Английская Википедия:Cymbidium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Cymbidium Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1] commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed. The genome of Cymbidium mannii has been sequenced to study epiphytism and crassulacean acid metabolism.[2]
Description
Plants in the genus Cymbidium are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.[3][4][5]
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Labelled image of Cymbidium aloifolium
Taxonomy and naming
The genus Cymbidium was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis based on the description of Epidendrum aloifolium L. (Cymbidium aloifolium).[6][7][8] The genus name Cymbidium is derived from the Latin word cymba meaning "cup" "bowl" or "boat"[9]Шаблон:Rp with the diminutive suffix -idium,[9]Шаблон:Rp hence "little boat", apparently in reference to the shape of the labellum in some species.[5]
In 1848 Blume raised the genus Cyperorchis in Fedde's Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis and moved 19 species and 26 hybrids previously included in Cymbidium to the new genus.[10] In 1984 Christopher Seth and Phillip Cribb divided the genus into three subgenera Cyperorchis, Jensoa, and Cymbidium and each subgenus into sections. In 1988, Dupuy and Cribb modified the sections.[6] The three subgenera were confirmed by molecular phylogeny, however the sections did not show monophyly.[11][12]
Species
The following is a list of Cymbidium species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2022 separated into subgenera:[13]
Subgenus Cymbidium
Plants in this subgenus have two pollinia, each deeply cleft with callus ridges[6]
Section | Image | Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Section Cymbidium[6] | Файл:Cymbidium aloifolium.jpg | Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. 1799 | Guangdong, Hong Kong, China; Bangladesh; eastern Himalayas; Assam. India and Andaman Islands; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Malaysia; Java and Sumatra | Шаблон:Convert |
Файл:Cymbidium atropurpurea (2944479728).jpg | Cymbidium atropurpureum (Lindl.) Rolfe 1903 | Thailand, Central Malaysia, Vietnam, Borneo, Sumatra and the Philippines | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:硬葉蘭 Cymbidium bicolor -香港嘉道理農場 Kadoorie Farm, Hong Kong- (9261991972).jpg | Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. 1833 | Southern China, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Plant Orchid Cymbidium finlaysonium P1110626 01.jpg | Cymbidium finlaysonianum Wall. ex Lindl. 1833 | Indo-China to Malaysia (Malaya, Sumatra) and on to the Philippines | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium puerense Z.J.Liu & S.R.Lan 2018 | China (Yunnan) | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium rectum Ridl. 1920 | S. Thailand, Malaysia, N. Borneo(Sabah) | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Austrocymbidium Шаблон:Small[11] | Файл:Cymbidium canaliculatum var. sparkesii (6475017029).jpg | Cymbidium canaliculatum R.Br. 1810 | N. & E. Australia | Шаблон:Convert |
Файл:Cymbidium chloranthum fma. alba (Palawan, Philippines) Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 29(Misc.)- 68 (1843) (35834923066).jpg | Cymbidium chloranthum Lindl. 1843 | Taiwan, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and Java | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Cymbidium madidum2.jpg | Cymbidium madidum Lindl. 1840 | eastern Australia | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Cymbidium suave (6475018163).jpg | Cymbidium suave R.Br. 1810 | E. Australia | Шаблон:Convert | |
Section Himantophyllum Шаблон:Small[6] | Файл:Cymbidium dayanum1.jpg | Cymbidium dayanum Rchb.f 1869 | Assam, India; eastern Himalayas; Sikkim; Thailand; Cambodia; Taiwan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, China; Vietnam; Borneo; Malaysia; the Philippines; Sulawesi; Sumatra; Ryukyu Islands and Japan | Шаблон:Convert |
Cymbidium lii M.Z.Huang, J.M.Yin & G.S.Yang 2017 | Hainan China | Шаблон:Convert[14] | ||
Section Floribundum Шаблон:Small[11] | Cymbidium dianlan H.He 2019 | Yunnan | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium elongatum J.J. Wood, Du Puy & Shim 1988 | Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium-floribundum.jpg | Cymbidium floribundum (Rolfe) Y.S. Wu & S.C. Chen 1980 | Yunnan China, Taiwan, and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Cymbidium hartinahianum (Anggrek Tien Soeharto) (cropped).jpg | Cymbidium hartinahianum J.B.Comber & Nasution 1978 | N. Sumatra | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium suavissimum Sander ex C.H.Curtis 1928 | Myanmar, Guizhou and Yunnan China and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium viride Kumar 2018 | Assam | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Bigibbarium Шаблон:Small | Файл:A and B Larsen orchids - Cymbidium devonianum DSCN8787.JPG | Cymbidium devonianum Paxton 1843 | Assam and Meghalaya India, China(Yunnan), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert |
Section Repens | Cymbidium repens Aver. & Q.T.Phan 2016 | Hoa Binh, Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert[15] |
Subgenus Cyperorchis
Plants in subgenus Cyberorchis have lips fused at the base to the base of the column.[6]
Section | Image | Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Section Annamaea Шаблон:Small[12] | Файл:Cymbidium erythrostylum Orchi 028.jpg | Cymbidium erythrostylum Rolfe 1905 | Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert |
Cymbidium wenshanense Y.S.Wu & F.Y.Liu 1990 | Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Cyperorchis Шаблон:Small[12] | Cymbidium codonanthum Yuting Jiang, Liang Ma & S.Chen 2020 | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium cochleare Lindl. 1858 | Taiwan; Assam, Sikkim, India; Bhutan; Myanmar | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:莎草蘭 Cymbidium elegans -昆明金殿植物園 Kunming YuanLin Botanic Gardens, China- (9213322721).jpg | Cymbidium elegans Lindl. 1828 | Yunnan, Xizang, China; Assam, India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, and Myanmar. | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium sigmoideum J.J.Sm. 1907 | Malaysia, Borneo, Java and Sumatra | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium whiteae King & Pantl. 1898 | India (Sikkim) | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section EburneaШаблон:Small[12] | Cymbidium banaense Gagnep. 1951 | Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium changningense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2005 | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium concinnum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006[16] | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium daweishanense G.Q.Zhang & Z.J.Liu 2018 | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium eburneum var. longzhouense Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 44 179 (2006) (49750191441).jpg | Cymbidium eburneum Lindl. 1847 | Assam India, eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Myanmar, Yunnan China and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium mastersii Griff. ex Lindl. 1845 | Assam India, Bhutan, Myanmar, northern Thailand and China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium jiangchengense Ying L.Peng, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2019 | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium maguanense F.Y.Liu 1996 | Southeastern Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium parishii Rchb. f. 1874 | Myanmar | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium roseum J.J.Sm. 1905 | Malayasian peninsula, Java and Sumatra | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium wadae T.Yukawa 2002 | Thailand | |||
Section Iridorchis Шаблон:Small[12] | Файл:Cymbidium erythraeum Orchi 014.jpg | Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl. 1859 | Kumaon, Sikkim, and Assam states of India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Yunnan, Sichuan, and Xizang China; and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert |
Cymbidium gaoligongense Z.J.Liu & J.Yong Zhang 2003 | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium hookerianum 2.jpg | Cymbidium hookerianum Rchb.f. | Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim & Assam India, and Xizang China | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Cymbidium insigne 6zz.jpg | Cymbidium insigne Rolfe 1904 | Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan China | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Cymbidium iridioides.jpg | Cymbidium iridioides D. Don 1825 | Xizang, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of China; Kumaon, Assam, Sikkim, and Meghalaya states of India; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Flickr - brewbooks - i110405 051.jpg | Cymbidium lowianum (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f. 1879 | Burma, Thailand, Yunnan China and Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium sanderae Sander ex Rolfe 1904 | Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium seidenfadenii (P.J.Cribb & Du Puy) P.J.Cribb 2014 | Thailand | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium schroederi Rolfe 1905 | Yunnan China, Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium sichuanicum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2006 | Sichuan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium tracyanum 001 GotBot 2016.jpg | Cymbidium tracyanum Rolfe 1890 | China, Thailand and Myanmar | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium wilsonii (Rolfe ex De Cock) Rolfe 1904 | Southern Yunnan, China and Vietnam | |||
Section Parishiella Шаблон:Small[6] | Файл:斑舌蘭 Cymbidium tigrinum -比利時國家植物園 Belgium National Botanic Garden- (9255190958).jpg | Cymbidium tigrinum Parish ex Hook. f. 1864 | West Yunnan China, Myanmar and Assam India | Шаблон:Convert |
Subgenus Jensoa
Plants in this subgenus have four pollinia, in two unequal pairs; lips attached to the base of the column,[6]
Section | Image | Name | Distribution | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Section Axillaria Шаблон:Small[12] | Cymbidium cyperifolium Lindl. 1833 | Nepal, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan China | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium shidianense G.Z.Chen, G.Q.Zhang & L.J.Chen 2019 | China (Yunnan) | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Borneense Шаблон:Small[12] | Файл:Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb., Philipp. J. Sci. 72 486 (1940) (30964049178).jpg | Cymbidium aliciae Quisumb 1940 | Sulawesi and the Philippines (Luzon, Negro Islands and Nueva Vazcaya) | Шаблон:Convert |
Cymbidium borneense J.J. Wood 1983 | Borneo(Sarawak and Sabah) | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Geocymbidium Шаблон:Small[12] | Cymbidium biflorens D.Y.Zhang, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liu 2020 | Yunnan China | ||
