership of Britain Yearly Meeting and Friends General Conference in the US approve of same-sex marriage and union. Quakers were the first Christian group in the United Kingdom to advocate for equal marriage and Quakers in Britain formally recognised same-sex relationships in 1963.[62][63][64]
The United Methodist Church elected a lesbian bishop in 2016, and on 7 May 2018, the Council of Bishops proposed the One Church Plan, which would allow individual pastors and regional church bodies to decide whether to ordain LGBT clergy and perform same-sex weddings.[65] On 26 February 2019, a special session of the General Conference rejected the One Church Plan and voted to strengthen its official opposition to same-sex marriages and ordaining openly LGBT clergy.[66]
Various positions
Anglican
Шаблон:Main Since 1998, the Anglican Church has reassured people with same sex attraction they are loved by God and are welcomed as full members of the Body of Christ. The Church leadership has a variety of views in regard to homosexual expression and ordination. Some expressions of sexuality are considered sinful including "promiscuity, prostitution, incest, pornography, paedophilia, predatory sexual behaviour, and sadomasochism (all of which may be heterosexual and homosexual)". The Church is concerned with pressures on young people to engage sexually and encourages abstinence.[67][68]
At the 13th Lambeth Conference in 1998, homosexuality was the most hotly debated issue. It was finally decided, by a vote of 526–70, to pass a resolution (1.10) calling for a "listening process" but stating (in an amendment passed by a vote of 389–190)[69] that "homosexual practice" (not necessarily orientation) is "incompatible with Scripture".[70] Reflecting on resolution 1.10 in the lead up to Lambeth 2022, Angela Tilby recalled the intervention of Bishop Michael Bourke, who successfully proposed an amendment which said: "We commit ourselves to listen to the experience of homosexual persons".[71] Tilby considered that while the amendment had appeared inconsequential at the time, it had indeed been significant: she said that the idea of "patient listening" underpinned the Church of England's process "Living in Love and Faith".[71]
Lutheran
Шаблон:Main Churches within Lutheranism hold stances on the issue ranging from labeling homosexual acts as sinful, to acceptance of homosexual relationships. For example, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, the Lutheran Church of Australia, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod recognize homosexual behavior as intrinsically sinful and seek to minister to those who are struggling with homosexual inclinations.[57][72] However, the Church of Sweden, the Church of Denmark, the Church of Norway, or Lutheran churches of the Evangelical Church in Germany conducts same-sex marriages, while the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada opens the ministry of the church to gay pastors and other professional workers living in committed relationships.[73] The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, the Lutheran denomination in Ethiopia, and second largest non-united Lutheran denomination in the world, however, has taken a stand that marriage is inherently between a man and a woman, and has formally broken fellowship with the ELCA.[74][75]
Rejecting position
Some mainline Protestant denominations, such as the African Methodist churches,[76][77][78][79] the Reformed Church in America,[80] and the Presbyterian Church in America,[81] Christian Reformed Church in North America[82] also oppose LGBT relationships.
The Seventh-day Adventist Church "recognizes that every human being is valuable in the sight of God, and seeks to minister to all men and women [including homosexuals] in the spirit of Jesus," while maintaining that homosexual sex itself is forbidden in the Bible. "Jesus affirmed the dignity of all human beings and reached out compassionately to persons and families suffering the consequences of sin. He offered caring ministry and words of solace to struggling people, while differentiating His love for sinners from His clear teaching about sinful practices."[83]
Conservative Quakers, those within Friends United Meeting and the Evangelical Friends International believe that sexual relations are condoned only in marriage, which they define to be between a man and a woman.[84]
Confessional Lutheran churches teach that it is sinful to have homosexual desires, even if they do not lead to homosexual activity.[85] The Doctrinal statement issued by the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod states that making a distinction between homosexual orientation and the act of homosexuality is confusing:
However, confessional Lutherans also warn against selective morality which harshly condemns homosexuality while treating other sins more lightly.[86]
Evangelical churches
The positions of the evangelical churches are varied, according to denominations.[87][88] Some evangelical denominations have adopted neutral positions, leaving the choice to local churches to decide for same-sex marriage.[89][90] Others strongly oppose same-sex marriage, same-sex sexual activity, and expression of gay/lesbian/bisexual identity generally.[91][92]
Evangelical Conservative positions
Some Evangelical Christians regard homosexual acts as sinful[91] and think they should not be accepted by society.[93] They tend to interpret biblical verses on homosexual acts to mean that the heterosexual family was created by God[94] to be the bedrock of civilization and that same-sex relationships contradict God's design for marriage and is not his will.[92][95][96][97][98] Christians who oppose homosexual relationships sometimes argue that same-gender sexual activity is a sin.[99]
In opposing interpretations of the Bible that are supportive of homosexual relationships, conservative Christians have argued for the reliability of the Bible,[100][101] and the meaning of texts related to homosexual acts,[96][102] while often seeing what they call the diminishing of the authority of the Bible by many homosexual authors as being ideologically driven.[103]
As an alternative to a school-sponsored Day of Silence opposing bullying of LGBT students, conservative Christians organized a Golden Rule Initiative, where they passed out cards saying "As a follower of Christ, I believe that all people are created in the image of God and therefore deserve love and respect."[104] Others created a Day of Dialogue to oppose what they believe is the silencing of Christian students who make public their opposition to homosexuality.
