Английская Википедия:Cologne School (music)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates In music, the Cologne School is a loosely associated group of composers and performers of the generation that came to prominence in the 1970s, who lived and worked in the city of Cologne, Germany.
Composers
Most of the Cologne School composers had studied in Cologne during the 1960s with Vinko Globokar, Mauricio Kagel, Karlheinz Stockhausen, or Bernd Alois Zimmermann, at either the Kölner Hochschule für Musik und Tanz, the Шаблон:Ill, or at the Kölner Kurse für Neue Musik, organised by Prof. Hugo Wolfram Schmidt at the Rheinische Musikhochschule between 1963 and 1968.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
There is some disagreement about how to define the school and who its central figures are. One of the earliest writers on the Cologne School observed that a large proportion are foreigners, and chose to focus on seven non-German composers as representative: Ladislav Kupkovič from Slovakia, Péter Eötvös from Hungary, Шаблон:Ill from Bulgaria, Daniel Chorzempa and John McGuire, both from the United States, Mesías Maiguashca from Ecuador, and Clarence Barlow from India.Шаблон:Sfn
Seventeen years later, another writer identifies Barlow and three other composers, Gerald Barry (Ireland), Kevin Volans (South Africa), and Walter Zimmermann (Germany) as the central figures in the first wave of the group, and sees Stockhausen, Kagel, the Hochschule, and the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (through its electronic music studio, new-music concert series, commissioning of new music, and its commitment to innovative programme-making both in TV and radio) as the key agents that produced this group. According to this view, later important arrivals included Chris Newman, Claude Vivier, and John McGuire, but their approaches were in many ways at odds with the aesthetic of the earlier group.Шаблон:Sfn
Performers
One performer particularly associated with the Cologne School is the pianist Шаблон:IllШаблон:Sfn
Organisations
Several institutions founded in Cologne in the late 1960s and 1970s are associated with the Cologne-School composers. These include the Gruppe 8 (Шаблон:Ill, Шаблон:Ill, York Höller, Шаблон:Ill, Шаблон:Ill, Rolf Riehm, Шаблон:Ill, and Bojidar Dimov), founded in early 1969 and disbanded in August 1972,Шаблон:Sfn Feedback Studio (Johannes Fritsch, David C. Johnson, and Rolf Gehlhaar), founded in 1970,Шаблон:Sfn the Beginner-Studio (Walter Zimmermann), founded 1977,Шаблон:Sfn and the Oeldorf Group (Péter Eötvös, Mesías Maiguashca, and Joachim Krist, together with the cellist Gaby Schumacher), founded 1972 and active until 1979.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Related ideas
A related term, Cologne School of Electronic Music, is sometimes applied to the previous generation of composers who worked mainly in the electronic music studio of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in the 1950s and 1960s, including Karlheinz Stockhausen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
References
Cited sources
- Шаблон:Wikicite
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- Шаблон:Wikicite
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- Шаблон:Wikicite
Further reading
- Fitzgerald, Mark. 2009. "New Music, Early Music, Recent Music: The Cologne Sound Palette in the Late 1970s". Musicologica Olomucensia 10:11–26.
- Gottstein, Björn. 2006. "Mythos 'Kölner Schule'". In Neue Musik aus Deutschland—Rückblick. Goethe Institut, Online-Redaktion (archive from 10 November 2013, accessed 1 January 2017).
- Kurtz, Michael. 1992. Stockhausen: A Biography, translated by Richard Toop. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. Шаблон:ISBN (cloth) Шаблон:ISBN (pbk).
Шаблон:Cologne School (music) Шаблон:Composition schools
