Английская Википедия:Control-Alt-Delete

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Файл:Three-finger salute.svg
A QWERTY keyboard layout with the position of Control, Alt and Delete keys highlighted

Control-Alt-Delete (often abbreviated to Ctrl+Alt+Del and sometimes called the "three-finger salute" or "Security Keys")[1][2] is a computer keyboard command on IBM PC compatible computers, invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Шаблон:Keypress. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment (before an operating system starts)[3][4][5] or in MS-DOS, Windows 3.0 and earlier versions of Windows or OS/2, the key combination reboots the computer. Starting with Windows 95, the key combination invokes a task manager or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session or killing a frozen application.

History

Файл:IBM 5150 Keyboard.jpg
Original IBM PC 5150 keyboard: It is impossible to press Ctrl+Alt+Del with one hand only

The soft reboot function via keyboard was originally designed by David Bradley.[6][7] Bradley, as the chief engineer of the IBM PC project and developer of the machine's ROM-BIOS, had originally used Шаблон:Keypress,[8] but found it was too easy to bump the left side of the keyboard and reboot the computer accidentally. According to his own account, Mel Hallerman, who was the chief programmer of the project, therefore suggested switching the key combination to Шаблон:Keypress as a safety measure, a combination impossible to press with just one hand on the original IBM PC keyboard.Шаблон:R[9][10]

The feature was originally conceived only as a development feature for internal use and not intended to be used by end users, as it triggered the reboot without warning or further confirmation—it was meant to be used by people writing programs or documentation so that they could reboot their computers without powering them down. Bill Gates (former Microsoft CEO) remembered it as "just something we were using in development and it wouldn't be available elsewhere".[11] The feature, however, was detailed in IBM's technical reference documentation[3] to the original PC and thereby revealed to the general public.[12]

Bradley viewed this work as just one small task out of many: "It was five minutes, 10 minutes of activity, and then I moved on to the next of the 100 things that needed to get done."[7] In a March 2018 email, one of Bradley's co-workers confirmed the command was invented in 1981 in Boca Raton, Florida.[13]

Bradley is also known for his good-natured jab at Gates at the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the IBM PC on August 8, 2001 at The Tech Museum: "I have to share the credit. I may have invented it, but I think Bill made it famous."; he quickly added it was a reference to Windows NT logon procedures ("Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete to log on").[14][9]

During a question and answer presentation on 21 September 2013, Gates said "it was a mistake", referring to the decision to use Ctrl+Alt+Del as the keyboard combination to log into Windows. Gates stated he would have preferred a single button to trigger the same actions, but could not get IBM to add the extra button into the keyboard layout.[8]

BIOS

By default, when the operating system is running in real mode (or in a pre-boot environment, when no operating system is started yet), this keystroke combination is intercepted by the BIOS.[3][4][5][15][16] The BIOS reacts by performing a soft reboot (also known as a warm reboot).[3][4][5][16] Examples of such operating systems include DOS, Windows 3.0 in Standard Mode as well as earlier versions of Windows.[8]

Windows

DOS-based WindowsШаблон:Anchor

Файл:Win98 Close Program Dialog.PNG
Close Program dialog box, seen in Windows 9x

In Windows 9x and Windows 3.0 running in 386 Enhanced mode,[8] the keystroke combination is recognized by the Windows keyboard device driver. According to the value of the Шаблон:Mono option in the Шаблон:Mono section of system.ini, Windows performs one of several actions in response. If Шаблон:Mono (default):

  • Windows 3.1x displays a blue screen that allows the user to press Enter to end a task that has stopped responding to the system (if such a task exists) or press Control+Alt+Delete again to perform a soft reboot.[17] The text of this rudimentary task manager was written by Steve Ballmer.[18]
  • Windows 9x temporarily halts the entire system and displays the Close Program dialog box, a window which lists currently running processes and allows the user to end them (by force, if necessary). The user can press Control+Alt+Delete again to perform a soft reboot.[19][20]

If Шаблон:Mono, Windows performs a soft reboot.[17][20]

Windows NT family

Файл:Windows Security screen in Windows 11.png
The Windows Security screen in Windows 11 provides various security-related options.
Файл:Windows 11 pre-login.png
Windows 11 secure attention screen
Файл:Ctrl-Alt-Del for accessing secure desktop to enter credentials.png
The UAC for Windows 11, where the user is required to press Ctrl-Alt-Delete first to enter credentials, as a part of avoiding login spoofing.

