Английская Википедия:Codex Alexandrinus

The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible,^{[n 1]} written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the fifth century.Шаблон:R It contains the majority of the Greek Old Testament and the Greek New Testament.^[1] It is one of the four Great uncial codices (these being manuscripts which originally contained the whole of both the Old and New Testaments). Along with Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible.

It derives its name from the city of Alexandria (in Egypt), where it resided for a number of years before it was brought by the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch Cyril Lucaris from Alexandria to Constantinople (modern day Istanbul in Turkey).^[2]Шаблон:Rp Then it was given to Charles I of England in the 17th century. Bishop Brian Walton assigned Alexandrinus the capital Latin letter A in the Polyglot Bible (a multi-language version of the Bible with the different languages placed in parallel columns) of 1657.^[3] This designation was maintained when the New Testament manuscript list system was standardized by Swiss theologian and textual critic J. J. Wettstein in 1751.^[4] Thus Alexandrinus held the first position in the manuscript list.^[5]Шаблон:Rp

Until the later purchase of Codex Sinaiticus, biblical scholar and textual critic Frederick H. A. Scrivener described it as the best manuscript of the Greek Bible deposited in Britain.Шаблон:R Today, it rests along with Codex Sinaiticus in one of the showcases in the Sir John Ritblat Gallery of the British Library in London, U.K.^[6]^[7] A full photographic reproduction of the New Testament volume (Royal MS 1 D. viii) is available on the British Library's website.^[8]

Description

Файл:Codex Alexandrinus list of kephalaia.JPG

List of chapters (κεφάλαια) in the Gospel of Mark

The manuscript is a codex (the forerunner to the modern book) made from 773 thin, fine, and very beautiful vellum folios (specific name for pages in a codex: 630 in the Old Testament and 143 in the New Testament) measuring Шаблон:Convert, bound in quarto format (parchment leaves placed on top of each other, folded in half vertically, and then folded in half again horizontally, to make a single block, then stitched together with others to create a book) in four volumes (279 + 238 + 118 + 144 folios).^[9] Most of the folios were originally gathered into quires of eight leaves each (this being eight parchment leaves placed on top of each other, then folded as per quarto above). In modern times it was rebound into sets of six leaves each. The pages are often discoloured at the edges, which have been damaged by age and more so through the ignorance or carelessness of the modern binder, who has not always spared the text, especially at the upper inner margin.^[10] Scrivener noted that "The vellum has fallen into holes in many places, and since the ink peels off for every age whensoever a leaf is touched a little roughly, no one is allowed to handle the manuscript except for good reasons."Шаблон:R Three volumes contain the Septuagint (the Greek version of the Old Testament, also known as the LXX), with ten leaves lost. The fourth volume contains the New Testament with 31 leaves lost.^[11]Шаблон:Rp In the fourth volume, 1 and 2 Clement are also missing leaves, perhaps 3.^[12]

The text in the codex is written in two columns in uncial script, with between 49 and 51 lines per column, and 20 to 25 letters per line.Шаблон:R The beginning lines of each book are written in red ink, and sections within the book are marked by a larger letter set into the margin. The text is written continuously, with no division of words (known as Scriptio continua), but some pauses are observed in places in which a dot should be between two words.Шаблон:R There are no accents or breathing marks, except a few added by a later hand. The punctuation was written by the first hand.Шаблон:R The poetical books of the Old Testament are written stichometrically (this being a new verse/phrase starting on a new line).Шаблон:R The Old Testament quotations in the text of New Testament are marked in the margin by the sign 〉(known as a diplai).Шаблон:R

The only decorations in the codex are tail-pieces at the end of each book (see illustration), and it also shows a tendency to increase the size of the first letter of each sentence. The larger letters at the beginning of the sections stand out in the margin as in codices Ephraemi and Basilensis.^[13]Шаблон:Rp Codex Alexandrinus is the oldest manuscript to use larger letters to indicate new sections.^[14]Шаблон:Rp

iotacistic errors occur in the text: αὶ is exchanged for ε, εὶ for ὶ and η for ὶ. This is, however, no more than seen in other manuscripts of the same date.Шаблон:R The letters Ν and Μ are occasionally confused, and the cluster Шаблон:Lang (gg) is substituted with Шаблон:Lang (ng). This may be an argument which points to Egypt as where the codex was produced,Шаблон:R but it is not universally accepted.^[15]