On 29 August 2017, the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood released a manifesto on human sexuality known as the "Nashville Statement". The statement was signed by 150 evangelical leaders, and includes 14 points of belief.[105]
Fundamentalist position
It is in some fundamentalist conservative positions, that there are anti-LGBT activists on TV or radio who accuse homosexual people of a gay agenda and of being responsible for social problems, such as terrorism.[106][107][108][109] Some fundamentalists also regularly accuse homosexuals of being responsible for natural disasters.[110][111] Some evangelical churches in Uganda strongly oppose homosexuality and homosexuals. They have campaigned for laws criminalizing homosexuality.[112]
Moderate position
Some churches have a moderate Conservative position. Although they do not approve homosexual practices, they show sympathy and respect for homosexuals.[113] Churches thus see themselves as “welcoming, but not affirming”.[114][115] This expression has its origin in the book Welcoming but Not Affirming: An Evangelical Response to Homosexuality published in 1998 by the American Baptist theologian Stanley Grenz.[116]
Organizations
The French Evangelical Alliance, a member of the European Evangelical Alliance and the World Evangelical Alliance, adopted on 12 October 2002, through its National Council, a document entitled Шаблон:Lang ("Faith, Hope and Homosexuality"), in which homophobia, hatred and rejection of homosexuals are condemned, but which denies homosexual practices and full church membership of unrepentant homosexuals and those who approve of these practices.[117] In 2015, the Conseil national des évangéliques de France (French National Council of Evangelicals) reaffirmed its position on the issue by opposing marriage of same-sex couples, while not rejecting homosexuals, but wanting to offer them more than a blessing; an accompaniment and a welcome.[118]
The French evangelical pastor Philippe Auzenet, a chaplain of the association Oser en parler, regularly intervenes on the subject in the media. It promotes dialogue and respect, as well as sensitization in order to better understand homosexuals.[119] He also said in 2012 that Jesus would go to a gay bar, because he was going to all people with love.[120]
Liberal positions
International
There are some international evangelical associations that are gay-friendly, such as the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists and Affirming Pentecostal Church International.[121][122]
U.S.
A 2014 survey reported that 43% of white evangelical American Christians between the ages of 18 and 33 supported same-sex marriage.[123] Some evangelical churches accept homosexuality and celebrate gay weddings.[124][125] The change in beliefs in favor of gay marriage in evangelical churches has certain consequences for them.[126] Various churches thus received an excommunication from their Christian denomination for not respecting the confession of faith.[127] Other churches have faced significant departures of members from their congregations, seeing their financial resources diminish.[128]
Neutral positions
Some evangelical associations have adopted neutral positions, leaving the choice to local churches to decide for same-sex marriage.[89][90]
Denominational positions
Anabaptism
Most Mennonite associations hold a conservative position on homosexuality.[129]
The Brethren Mennonite Council for LGBT Interests was founded in 1976 in the US and has member churches of different associations in the US and Canada.[129]
The Mennonite Church Canada leaves the choice to each church for same-sex marriage.[130]
The Mennonite Church in the Netherlands and the Mennonite Church USA permit same-sex marriage.[131][132]
Baptist
Most Baptist associations around the world hold a conservative view on homosexuality.[133]
Some Baptist associations in the United States do not have official beliefs about marriage in a confession of faith and invoke congregationalism to leave the choice to each church to decide.[134][135] This is the case of American Baptist Churches USA, Progressive National Baptist Convention, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship and National Baptist Convention, USA.