The Windows NT family of operating system, whose members do not have "NT" in their names since Windows 2000, reserve Ctrl+Alt+Delete for the operating system itself. Winlogon, a core component of the operating system,[21] responds to the key combination in the following scenarios:

Invoking Windows Security
When a user is logged onto a Windows computer, pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete invokes Windows Security. It is a graphical user interface that allows user to lock the system,Шаблон:Efn switch user, log off, change the password, invoke Windows Task Manager, or end the Windows session by shutting down, rebooting or putting the computer into sleep or hibernation; clicking "Cancel" or pressing the Escape key returns the user to where they were.
The key combination always invokes Windows Security in all versions and editions of Windows NT family except Windows XP. (See below.) Prior to Windows Vista, Windows Security was a dialog box, did not allow user switching and showed the logon date and time, name of user account into which the user has logged on and the computer name. Starting with Windows Vista, Windows Security became full-screen.
Secure attention
Login spoofing is a social engineering trick in which a malicious computer program with the appearance of a Windows login dialog box prompts for user's account name and password to steal them. To thwart this attack, Windows NT implements an optional security measure in which Ctrl+Alt+Delete acts as a secure attention key combination. Once the protection is activated, Windows requires the user to press Ctrl+Alt+Delete each time before logging on or unlocking the computer. Since the key combination is intercepted by Windows itself and malicious software cannot mimic this behavior,Шаблон:Efn the trick is thwarted.[22] Unless the Windows computer is part of a Windows domain network, the secure attention protection is disabled by default and must be enabled by the user.[23][24]
Windows XP behavior
Windows XP introduces Welcome Screen, a redesigned logon interface. The Welcome Screen of Windows XP, however, does not support the secure attention scenario.[24] It may be disabled in favor of the classic plain logon screen, either explicitly by the user or as a consequence of the Windows XP computer becoming part of a Windows domain network.[25] With that in mind, Windows XP uses the Ctrl+Alt+Delete in the following unique scenarios:
  1. At a logon prompt, the key combination dismisses Welcome Screen and invokes classic logon user interface.[25]
  2. When a user is logged on to a Windows XP computer and Welcome Screen is enabled, pressing the key combination invokes Windows Task Manager instead of Windows Security.[26]
Windows Vista and the next versions of Windows NT did not inherit any of the above.

OS/2

In OS/2, this keystroke combination is recognized by the OS/2 keyboard device driver, which notifies the session manager process.[27] The normal session manager process in OS/2 versions 2.0 and later is the parent Workplace Shell process, which displays the "system is rebooting" window and triggers a soft reboot.[28] If it is pressed twice in succession OS/2 triggers an immediate soft reboot, without waiting for the session manager process.

In both cases, the system flushes the page cache, cleanly unmounts all disc volumes, but does not cleanly shut down any running programs (and thus does not save any unsaved documents, or the current arrangements of the objects on the Workplace Shell desktop or in any of its open folders).[28][29]

Mac

Ctrl+Alt+Delete is not a keyboard shortcut on macOS. Instead, Шаблон:Keypress brings up the Force Quit panel. Шаблон:Keypress restarts the computer.[30]

The original Mac OS X Server had an Easter egg in which pressing Шаблон:Keypress (as the Option key is the equivalent of Alt key on a Mac keyboard) would show an alert saying "This is not DOS!".[31]

Linux

Файл:Ubuntu 22.10 logging out screenshot.png
The result of pressing the key combination in Ubuntu v22.10

On some Linux-based operating systems including Ubuntu and Debian, Шаблон:Keypress is a shortcut for logging out.[32]

On Ubuntu Server, it is used to reboot a computer without logging in.[33]

