Английская Википедия:Convoy JW 55B

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Campaignbox Arctic Naval Operations of WWII

Файл:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-07, Schlachtschiff "Scharnhorst".jpg
The German battleship Scharnhorst

Convoy JW 55B was an Arctic convoy sent from Great Britain by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during World War II. It sailed in late December 1943, reaching the Soviet northern ports at the end of the month. All ships arrived safely.

During the voyage JW 55B was approached by a German force centred on the battleship Шаблон:Ship; no contact was made with the convoy, but Scharnhorst was sunk, in the Battle of the North Cape, by the battleship Шаблон:HMS, a handful of Royal Navy light surface combatants, and Norwegian destroyer Шаблон:HNoMS.

Ships

The convoy, comprising 19 merchant ships, departed Loch Ewe on 20 December 1943. Close escort was provided by two destroyers and three other escort vessels. There was also an Ocean escort, comprising the destroyer Шаблон:HMS (Captain J A McCoy commanding) and seven other Home Fleet destroyers. The convoy was initially accompanied by a local escort group, and joined later by the ocean escort of convoy JW 55A, out of Murmansk. A cruiser cover force comprising Шаблон:HMS (Vice Admiral R Burnett commanding), Шаблон:HMS, and Шаблон:HMS also followed the convoy, to guard against attack by surface units. Distant cover was provided by a Heavy Cover Force comprising the battleship Шаблон:HMS, the cruiser Шаблон:HMS and four destroyers under the command of Vice Admiral Bruce Fraser.[1]

JW 55B was opposed by a force of thirteen U-boats in a patrol line, code-named Eisenbart, in the Norwegian Sea. A surface force comprising the battleship Шаблон:Ship and five destroyers was also in readiness, stationed at Altenfjord.

Action

JW 55B departed Loch Ewe on 20 December 1943 accompanied by its local escort of two minesweepers and two corvettes, and its close escort. Two days later on 22 December, it was joined by the ocean escort, while the local escort returned. At the same time the Cruiser Force, from Murmansk, and the Distant Cover Force, waiting at Akureyri, in Iceland, also put to sea, taking station in the Norwegian Sea. The convoy was sighted the same day by a patrolling German aircraft which commenced shadowing; a succession of aircraft were able to maintain contact over the next few days, sending accurate reports of course and speed to the surface force at Altenfjord.

On 25 December the convoy was sighted by Шаблон:GS, an Eisenbart boat, and later that day Admiral Bey, in Scharnhorst, received permission to sortie with his force. That evening Шаблон:GS came close enough to fire on one of the escorts, while another was depth charged. Also on 25 December, JW 55B was joined by the ocean escort of JW 55A, which was accompanying the returning convoy RA 55A. Fraser was concerned a German surface force would reach JW 55B before he would, and ordered the convoy to reverse course. In the event this proved too difficult, but the convoy was slowed to Шаблон:Convert to assist the rendezvous.[2]

Scharnhorst was unable to make contact with JW 55B, but on 26 December was intercepted, first by Burnett's cruisers, then by Fraser's heavy units, and sunk in the Battle of the North Cape, after scoring only two minor hits on both Duke of York and destroyer Шаблон:HMS. Meanwhile, contact by the U-boats had been lost, and no further contact with JW 55B was made by the Eisenbart wolfpack.

On 28 December the convoy was met by the eastern local escort force, three Soviet destroyers and two minesweepers, and arrived at Kola without further incident on 30 December 1943.

Conclusion

The 19 ships of JW 55B arrived at Murmansk without loss, while the German attempt to attack the convoy had led to the loss of their last operational capital ship in Norway. Thereafter, until Шаблон:Ship was returned to active service, the Allied Arctic convoys were under no serious threat from the German Navy's surface forces.

Ships involved

Allied ships

Name Flag Tonnage (GRT) Notes
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Cruiser cover force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Light cruiser
Bernard N Baker (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,191
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 20 Dec – 22 Dec. Corvette
British Statesman (1923) Шаблон:Flagcountry 6,991
Brockholst Livingston (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,176
Cardinal Gibbons (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,191
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Distant Cover Force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Battleship
Fort Kullyspell (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,190 Commodore
Fort Nakasley (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,132
Fort Vercheres (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,128
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Close escort 20 Dec – 29 Dec. Minesweeper
Шаблон:HMCS Шаблон:Naval Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 28 Dec – 30 Dec. Minesweeper
Harold L Winslow (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,176
HMS Honeysuckle Шаблон:Navy Close escort 20 Dec – 29 Dec. Corvette
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 20 Dec – 22 Dec. Minesweeper
Шаблон:HMCS Шаблон:Naval Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 28 Dec – 30 Dec. Minesweeper
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 20 Dec – 22 Dec. Minesweeper
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMCS Шаблон:Naval Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Distant Cover Force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Cruiser
John J Abel (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,191
John Vining (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,191
John Wanamaker (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,176
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 25 Dec – 26 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 25 Dec – 26 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Cruiser cover force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Heavy cruiser
Norlys (1936) Шаблон:Flagcountry 9,892
Шаблон:Ship (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,178
Ocean Messenger (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,178
Ocean Pride (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,173
Ocean Valour (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,174
Шаблон:Ship (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,174
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 25 Dec – 26 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Close escort 20 Dec – 29 Dec. Corvette
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Distant Cover Force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Distant Cover Force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Distant Cover Force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Ocean escort 22 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Cruiser cover force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Cruiser
Шаблон:HNoMS Шаблон:Navy Distant Cover Force 23 Dec – 27 Dec. Destroyer
Thomas U Walter (1943) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,176
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Escort 25 Dec – 26 Dec. Destroyer
HMS Wallflower Шаблон:Navy Escort 20 Dec – 22 Dec. Corvette
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Close escort 20 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer
Will Rogers (1942) Шаблон:Flagcountry 7,200
Шаблон:HMS Шаблон:Navy Close escort 20 Dec – 29 Dec. Destroyer.

Axis ships

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-3 U-boat force

Шаблон:Col-3 Surface force

Шаблон:Col-end

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Arctic convoys

Шаблон:Coord

  1. Kemp (1993) p. 163
  2. Kemp (1993) p. 164