Some Baptist associations support same-sex marriage. The Alliance of Baptists (USA),[136] the Canadian Association for Baptist Freedoms,[137] the Aliança de Batistas do Brasil,[138] the Fraternidad de Iglesias Bautistas de Cuba,[139] and the Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists (international)[121] all support same-sex marriage.
Pentecostalism
Most Pentecostal associations take a conservative stance on homosexuality.[140]
Various international associations of the Gay Apostolic Pentecostals movement founded in the United States allow same-sex marriage.[141]
Restorationist churches
Restorationist churches, such as Seventh-Day Adventists, generally teach that homosexuals are 'broken' and can be 'fixed'. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that "The Bible condemns sexual activity that is not between a husband and wife, whether it is homosexual or heterosexual conduct. (1 Corinthians 6:18)Шаблон:Nbsp[...] While the Bible disapproves of homosexual acts, it does not condone hatred of homosexuals or homophobia. Instead, Christians are directed to "respect everyone."—1 Peter 2:17, Good News Translation."[142] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints said in 2015 that it officially welcomes its gay and lesbian members, if they choose sexual abstinence.[143] The Community of Christ, a branch of Mormonism, fully accepts LGBT persons, performs weddings for gay and lesbian couples, and ordains LGBT members. Within the Stone-Campbell aligned restorationist churches the views are divergent. The churches of Christ (A Capella) and the Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ mostly adhere to a very conservative ideology; socially, politically, and religiously and are generally not accepting of openly LGBT members and will not perform weddings for gay and lesbian couples. The Disciples of Christ, is fully accepting of LGBT persons, often performs weddings for gay and lesbian couples, and ordains LGBT members. The United Church of Christ is an officially "open and affirming" church. Other Restorationist churches such as Millerite churches, have taken mixed positions but are increasingly accepting with some of their congregations fully accepting LGBT persons in all aspects of religious and political life.
Views supportive of homosexuality
In the 20th century, theologians like Jürgen Moltmann, Hans Küng, John Robinson, Bishop David Jenkins, Don Cupitt, and Bishop Jack Spong challenged traditional theological positions and understandings of the Bible; following these developments some have suggested that passages have been mistranslated or that they do not refer to what is in the modern day understood as "homosexuality."Шаблон:Citation needed Clay Witt, a minister in the Metropolitan Community Church, explains how theologians and commentators like John Shelby Spong, George Edwards and Michael England interpret injunctions against certain sexual acts as being originally intended as a means of distinguishing religious worship between Abrahamic and the surrounding pagan faiths, within which homosexual acts featured as part of idolatrous religious practices: "England argues that these prohibitions should be seen as being directed against sexual practices of fertility cult worship. As with the earlier reference from Strong's, he notes that the word 'abomination' used here is directly related to idolatry and idolatrous practices throughout the Hebrew Testament. Edwards makes a similar suggestion, observing that 'the context of the two prohibitions in Leviticus 18:22 and Leviticus 20:13 suggest that what is opposed is not same-sex activity outside the cult, as in the modern secular sense, but within the cult identified as Canaanite'".[144]
In 1986, the Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus (EEWC), then known as the Evangelical Women's Caucus International, passed a resolution stating: "Whereas homosexual people are children of God, and because of the biblical mandate of Jesus Christ that we are all created equal in God's sight, and in recognition of the presence of the lesbian minority in EWCI, EWCI takes a firm stand in favor of civil rights protection for homosexual persons."[145]
Some Christians believe that Biblical passages have been mistranslated or that these passages do not refer to LGBT orientation as currently understood.[146] Liberal Christian scholars, like conservative Christian scholars, accept earlier versions of the texts that make up the Bible in Hebrew or Greek. However, within these early texts there are many terms that modern scholars have interpreted differently from previous generations of scholars.[147][148][149] There are concerns with copying errors, forgery, and biases among the translators of later Bibles.[147][148][149] They consider some verses such as those they say support slavery[147] or the inferior treatment of women[148] as not being valid today, and against the will of God present in the context of the Bible. They cite these issues when arguing for a change in theological views on sexual relationships to what they say is an earlier view. They differentiate among various sexual practices, treating rape, prostitution, or temple sex rituals as immoral and those within committed relationships as positive regardless of sexual orientation. They view certain verses, which they believe refer only to homosexual rape, as not relevant to consensual homosexual relationships.[149]