Equivalents on various platforms

Desktop operating systems
Platform Key combination Function
Amiga Шаблон:Key press Perform a hardware reboot by sending a reset signal to system via keyboard MCU (+ possible extra keycode + max 10s delay if "reset warning" is supported and in use).[34]
BIOS Шаблон:Key press Perform a soft reboot without memory initialization by jumping to IPL reset vector,[3][4][5][16] after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines).[4][5][35][16]
DOS + KEYB Шаблон:Key press Perform a soft reboot without memory initialization by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines)[4][5][35] and flushing disk caches (since DOS 6, or with FreeKEYB[16][36][37] loaded). Some 386 memory managers (e.g. QEMM) can intercept and turn this into a quick reboot.[16] If more than one task is running under multitaskers like DR-DOS Шаблон:Mono, this will only kill the currently running foreground task.[16]
DOS + K3PLUS or FreeKEYB Шаблон:Key press Perform a soft reboot with memory initialization (aka "cold reboot") by jumping to IPL reset vector, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event (on AT compatible machines) and flushing disk caches.[16][36][37][38]
Шаблон:Key press Perform a hard reboot by triggering the chipset's reset logic, after broadcasting a pending shutdown event and flushing disk caches.[16][36][37][38]
Windows 3.x Шаблон:Key press Close unresponsive applications. Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice.[17][19][20]
Windows 9x Шаблон:Key press Bring up "Close Program" dialog box (a simplistic task manager). Performs a soft reboot if pressed twice.[19][20]
Windows NT family Шаблон:Key press Bring up the Windows Task Manager[39]

Шаблон:Key press

Шаблон:Key press Used in Terminal Services to send the command to the remote session / application:
Шаблон:Key press (twice) Causes a user-initiated crash (disabled by default; must be enabled with registry editing)[42] (An equivalent function is Шаблон:Key press (with Шаблон:Key press held down and pressing Шаблон:Key press twice))[43]
OS/2 Шаблон:Key press Bring up the Window List (unblocking the synchronous input queue)[44]
Шаблон:Key press Perform a soft reboot
Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press (twice) Halt the system and begin a system dump to floppy disk
TOS (1.4 and higher), MiNT Шаблон:Key press Perform soft reboot without memory initialization (warm boot)[45]
Шаблон:Key press Perform soft reboot with memory initialization (cold boot)[45]
Linux Шаблон:Key press Signal the init process (usually configured to soft reboot)[46]
Шаблон:Key press Magic SysRq key: Depending on the function key, performs a certain low-level function. Examples: sync (flush caches), reboot (forced soft reboot), unmount (remount filesystems readonly), etc.
macOS Шаблон:Key press Force quit applications[30]
Шаблон:Keypress Quit all applications and restart[30]
Шаблон:Nowrap Quit all applications and shut down[30]
Шаблон:Keypress Show restart, sleep or shutdown dialog[30][47]
Шаблон:Keypress Immediately restarts computer.[30]
BeOS Шаблон:Key press and click an application's entry in the Deskbar Kills application[48]
Xfce Шаблон:Key press + click on window Kills application (invokes xkill)[49]
Шаблон:Key press Lock the screen and invoke the screensaver
X Window System Шаблон:Key press Immediately kills the X server (the key combination can be disabled). When using an X Display Manager, it will usually start the X server again.
BBC Micro running Acorn MOS
  1. Шаблон:Key press
  2. Шаблон:Key press
  3. Шаблон:Key press
  1. Soft boot
  2. Hard boot
  3. Soft boot and look for any bootable media on the active filesystem
Amstrad PCW on CP/M Шаблон:Key press
Other platforms
Platform Key combination Function
TI-30XIIS Шаблон:Key press Restarts the calculator and clears RAM
TI-80, TI-81, TI-82, TI-83, TI-84 Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press Shows ROM version number. [Enter] enters self test mode
TI-85, TI-86 Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press Shows ROM version number. [Enter] enters self test mode
TI-89 Шаблон:Key press Restarts the calculator and clears RAM
Шаблон:Key press Force break without restarting RAM
Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press, Шаблон:Key press Enter self test mode
Natural display Casio calculators Шаблон:Key press Restarts the calculator and clears RAM and EEPROM. Continue pressing Shift to advance through self-test mode.
TI-99/4A Шаблон:Key press Resets machine back to startup screen.
Voyage 200 Шаблон:Key press Restarts the calculator and clears RAM
HP-48 Шаблон:Key press Restarts RPL, clearing the Stack and PICT, closing IO, and returning to the HOME directory (but not purging the memory)
Шаблон:Key press As above, but also purges the memory
Scientific Atlanta Explorer DHCT
Samsung cable boxes 		Шаблон:Key press (on settop box; not remote) Reboots box
Foxtel Set-top-boxes Шаблон:Key press (on box; except UEC 720) Power cycles the machine.[50]
Шаблон:Key press (on box; UEC 720)
Шаблон:Key press (on box; iQ2)
C64 Шаблон:Key press Warm starts the machine, does not work if CPU has crashed or NMI is blocked in hardware or rerouted.
Amazon Fire TV Шаблон:Key press (on remote) Reboots the device
Virtual machine platforms
Platform Key combination Function
VMware Шаблон:Key press Send the command to the virtual machine.
Microsoft Virtual PC Шаблон:Key press Send the command to the virtual machine.
Windows Virtual PC for Windows 7 Шаблон:Key press Send the command to the virtual machine.
Oracle VM VirtualBox Шаблон:Key press Send the command to the virtual machine.