The handwriting of the text from the beginning of Luke to 1 Corinthians 10:8 differs from that of the rest parts of the manuscript. Some letters have Coptic shapes (f.e. Α (alpha), Μ (mu), Δ (delta), and Π (pi)). The letters are more widely spaced and are a little larger than elsewhere. Δ has extended base and Π has extended cross-stroke.Шаблон:R Numerals are not expressed by letters except in Revelation 7:4; 21:17.Шаблон:R In the past the codex had been judged to have been carelessly written, with many errors of transcription, but not so many as in Codex Sinaiticus, and no more than Codex Vaticanus.Шаблон:R

Файл:Codex Alexandrinus 013a Mc 6,27-54.JPG

A vacant space proportionate to the break in the sense follows the end of a paragraph (page with text of Mark 6:27–54)

The majuscule letters have elegant shape, but a little less simple than those in Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus.Шаблон:R At the end of a line, these letters are often very small, and much of the writing is very pale and faint.Шаблон:R Punctuation is more frequent, usually on a level with the top of the preceding letter, while a vacant space, proportionate to the break in the sense, follows the end of a paragraph.Шаблон:R At the end of each book the colophon is ornamented by pretty volutes from the initial copyist.Шаблон:R The Ammonian Sections with references to the Eusebian Canons (an early system of dividing the four Gospels into different sections, developed by early church writer Eusebius of Caesarea) stand in the margin of the Gospels.Шаблон:R It contains divisions into larger sections (Шаблон:Lang (kephalaia), or chapters), the headings of these sections (Шаблон:Lang / titloi) stand at the top of the pages. The places at which sections start are indicated throughout the Gospels, and in Luke and John their numbers are placed in the margin of each column. To all the Gospels (except Matthew, due to several pages missing at the beginning) is prefixed by a table of κεφάλαια / kephalaia (table of contents).^[16]

The various Euthalian Apparatus sections into which the Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypse were divided (similar to Eusebius' system for the Gospels) are not indicated in this manuscript. A cross appears occasionally as a separation in the Book of Acts. A larger letter in the margin throughout the New Testament marks the beginning of a paragraph.Шаблон:R

The number of scribes who worked on the codex have been disputed. According to biblical and classical scholar Frederic Kenyon's opinion there were five scribes, two scribes in the Old Testament (I and II) and three in the New (III, IV, and V).^[17] Subsequently, textual critics Theodore Skeat and Milne argued there were only two or possibly three scribes.^[18]^{[n 2]} 20th-21st century scholars agreed in that case (such as biblical scholar and textual critic Bruce Metzger, biblical scholar and textual critic Kurt Aland, textual critic Juan Hernández Jr., and textual critic Dirk Jongkind).Шаблон:R

Many corrections have been made to the manuscript, some of them by the original scribe, but the majority of them by later hands.Шаблон:R The corrected form of the text agrees with codices D, N, X, Y, Γ, Θ, Π, Σ, Φ and the majority of minuscule manuscripts.Шаблон:R Kenyon observed that Codex Alexandrinus had been "extensively corrected, though much more in some books than in others". In the Pentateuch, whole sentences were erased and a new text substituted. Kings was the least corrected of the books.Шаблон:R In the Book of Revelation only 1 of its 84 singular readings was corrected, the rest remained uncorrected. This is in stark contrast with Codex Sinaiticus, in which 120 of the Apocalypse's 201 singular readings were corrected in the 7th century.Шаблон:R

Each leaf has Arabic numeration, set in the verso of the lower margin. The first surviving leaf of Matthew has number 26. The 25 leaves now lost must have been extant when that note was written.Шаблон:R

The codex contains a nearly complete copy of the LXX, including the deuterocanonical books (those books not accepted as authoritative by some Christians, but accepted by certain Christian denominations) 3 and 4 Maccabees, Psalm 151 and the 14 Odes. The Epistle to Marcellinus (attributed to Saint Athanasius) and the Eusebian summary of the Psalms are inserted before the Book of Psalms (an overview of the Psalms written by the early Christian writer Eusebius of Caesarea). It also contains all of the books of the New Testament, however the pages containing Matthew 1:1–25:5 are not extant. The codex also contains 1 Clement (lacking 57:7–63; this is a letter attributed to the early Christian writer Clement of Rome) and the homily known as 2 Clement (up to 12:5a; another letter attributed to Clement of Rome). The books of the Old Testament are thus distributed: Genesis – 2 Chronicles (first volume), Hosea – 4 Maccabees (second volume), Psalms – Sirach (third volume).^[19] The New Testament (fourth volume) books are in the order: Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, General epistles, Pauline epistles (Hebrews placed between 2 Thessalonians and 1 Timothy), Book of Revelation.