Yale professor John Boswell has argued that a number of Early Christians entered into homosexual relationships,[150] and that certain Biblical figures had homosexual relationships, such as Ruth and her mother-in-law Naomi, Daniel and the court official Ashpenaz, and David and King Saul's son Jonathan.[151] Boswell has also argued that adelphopoiesis, a rite bonding two men, was akin to a religiously sanctioned same-sex union. Having partaken in such a rite, a person was prohibited from entering into marriage or taking monastic vows, and the choreography of the service itself closely parallelled that of the marriage rite.[150][152][153] His views have not found wide acceptance, and opponents have argued that this rite sanctified a platonic brotherly bond, not a homosexual union.[153] He also argued that condemnation of homosexuality began only in the 12th century.[154] Boswell's critics[155] point out that many earlier doctrinal sources condemn homosexuality as a sin even if they do not prescribe a specific punishment, and that Boswell's arguments are based on sources which reflected a general trend towards harsher penalties, rather than a change in doctrine, from the 12th century onwards.
Desmond Tutu, the former Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, described homophobia as a "crime against humanity" and "every bit as unjust" as apartheid:[156] "We struggled against apartheid in South Africa, supported by people the world over, because black people were being blamed and made to suffer for something we could do nothing about; our very skins. It is the same with sexual orientation. It is a given.Шаблон:Nbsp[...] We treat them [gays and lesbians] as pariahs and push them outside our communities. We make them doubt that they too are children of God – and this must be nearly the ultimate blasphemy. We blame them for what they are."[157]
Modern gay Christian leader Justin R. Cannon promotes what he calls "Inclusive Orthodoxy" ('orthodoxy' in this sense is not to be confused with the Eastern Orthodox Church). He explains on his ministry website: "Inclusive Orthodoxy is the belief that the Church can and must be inclusive of LGBT individuals without sacrificing the Gospel and the Apostolic teachings of the Christian faith."[158] Cannon's ministry takes a unique and distinct approach from modern liberal Christians while still supporting homosexual relations. His ministry affirms the divine inspiration of the Bible, the authority of Tradition, and says "...that there is a place within the full life and ministry of the Christian Church for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Christians, both those who are called to lifelong celibacy and those who are partnered."[159]
Today, many religious people are becoming more affirming of same-sex relationships, even in denominations with official stances against homosexuality. In the United States, people in denominations who are against same-sex relationships are liberalizing quickly, though not as quickly as those in more affirming groups.[160] This social change is creating tension within many denominations, and even schisms and mass walk-outs among Mormons and other conservative groups.[161]
Pope Francis voiced support for same-sex civil unions during an interview in a documentary film, Francesco, which was premiered at the Rome Film Festival on 21 October 2020.[162]
Homosexual Christians and organizations
Шаблон:Further Шаблон:See also
Studies in the US show more LGBT individuals identify as Protestant than Catholic.[163][164][165] George Barna, a conservative Christian author and researcher, conducted a survey in the United States in 2009 that found gay and lesbian people having a Christian affiliation were more numerous than had been presumed. He characterized some of his leading conclusions from the data as follows:[166] "People who portray gay adults as godless, hedonistic, Christian bashers are not working with the facts. A substantial majority of gays cite their faith as a central facet of their life, consider themselves to be Christian, and claim to have some type of meaningful personal commitment to Jesus Christ active in their life today." Barna also found that LGBT people were more likely to interpret faith as an individual rather than a collective experience.[167]
