Английская Википедия:Coronaviridae
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Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.
The viral genome is 26–32 kilobases in length. The particles are typically decorated with large (~20 nm), club- or petal-shaped surface projections (the "peplomers" or "spikes"), which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.[1][2][3]
Virology
The 5' and 3' ends of the genome have a cap and poly(A) tract, respectively. The viral envelope, obtained by budding through membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus, invariably contains two virus-specified glycoprotein species, known as the spike (S) and membrane (M) proteins. The spike protein makes up the large surface projections (sometimes known as peplomers), while the membrane protein is a triple-spanning transmembrane protein. Toroviruses and a select subset of coronaviruses (in particular the members of subgroup A in the genus Betacoronavirus) possess, in addition to the peplomers composed of S, a second type of surface projections composed of the hemagglutinin-esterase protein. Another important structural protein is the phosphoprotein nucleocapsid protein (N), which is responsible for the helical symmetry of the nucleocapsid that encloses the genomic RNA.[4] The fourth and smallest viral structural protein is known as the envelope protein (E), thought to be involved in viral budding.[5]
Genetic recombination can occur when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected host cell. RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in coronavirus evolution. Recombination can determine genetic variability within a CoV species, the capability of a CoV species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, the emergence of a novel CoV.[6] The exact mechanism of recombination in CoVs is not known, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.[6]
Taxonomy
The family Coronaviridae is organized in 2 sub-families, 5 genera, 26 sub-genera, and 46 species.[7] Additional species are pending or tentative.[8]
Coronavirus is the common name for Coronaviridae and Orthocoronavirinae, also called Coronavirinae.[10][11] Coronaviruses cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, the viruses cause respiratory infections. Four human coronaviruses cause typically minor symptoms of a common cold, while three are known to cause more serious illness and can be lethal: SARS-CoV-1, which causes SARS; MERS-CoV, which causes MERS; and SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.[12] Symptoms vary in other species: in chickens, they cause an upper respiratory disease, while in cows and pigs coronaviruses cause diarrhea. Other than for SARS-CoV-2, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, among the largest for an RNA virus (second only to a 41-kb nidovirus recently discovered in planaria).[13]
- Orthocoronavirinae
- Alphacoronavirus
- Betacoronavirus
- Gammacoronavirus
- Deltacoronavirus
References
External links
Шаблон:Portal Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikispecies
- Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Coronaviridae
- Archived Web page from 2006 on coronaviruses
- Focus on Coronaviruses (Microbiology Blog post from 2007)
- Viralzone: Coronaviridae
- International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
Шаблон:Coronaviridae Шаблон:Baltimore classification Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol. 2016 Jun;24(6):490-502. DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003. Epub 2016 Mar 21. Review. Шаблон:PMID
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