Файл:Cymbidium lancifolium var. aspidistrifolium (Fukuy.) S.S.Ying, Coloured Ill. Indig. Orchids Taiwan 1(2) 439 (1977). (50820511723).jpg | Cymbidium lancifolium Hook. 1823 | Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Borneo, Java Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra and New Guinea | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium recurvatum Z.J.Liu, S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb 2009 | Yunnan China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Jensoa Шаблон:Small[12] | Cymbidium acuminatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones 1996 | New Guinea | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium defoliatum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1991 | Fujian, Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:四季桃嬌 Cymbidium ensifolium 'Peach Charm' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12167965154).jpg | Cymbidium ensifolium [L]Swartz 1799 | Japan, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Hong Kong to Sumatra and Java | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:春蘭朵香黄花 Cymbidium goeringii v forrestii 'Yellow' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12317104044).jpg | Cymbidium goeringii [Rchb.f]Rchb.f 1864 | India, Bhutan, China, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan and Korea | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:Cymbidium haematodes '-200201' Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 162 (1833) (50004675837).jpg | Cymbidium haematodes Lindl. 1833 | Hainan and Yunnan provinces of China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Indonesia and New Guinea | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium induratifolium Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 | Vietnam | |||
Файл:寒蘭武夷山蘭 Cymbidium kanran 'Wu-Yi-Shan' -香港沙田國蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (12304130513).jpg | Cymbidium kanran Makino 1902 | Taiwan, Guangdong, Gunagxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Hainan Island provinces of China; Honshu and the Ryuku Islands, Japan; and South Korea | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium longipes Z.J.Liu & J.N.Zhang 1998 | Vietnam | |||
Cymbidium micranthum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2004 | Yunnan, China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Cymbidium munronianum King & Pantl. 1895 | Assam India | |||
Cymbidium omeiense Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 1966 | Sichuan China | |||
Cymbidium qiubeiense K.M.Feng & H.Li 1980 | Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium sinense 'Yamagawa Hosai' (Andrews) Willd.- Sp. Pl.- ed. 4- 4- 111 (1805). 20220206 222353.jpg | Cymbidium sinense (Andrews) Willd.1805 | Guangdong, Hainan,Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Southern Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces of China and Northern Vietnam. | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium tamphianum Aver. 2018 | Lam Dong, Vietnam | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Section Nanula Шаблон:Small[12] | Cymbidium atrolabium X.Y.Liao, S.R.Lan & Z.J.Liy 2019 | Yunnan China | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:綠蕙 Cymbidium faberi -香港沙田洋蘭展 Shatin Orchid Show, Hong Kong- (16945121795).jpg | Cymbidium faberi Rolfe 1896 | Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang provinces of China; Taiwan; | Шаблон:Convert | |
Файл:珍珠矮 Cymbidium nanulum -香港青松觀蘭花展 Tuen Mun, Hong Kong- (9252405607).jpg | Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu & S.C.Chen 2017 | Yunnan, Guizhou, Hainan provinces of China | ||
Cymbidium purpureisepalum M.J.Zhu & S.R.Lan 2022 | Yunnan China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium goeringii s2.jpg | Cymbidium serratum Schltr. 1919 | Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan | Шаблон:Convert | |
Cymbidium teretipetiolatum Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen 2002 | Yunnan China | Шаблон:Convert | ||
Файл:Cymbidium tortisepalum 菅草蘭 (33355964721).jpg | Cymbidium tortisepalum Fukuy. 1934 | Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan provinces of China; Taiwan | Шаблон:Convert | |
Section Pachyrhizanthe Шаблон:Small[12] | Файл:Mayaran.jpg | Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. 1833 | Pakistan, the Chinese Himalayas, Assam, the eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and Korea | Шаблон:Convert |
Natural Hybrids
- Cymbidium × ballianum Rolfe
- Cymbidium × baoshanense F.Y.Liu & Perner
- Cymbidium × dilatatiphyllum J.M.H.Shaw
- Cymbidium × florinda Rolfe
- Cymbidium × gammieanum King & Pantl.
- Cymbidium × glebelandense Rolfe
- Cymbidium × hillii F.Muell. ex Regel
- Cymbidium × monanthum J.M.H.Shaw
- Cymbidium × nishiuchianum Makino ex J.M.H.Shaw
- Cymbidium × nomachianum T.Yukawa & Nob.Tanaka
- Cymbidium × nujiangense X.P.Zhou, S.P.Lei & Z.J.Liu
- Cymbidium × oblancifolium Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen
- Cymbidium × purpuratum L.J.Chen, Li.Q.Li & Z.J.Liu
- Cymbidium × rosefieldense Rolfe
- Cymbidium × woodlandense Rolfe
Distribution
This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia.[17] The large flowering species from which the large flowering hybrids are derived usually grow at low altitudes, while short leaved species, from which compact hybrids with small to medium size flowers are derived, are high altitudes lithophytes and epiphytes.[6]
Uses
Use in horticulture
Cymbidium (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade[18]) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200 BCE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near Шаблон:Cvt.[19][20][21]
Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and viral diseases.[21]
Use in cooking
The species Cymbidium hookerianum is considered a delicacy in Bhutan, where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".[22]
References
External links
- Multikey System for Identification of Cymbidium species
- Cymbidium Society of America
- Cymbidium Club of Australia
Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 6,8 Cribb, P and du Puy, D The Genus Cymbidium Kew Publishing Шаблон:ISBN, 2007.
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>
; для сносокWCSP
не указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names, Royal Horticultural Society, 2017 https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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