Candace Chellew-Hodge, liberal Christian lesbian founder of the online magazine Whosoever, responded to the findings: "All in all, I'm grateful for Barna even wandering into the subject of gay and lesbian religious belief. I think his study is important and can go a long way to dispelling the old "gays vs. God" dichotomy that too often gets played out in the media. However, his overall message is still harmful: Gays and lesbians are Christians – they're just not as good as straight ones."[168] She argued that Barna had formulated his report with undue irony and skepticism, and that he had failed to take into account the reasons for the data which enkindled his "arrière pensée." The reason why far fewer homosexuals attend church, she argued, is that there are far fewer churches who will accept them. Equally, gays and lesbians do not see the Bible as unequivocally true because they are forced by its use against them to read it more closely and with less credulity, leading them to note its myriad contradictions.[168]
Organizations for homosexual Christians exist across a wide range of beliefs and traditions. The interdenominational Q Christian Fellowship (formerly Gay Christian Network) has some members who affirm same-sex relationships and others who commit themselves to celibacy, groups it refers to as "Side A" and "Side B", respectively.[169][170] According to founder Justin Lee:
Some organizations cater exclusively to homosexual Christians who do not want to have gay sex, or attraction; the goals of these organizations vary. Some Christian groups focus on simply refraining from gay sex, such as Courage International and North Star.[171] Other groups additionally encourage gay members to reduce or eliminate same-sex attractions. Love Won Out and the now-defunct Exodus International are examples of such ministries. These groups are sometimes referred to as ex-gay organizations, though many no longer use the term. Alan Chambers, the president of Exodus, says the term incorrectly implies a complete change in sexual orientation,[172] though the group Parents and Friends of Ex-Gays and Gays continues to use the term. In addition, individual Christians identifying as gay who want to subscribe to the conservative ethic are becoming more vocal themselves.[173]
Gay Christian writer and actor Peterson Toscano argues that organizations promoting orientation change are a "ruse".[174] An organization he co-founded, Beyond Ex-Gay, supports people who feel they have been wounded by such organizations.[175]
Other groups support or advocate for gay Christians and their relationships. For example, in the United States, IntegrityUSA represents the interests of lesbian and gay Christians in the Episcopal Church,[176] while United Methodists have the Reconciling Ministries Network and evangelical Christians have Evangelicals Concerned.[177] GracePointe Church became one of the first evangelical megachurches in the US to support full equality for LGBT people in 2015.[178][179] In 2014 the United Church of Christ filed a lawsuit challenging North Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage, which is America's first faith-based challenge to same-sex marriage bans; the Alliance of Baptists joined the lawsuit later that year.[180][181]
In Europe, working within the worldwide Anglican Communion on a range of discrimination issues, including those of LGBT clergy and people in the church, is Inclusive Church.[182] The longest standing groups for lesbian and gay Christians in the UK, were Quest (for lgbt Catholics) and Metropolitan Community Church (UK) both founded in 1973; followed in 1976 by the non-denominational Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement;[183] specifically aimed to meet the needs of lesbian and gay evangelicals, there is the Evangelical Fellowship for Lesbian and Gay Christians;[184] specifically working within the Church of England is Changing Attitude,[185] which also takes an international focus in working for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender affirmation within the Anglican Communion.[186]
Sociologist Richard N. Pitt argues that these organizations are only available to LGBT members of liberal denominations, as opposed to those in conservative denominations. His review of the literature on gay Christians suggests that these organizations not only represent the interests of Christians who attend their churches, but (like gay-friendly and gay-affirming churches) also give these members useful responses to homophobic and heterosexist rhetoric. His research shows that those LGBT Christians who stay at homophobic churches "kill the messenger"[187] by attacking the minister's knowledge about homosexuality, personal morality, focus on sin instead of forgiveness, and motivations for preaching against homosexuality.
Movement of pro-celibacy gay Christians
There is a movement of people who call themselves "gay Christians", but choose to practice celibacy. [188][189] The movement is often positioned against both liberals and conservatives. Recognizing themselves as gay or bisexual, these people believe that their attraction to same-sex people, while present, does not allow them to have homosexual relationships. They often say that their Christian conversion did not instantly change their sexual desires. They insist that the church should always reject homosexual practices, but that it should welcome gay people.