There is an appendix marked in the index, which lists the Psalms of Solomon and probably contained more apocryphal/pseudepigraphical books (books written which have been attributed to certain famous people mentioned in the Bible, but likely of unknown authorship), but it has been torn off and the pages containing these books have also been lost.

Файл:Colophon Alexandrinus Jude.JPG

Colophon at the end of the Epistle of Jude. According to this colophon Acts of the Apostles follows General epistles

Due to damage and lost folios, various passages are missing or have defects:

Lacking: 1 Sam 12:17–14:9 (1 leaf); Ps 49:20–79:11 (9 leaves);^[20] Matt 1:1-25:6 (26 leaves); John 6:50-8:52 (2 leaves); 2 Cor 4:13-12:6 (3 leaves);Шаблон:R 1 Clement 57:7-63 (1 leaf) and 2 Clement 12:5a-fin. (2 leaves);^[21]Шаблон:Rp
Damaged: Gen 14:14–17, 15:1–5, 15:16–19, 16:6–9 (lower portion of torn leaf lost);Шаблон:R
Defects due to torn leaves: Genesis 1:20–25, 1:29–2:3, Lev 8:6,7,16; Sirach 50:21f, 51:5;Шаблон:R
Lacunae on the edges of almost every page of the Apocalypse.^[22]
The ornamented colophon of the Epistle to Philemon has been cut out.^[23]Шаблон:Rp

Textual features

Файл:End of 2 Peter and Beginning of 1 John in Alexandrinus.JPG

The end of the 2 Epistle of Peter and the beginning of the 1 Epistle of John in the same column

Textual critics have had a challenging task in classifying the text of the codex, specifically when it comes to the New Testament; the exact relationship to other text-types and manuscript families is still disputed, and as such the Greek text of the codex is considered to be of mixed text-types.Шаблон:R The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.Шаблон:R The codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type in the Gospels (the text-type's oldest example),Шаблон:R and the rest of the New Testament books are of the Alexandrian text-type, with some Western readings. As the text in the codex is believed to have come from several different traditions, different parts of the codex are not of equal textual value.Шаблон:R Aland placed it in Category III in the Gospels, and in Category I in rest of the books of the New Testament according to his manuscript text classification system.Шаблон:R Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified";Шаблон:R Category I manuscripts are depicted as featuring "a very high proportion of the early text, presumably the original text, which has not been preserved in its purity in any one manuscript."Шаблон:R

Text of the Gospels

The Byzantine text of the Gospels has a number of Alexandrian features, with some affinities to the textual Family Π. Biblical scholar and textual critic Hermann von Soden associated the text of the gospels with Family Π, though it is not a pure member of this family.^[24] According to biblical scholar and textual critic Burnett Streeter, it is the earliest Greek manuscript which gives us approximately the text of Lucian the Martyr (who is believed to have created a critical recension of both the Old and New Testaments), but a small proportion of the readings seem to be earlier.^[25]

Text of the rest of the codex

Alexandrinus follows the Alexandrian readings through the rest of the New Testament; however, the text goes from closely resembling Codex Sinaiticus in the Pauline epistles to more closely resembling the text of a number of papyri (Шаблон:Papyrus link for Acts, Шаблон:Papyrus link for the Apocalypse). The text of Acts frequently agrees with the biblical quotations made by the 4th century Christian writer Athanasius of Alexandria.^[26] In the Pauline Epistles its text is closer to Codex Sinaiticus than to Codex Vaticanus. In the General Epistles it represents a different subtype than Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus.Шаблон:R In Revelation it agrees with Codex Ephraemi and Шаблон:Papyrus link against Codex Sinaiticus and Шаблон:Papyrus link.Шаблон:R According to Metzger, in Revelation and in several books of the Old Testament it has the best text of all manuscripts.Шаблон:R In the Old Testament its text often agrees with Codex Sinaiticus.

Family Π	Codex Alexandrinus	Differences
Example of differences between Family Π and Codex Alexandrinus in Mark 10:50–51
Шаблон:Lang	Шаблон:Lang	– Ν εφελκυστικον order of words –

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Английская Википедия:Codex Alexandrinus

Description

Contents

Textual features

Some Textual Variants

Old Testament

New Testament

Non-included Verses

History

Place of origin

Date

In Britain

Collations and editions

Textual criticism

Importance

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

Text of the codex

Other works

External links

Images

Articles

Full Text

Навигация

Поиск