Английская Википедия:Cumberland Caverns
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox cave Cumberland Caverns is a national natural landmark and show cave located in McMinnville, Tennessee.[1][2] It is the second longest cave in Tennessee and makes the list of longest caves in the United States and in the world.[3][4][5]
History
The main entrance was discovered by Aaron Higgenbotham in 1810 while he was surveying the nearby Chickamauga Trail on Cardwell Mountain in what is now Warren County. According to legend, Higgenbotham was the first man to enter the cave and it was named Higgenbotham Cave in his honor. Another smaller cave, also located on Cardwell Mountain, was also discovered about this time and was named Henshaw Cave. Although not nearly as big as Higgenbotham Cave, Henshaw Cave proved to be a source of saltpeter (the main ingredient of gunpowder) and was operated as a saltpeter mine during perhaps both the War of 1812 and the Civil War. In 1869 Shelah Waters, a tax revenuer, explored the cave extensively.
Higgenbotham Cave became a favorite spot for local adventurers during the 19th century and groups would ride out to the entrance in hay wagons and make the strenuous trip to a point in the cave called the Big Room (now known as the Ten Acre Room). Here, many visitors left their names and the date candled on the ceiling.
In the early 1940s, members of the National Speleological Society (NSS) began to explore Higgenbotham Cave. Within a decade, they had greatly increased the known extent of the cave. In 1953 a connection was discovered between Henshaw Cave and Higgenbotham Cave by author Tom Barr and local cavers S.R. "Tank" Gorin and Dale Smith. This connection was named the Meatgrinder because of its small size and shape. Soon afterward Tank and a caver from Indiana named Roy Davis leased the cave from its owner, A.W. Powell, and developed it into a commercial cave. The cave opened under the name Cumberland Caverns on July 4, 1956, and has been open to the public since that time.[6]
Cumberland Caverns was surveyed and subsequently mapped from 1970-1978, lengthening the known areas from approximately 6 miles to 27.616 miles.
In 1981 co-founder Roy Davis went to the Loew's Metropolitan Theatre in Brooklyn to buy a pipe organ while they were renovating and discovered that they were going to destroy the theatre's chandelier, so Roy bought both the organ and chandelier.
A portion of the Trail of Tears passes through Cumberland Caverns property. A walking trail is open to the public.[7]
Commerce
The Cumberland Caverns company offers year-round commercial tours of the cave, claiming it is the largest show cave in Tennessee. Tours include a daytime walking tour, adventure tours, overnight stays, and educational field trips. Weddings, banquets, birthday parties, and Christmas parties are also hosted. Before reaching the cave, tourists pass through a gift shop that sells tour tickets, souvenirs, and novelty items.[1]
Cumberland Caverns currently hosts 8 different tours: 4 Walking Tours and 4 Adventure Tours:
-The Cardwell Mountain History Tour is 45 minutes long and showcases the human history of the cave.
-The Discovery Walking Tour is 90 minutes long and showcases the natural science of the cave.
-The Lanterns & Legends Tour is 90 minutes long and is done entirely under oil lantern light.
-The Scholastic Spelunking Tour is restricted to school groups and field trips but is similar to the Discovery tour.
-The Hall Crawl Adventure Tour is the easiest and passes through crystal-lined passage.
-Higgenbotham's Hollow Adventure Tour begins at the original Higgenbotham Entrance and continues through the Historic Route.
-The Crucible Adventure Tour involves strenuous hiking and bouldering through the looping McCrady Canyon.
-The Guts & Glory Adventure Tour is the most extreme tour and follows The Crucible's path but continues through more rooms and ends near the light show.
On top of these tours, there are 4 Overnight Packages, each one consisting of an adventure tour, walking tour, and overnight stay. Each package is differentiated by which adventure tour comes with it, they are;
-Muddy Mayhem Overnight Package - Hall Crawl
-Skylight Sleepover Overnight Package - Higgenbotham's Hollow
-Into the Dark Overnight Package - The Crucible
-Lights Out Overnight Package - Guts & Glory
Before 2023 the tour structure was completely different. The Cardwell and Discovery tours were originally one large Daily Walking Tour, the 4 Adventure tours had different names (Hall Crawl = Rocky Topper, Higgenbotham's Hollow = Higgenbotham's Revenge, The Crucible = Parts Unknown, Guts & Glory = The Legacy Tour), and instead of 4 overnight packages there were only 2 "Caveman Campouts;" What Waits Below and Under the Mountain.
Cumberland Caverns Live
Cumberland Caverns was formerly home to Bluegrass Underground, a monthly music event that took place in the cave's Volcano Room. The event has become a nationally syndicated program airing on PBS.[8] In recent years, Bluegrass Underground moved to The Caverns in Pelham, Tennessee.
Now, the Volcano Room is home to Cumberland Caverns Live and hosts a variety of concerts and live music, including acts like Sister Hazel, Kip Moore, and Deer Tick (band).
Geology
Cumberland Caverns formed in Mississippian Monteagle Limestone on Cardwell Mountain, a western offshoot of the Cumberland Plateau.[9] The cave is home to stalagmites, stalactites, helictites, flowstone, cave pearls, botryoidal coral, gypsum flowers, needles, and pure white gypsum snow, as well as a variety of cave life.[10]
Formations of interest within the cavern include:
- The "Volcano Room," where many of the cave's commercial events are hosted.
- "Monument Pillar," a large flowstone formation.
- Three spelunking tunnels known as "the Dragon's Back" due to their winding spine-like walkways.
- The "Lemon Squeeze," so named because its widest point is only Шаблон:Convert.
- "Bubblegum Alley," a passageway with standing water and very sticky mud.
- "The Hall of the Mountain King," whose dimensions make it the largest in the cave.
- "Ball's Pit," named for Donald Ball, a teenager who died after a fall into the pit in December 1950.[11]
Popular culture
The 1985 movie What Waits Below was filmed in Cumberland Caverns.[12]
A Children's Education DVD by singer/songwriter Buddy Davis "Amazing Adventures: Extreme Caving" was filmed in Cumberland Caverns[13]
References
External links
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Matthews, Larry E. [1989] 2005 Cumberland Caverns Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ "PBS Arts Gallery." PBS. [1] Accessed 28/12/2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/79692230/edward-donald-ball?
- ↑ "What Waits Below." IMDb. IMDb.com, n.d. [2] Accessed 29/12/12.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Caves of Tennessee
- Landforms of Warren County, Tennessee
- Music venues in Tennessee
- Show caves in the United States
- Tourist attractions in Warren County, Tennessee
- National Natural Landmarks in Tennessee
- Mines in Tennessee
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