Ex-gay movement
Various Christian organizations have been involved in the ex-gay movement.[190] Love in Action, founded in 1973, was the first in the USA.[190] In 1976, its members founded Exodus International, a Christian organization (more specifically Protestant and Evangelical) in the United States and in various countries of the world.[191] The Catholic organization Courage International was founded in 1980.[192]
Conversion therapies for people wishing to change sexual orientation have been associated with the movement.[193] Conversion therapy has been widely criticized and denounced by many major medical associations.[194] Studies have found that LGBT individuals who experienced conversion therapy reported significantly higher rates of depression, suicide attempts, and substance abuse than their peers who did not.[195][196][197]
Criticism
In 2005, Baptist Pastor Al Sharpton criticized megachurches for focusing on "bedroom morals", statements against same-sex marriage and abortion, by ignoring issues of social justice, such as the immorality of war and the erosion of affirmative action.[198]
In 2015, American theologian L. Gregory Jones has criticized some Christian churches for their lack of effort to interest young people in the Christian faith in a relevant way, while putting a lot of energy into talking negatively about homosexuality, which is even more boring for young people who want to work with the whole world.[199]
See also
- List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality
- Ex-gay movement
- Side A, Side B, Side X, Side Y (theological views)
- Christianity and sexual orientation
- Homosexuality and religion
- Ellen Barrett – first openly lesbian priest (Episcopal)
- Corpus Christi (play)
- Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus
- Gay bishops
- History of Christianity and homosexuality
- Homosexuality and Judaism
- Queer theology
- The Bible and homosexuality
- Homosexuality and Seventh-day Adventism
References
Further reading
- Bates, Stephen (2004). A Church at War: Anglicans and Homosexuality. I.B. Tauris. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Boswell, John (1980). Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality: Gay people in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian era to the fourteenth century. University of Chicago Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Boswell, John (1979). The Church & the Homosexual Шаблон:Webarchive
- Brug, John F. (2009), Doctrinal Brief: Is Homosexuality a Sin?, Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library
- Crompton, Louis, et al., (2003). Homosexuality and Civilization Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C., (2014/5). Clinicians' perspectives of religious families' and gay men's negotiation of sexual orientation disclosure and prejudice, Journal of Homosexuality 62(4).
- Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C. 2014/15). Online Coming Out Communications between Gay Men and their Religious Family Allies: A Family of Choice and Origin Perspective, Journal of GLBT Family Studies.
- Gagnon, Robert A.J. (2002). The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics. Abingdon Press. Шаблон:ISBN
- Harvey, John F., O.S.F.S. (1996). The Truth about Homosexuality: The Cry of the Faithful, introduction by Benedict J. Groeschel, C.F.R.. Ignatius Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Hays, Katie; Chiasson, Susan A. (2021). Family of Origin, Family of Choice: Stories of Queer Christians. Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN
- Helminiak, Daniel A. (2000). "Frequently Asked Questions About Being Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender and Catholic" Dignity USA.
- Hildegard of Bingen (c. 1142). "Scivias," Columba Hart and Jane Bishop, translators; New York: Paulist Press, 1990
- Homosexuality and Christianity
- Johansson, Warren (1992). "Whosoever Shall Say To His Brother, Racha." Studies in Homosexuality, Vol XII: Homosexuality and Religion and Philosophy. Ed. Wayne Dynes & Stephen Donaldson. New York & London: Garland, pp. 212–214
- Mader, Donald (1992). "The Entimos Pais of Matthew 8:5–13 and Luke 7:1–10" Studies in Homosexuality, Vol XII: Homosexuality and Religion and Philosophy. Ed. Wayne Dynes & Stephen Donaldson. New York & London: Garland, pp. 223–235.
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Saletan, William (29 November 2005). "Gland Inquisitor". Slate.
- Smith, Morton (1992). "Clement of Alexandria and Secret Mark: The Score at the End of the First Decade." Studies in Homosexuality, Vol XII: Homosexuality and Religion and Philosophy. Ed. Wayne Dynes & Stephen Donaldson. New York & London: Garland, pp. 295–307
External links
- gaychurch.org — International database of LGB-friendly churches.
