Английская Википедия:Cisuralian

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Версия от 05:40, 19 февраля 2024; EducationBot (обсуждение | вклад) (Новая страница: «{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}} {{short description|First series of the Permian}} {{Infobox geologic timespan | name = Cisuralian | color = Cisuralian | top_bar = | time_start = 298.9 | time_start_uncertainty = 0.15 | time_end = 273.01 | time_end_uncertainty = 0.14 | image_map = T...»)
(разн.) ← Предыдущая версия | Текущая версия (разн.) | Следующая версия → (разн.)
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox geologic timespan

The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian. The Cisuralian was preceded by the Pennsylvanian and followed by the Guadalupian. The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan and dates between 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[1]

In the regional stratigraphy of southwestern North America, the Cisuralian encompasses two series: the Wolfcampian (Asselian to mid-Artinskian) and Leonardian (mid-Artinskian to Kungurian).[2][3][4]

The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies and was a relatively stable warming period of about 21 million years.

Name and background

The Cisuralian is the first series or epoch of the Permian.[5] The Cisuralian was preceded by the last Pennsylvanian epoch (Gzhelian) and is followed by the Permian Guadalupian Epoch.

The name "Cisuralian" was proposed in 1982,[6] and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.[7] The Cisuralian Epoch is named after the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan.[8][9][10]

Limestones on the edge of Russian Platform and make up the Ishimbay oil fields. These oil fields were vital to the Soviet Union during WW2 when the Germans controlled the oil fields to the west.[8]

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07)[5] provides a numerical age of 298.9 ± 0.15 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma.[11]

The base of the Cisuralian series and the Permian system is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus first appear. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP or golden spike) is located in the valley of the Aidaralash River, near Aqtöbe in the Ural Mountains of Kazakhstan.[12]

Geography

Gondwana collided with Laurussia and created the Alleghenian orogeny in present-day North America.[8] In northwestern Europe, the Hercynian orogeny continued.[8] This created the large supercontinent, Pangea, by the middle of the early Permian, which was to have an impact on the climate.[8]

Climate

At the start of the Permian, the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, which began in the Carboniferous, was at its peak. Glaciers receded over the course of the late Cisuralian as the Earth's climate gradually warmed,[13] particularly during the Artinskian Warming Event,[14] drying the continent's interiors.[15][16][17] The pan-tropical belt of Pangaea experienced particularly significant aridification during this epoch.[18][19][20]

Biodiversity

The swampy fringes were mostly ferns, seed ferns, and lycophytes. The series saw the appearance of beetles and flies.[8]

The coal swamps from the Carboniferous continued and the herbivores, Diadectes and Edaphosaurus.[9] The dry interior with small insectivores. Caseids and prototherapsid Tetraceratops made their appearance.[9] The marine life was probable more diverse than modern times as the climate warmed.[8] Unusual sharks such as Helicoprion continued in this series.

Early Permian terrestrial faunas were dominated by pelycosaurs, diadectids, and amphibians,[21][22] The pelycosaurs appeared during the Late Carboniferous, and reached their apex in the Cisuralian remaining the dominant land animals for some 40 million years.[9][23] A few continued into the Capitanian. They were succeeded by the therapsids.[9]

Subdivisions

Global

  • Asselian stage (298.9 ± 0.15 – 294.6 ± 0.8 Ma)
  • Sakmarian stage (294.6 ± 0.8 – 290.1 ± 0.7 Ma)
  • Artinskian stage (290.1 ± 0.7 – 283.5 ± 0.7 Ma)
  • Kungurian stage (283.5 ± 0.7 – 272.3 ± 0.5 Ma)

Regional

  • New Zealand
    • Telfordian (289 – 278 Ma)
    • Mangapirian (278 – 270.6 Ma)

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Permian footer Шаблон:Geological history

  1. Шаблон:Cite book
  2. Шаблон:Cite book
  3. Шаблон:Cite web
  4. Шаблон:Citation
  5. 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 8,5 8,6 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. Шаблон:Cite book
  11. Шаблон:Cite web
  12. Шаблон:Aut; 1998: Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System, Episodes 21(1): pp 11–18.
  13. Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time > The Permian Period Шаблон:Webarchive Accessed 1 April 2013.
  17. Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. Huttenlocker, A. K., and E. Rega. 2012. The Paleobiology and Bone Microstructure of Pelycosaurian-grade Synapsids. Pp. 90–119 in A. Chinsamy (ed.) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology. Indiana University Press.
  22. Шаблон:Cite web
  23. Шаблон:Cite journal