Cultural adoption

Файл:GroenLinks demonstration 20041002 CtrlAltDel-crop.JPG
Dutch protester carrying a sign that reads "Ctrl-Alt-Del the early retirement plan"

As computers became ubiquitous, so too, has the jargon. Control-Alt-Delete can also mean "dump," or "do away with".[51]

The keystrokes are well known and infamous for escaping from problems in pop culture. For example, in the Billy Talent song "Perfect World", part of the lyrics include the sequence and associate it with resetting their memory and escaping from a situation: "Control-Alt-Deleted. Reset my memory."[52]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Linux manual pages for kill(2) and reboot(2).

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Keyboard

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Smith_2007_Bradley не указан текст
  2. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Togaware_CTRL-ALT-DEL не указан текст
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IBM_1983_PC-TR не указан текст
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок IBM_1984_AT-TR не указан текст
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Phoenix_1989_BIOS не указан текст
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hughes_2013_History не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ars-diys не указан текст
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Needleman_2011_30-Birthday-PC не указан текст
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Aamidor_2003_CtrlAltDel не указан текст
  11. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок cnngates2013 не указан текст
  12. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок williams198201 не указан текст
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Control-Alt-Delete: David Bradley & Bill Gates Шаблон:Webarchive, video clip from IBM PC 20th Anniversary, Aug 8, 2001 (posted to YouTube on Jan 7, 2011)
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Hyde_1996_AoA не указан текст
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 16,6 16,7 16,8 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_2002_DDCE не указан текст
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Microsoft_2001_Q83435 не указан текст
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Chen, Raymond (2 Sep) не указан текст
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Chappell_1998_Diffs-W31-W95 не указан текст
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Terhune_2004_Lost-CAD-W98 не указан текст
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Osterman_2005_SAS не указан текст
  23. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MyDigitalLife_2010_SecureLogon не указан текст
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Microsoft_2010_Sec-Attn не указан текст
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Microsoft_2007_Old-logon не указан текст
  26. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Microsoft_2006_TaskManager не указан текст
  27. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Iacobucci_1988_OS/2 не указан текст
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Albrecht-Plura_1993_OS/2-2 не указан текст
  29. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Moskowitz_1995_OS/2 не указан текст
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 30,4 30,5 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Apple_Mac-shortcuts не указан текст
  31. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Eeggs_MacOSX не указан текст
  32. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Ubuntu_Shortcuts не указан текст
  33. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Console_Security не указан текст
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_2004_Reboot не указан текст
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_1997_FreeKEYB не указан текст
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_2006_FreeKEYB не указан текст
  38. ↑ 38,0 38,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Paul_1995_K3PLUS не указан текст
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок MiNT_2000 не указан текст
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Apple_MacOSX10.4 не указан текст
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Foxtel_Set-top-box не указан текст
  51. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Wordspy_1995 не указан текст
  52. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Sing365_Talent не указан текст
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