Шаблон:Christianity footer Шаблон:Religion and LGBT topics Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Catechism of the Catholic Church, § 2357-9; cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2351, 2391, 2396
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Criteria for the Discernment of Vocation for Persons with Homosexual Tendencies, 2 Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders Шаблон:Webarchive, Congregation for Catholic Education, 4 November 2005
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ NDR.de: Bischof für Segnung von homosexuellen Paaren (German), 10 January 2018
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Deutsche Welle: German Catholic bishops back blessings for same-sex couples, March 11, 2023
- ↑ American Magazine: German bishops vote in favor of blessing same-sex unions in the Catholic Church
- ↑ The pillar: German synodal way backs same-sex blessings, March 11, 2023
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Vatican: Dichiarazione, Fiducia supplicans sul senso pastorale delle benedizioni, 18 December 2023
- ↑ Katholisch.de: Katholische Kirche erlaubt Segnung für homosexuelle Paare, December 18, 2023
- ↑ n-tv.de: Papst ebnet Weg für Segnung homosexueller Paare, 18 December 2023
- ↑ Spiegel.de: Papst erlaubt Segnung unverheirateter und homosexueller Paare, 18 December 2023
- ↑ Vaticannews.va: Doctrinal declaration opens possibility to bless couples in irregular situations , 18 December 2023
- ↑ United States Conference of Catholic Bishops https://www.usccb.org/news/2023/doctrinal-dicastery-explains-how-when-gay-couples-can-be-blessed
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Orthodox Church in America Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ First Greek Orthodox Baptism for Child of Gay Couple in Greece // Greek Reporter
- ↑ Metropolitan Antonios Exclusively to TNH on the Baptism of Gay Couple’s Children The National Herald
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ NYTimes.com "United Church of Christ Backs Same-Sex Marriage"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ 57,0 57,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Chronology of Marriage and Equality Rights in the United Church Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ "Same-Sex Marriage Legislation Offers a Win-Win Solution, Says The United Church of Canada," 2005-FEB-01, United Church of Canada, at: http://www.united-church.ca/
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 71,0 71,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокwelsstatementне указан текст - ↑ Jeffrey S. Siker, Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 2007, p. 112
- ↑ William Henard, Adam Greenway, Evangelicals Engaging Emergent, B&H Publishing Group, USA, 2009, p. 20
- ↑ 89,0 89,1 Jacqueline L. Salmon, Rift Over Gay Unions Reflects Battle New to Black Churches, washingtonpost.com, USA, 19 August 2007
- ↑ 90,0 90,1 Dan Dyck et Dick Benner, Delegates vote to allow space for differences, canadianmennonite.org, Canada, 20 July 2016
- ↑ 91,0 91,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 92,0 92,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ U.S. Religious landscape survey, 2008 The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
- ↑ Social Issues: Marriage and Family Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 96,0 96,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, by Bruce M. Metzger
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "Some notable fundamentalist and conservative evangelical television and radio speakers frequently blame gays in America for an assortment of social problems, including terrorism (…)" in Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004, p. 315
- ↑ Jeffrey S. Siker, Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 2007, p. 114
- ↑ Ralph R. Smith, Russel R. Windes, Progay/Antigay: The Rhetorical War Over Sexuality, SAGE Publications, USA, 2000, p. 29
- ↑ David Rayside, Faith, Politics, and Sexual Diversity in Canada and the United States, UBC Press, Canada, 2011, p. 73-74
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Ezra Chitando, Adriaan van Klinken, Christianity and Controversies Over Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa, Routledge, UK, 2016, p. 8
- ↑ Stephen Hunt, Contemporary Christianity and LGBT Sexualities, Routledge, UK, 2016, p. 40-41
- ↑ Bill J. Leonard, Baptists in America, Columbia University Press, USA, 2005, p. 241
- ↑ Mark Jennings, ‘Welcoming, but not affirming’: being gay and Christian, theconversation.com, USA, August 30, 2016
- ↑ Roger E. Olson, The Westminster Handbook to Evangelical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2004, p. 316
- ↑ Claire Lesegretain, Les chrétiens et l'homosexualité : l'enquête, Bouquineo, France, 2011, p. 397
- ↑ Loup Besmond de Senneville, la-croix.com, Bénédiction de couples homosexuels: critiques vives des protestants évangéliques, France, 18 May 2015
- ↑ Nicolas Ciarapica, aleloo.com, Parler de l'homosexualité, interview de Philippe Auzenet Шаблон:Webarchive, France, 30 April 2006
- ↑ La Dépêche de Tahiti, "JÉSUS IRAIT DANS UN BAR GAY" Шаблон:Webarchive, France, 4 December 2012
- ↑ 121,0 121,1 William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 603
- ↑ Adrian Thatcher, The Oxford Handbook of Theology, Sexuality, and Gender, Oxford University Press, UK, 2015, p. 368
- ↑ Carol Kuruvilla, Meet The Evangelicals Who Cheered The SCOTUS Gay Marriage Ruling, HuffPost, USA, 29 June 2015
- ↑ TOM GJELTEN, MARISA PEÑALOZA, Acceptance Grows, Slowly But Steadily, For Gay Evangelicals, NPR, USA, 10 May 2016
- ↑ AP, Evangelical church opens doors fully to gays, NBC News, USA, 19 December 2009
- ↑ Heidi Hall, Evangelical Churches Grapple With LGBT Inclusion, HuffPost, USA, 3 March 2015
- ↑ Associated Press, Minneapolis pastor and his church expelled for permitting gay marriage, theguardian.com, UK, June 29, 2019
- ↑ Andrew J. Yawn,A Georgia church, kicked out of the SBC for allowing gay members, wants to make sure 'everybody's welcome', usatoday.com, USA, April 4, 2021
- ↑ 129,0 129,1 Donald B. Kraybill, Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites, JHU Press, USA, 2010, p. 108
- ↑ Dan Dyck et Dick Benner, Delegates vote to allow space for differences, canadianmennonite.org, Canada, July 20, 2016
- ↑ Susan M. Shaw, Women and Religion: Global Lives in Focus, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2021, p. 96
- ↑ Paul Schrag, Delegates repeal Membership Guidelines, pass LGBTQ-affirming resolution, anabaptistworld.org, USA, May 29, 2022
- ↑ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 519
- ↑ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 503
- ↑ Bill J. Leonard, Baptists in America, Columbia University Press, USA, 2005, p. 243
- ↑ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 14
- ↑ William H. Brackney, Historical Dictionary of the Baptists, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2021, p. 628
- ↑ Renato Cavallera, Aliança batista aprova o reconhecimento da união gay no Brasil e afirma que é uma "boa nova", noticias.gospelmais.com.br, Brazil, May 25, 2011
- ↑ Javier Roque Martínez, 'El cristianismo no jugará un papel relevante en la oposición al gobierno cubano', newsweekespanol.com, Mexico, February 17, 2022
- ↑ Adrian Thatcher, The Oxford Handbook of Theology, Sexuality, and Gender, Oxford University Press, USA, 2015, p. 362
- ↑ Adrian Thatcher, The Oxford Handbook of Theology, Sexuality, and Gender, Oxford University Press, USA, 2015, p. 368
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Frank J. Smith, Religion and Politics in America: An Encyclopedia of Church and State in American Life [2 volumes], ABC-CLIO, USA, 2016, p. 160
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 147,0 147,1 147,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 148,0 148,1 148,2 ReligiousTolerance.org.
- ↑ 149,0 149,1 149,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 150,0 150,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Robin Darling Young, "Gay Marriage: Reimagining Church History", First Things 47 (November 1994), pp. 43–48.
- ↑ 153,0 153,1 Paul Halsall, Reviewing Boswell Шаблон:Webarchive (1995).
- ↑ John Boswell, The Church and the Homosexual – An Historical Perspective Шаблон:Webarchive (1979).
- ↑ Gagnon R.A.J., The Bible and Homosexual Practice: Texts and Hermeneutics. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 2001.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Sex, Love & Homophobia, published by Amnesty International UK, 2005, foreword by Desmund Tutu.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Quoted in Chellew-Hodge, Candace. "New Poll Shows Gays and Lesbians Believe in God." ReligionDispatches. 25 June 2009. . Retrieved 2009-06-27.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 168,0 168,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ GCN Homepage Шаблон:Webarchive (website). Gay Christian Network. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Changing Attitude (UK) Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 190,0 190,1 Abbie E. Goldberg, The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies, SAGE Publications, USA, 2016, p. 384
- ↑ Jeffrey S. Siker, Homosexuality and Religion: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, 2007, p. 122
- ↑ Paul A. Djupe, Laura R. Olson, Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics, Infobase Publishing, USA, 2014, p. 207
- ↑ Abbie E. Goldberg, The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies, SAGE Publications, USA, 2016, p. 385
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Associated Press, Megachurches have wrong focus, black leaders say, chron.com, July 2, 2006.
- ↑ Daniel Burke, Millennials leaving church in droves, study finds, cnn.com, USA, May 14, 2015
