Английская Википедия:Cypriot Greek
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Cypriot Greek (Шаблон:Lang-el Шаблон:IPA-el or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA-el) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from Standard Modern GreekШаблон:Efn in various aspects of its lexicon,Шаблон:Sfn phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and even pragmatics,Шаблон:Sfn not only for historical reasons but also because of geographical isolation, and extensive contact with typologically distinct languages.Шаблон:Sfn Cypriot Greek is more conservative than Standard Greek, for example Cypriot Greek retains more archaic verbs than Standard Greek.
Classification
Cypriot Greek is not an evolution of ancient Arcadocypriot Greek, but derives from Byzantine Medieval Greek.Шаблон:Sfn It has traditionally been placed in the southeastern group of Modern Greek varieties, along with the dialects of the Dodecanese and Chios (with which it shares several phonological phenomena).
Though Cypriot Greek tends to be regarded as a dialect by its speakers, it is unintelligible to speakers of Standard Modern Greek without adequate prior exposure.Шаблон:Sfn Greek-speaking Cypriot society is diglossic, with vernacular Cypriot Greek (the "low" variety) and Standard Modern Greek (the "high" variety).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Cypriot Greek is itself a dialect continuum with an emerging koine.Шаблон:Sfn Davy, Ioannou & Panayotou (1996) have argued that diglossia has given way to a "post-diglossic [dialectal] continuum [...] a quasi-continuous spread of overlapping varieties".Шаблон:Sfn
History
Cyprus was cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world from the 7th to the 10th century AD due to Arab attacks. It was reintegrated in the Byzantine Empire in 962 to be isolated again in 1191 when it fell to the hands of the Crusaders. These periods of isolation led to the development of various linguistic characteristics distinct from Byzantine Greek.
The oldest surviving written works in Cypriot date back to the Medieval period. Some of these are: the legal code of the Kingdom of Cyprus, the Assizes of Jerusalem; the chronicles of Leontios Machairas and Georgios Boustronios; and a collection of sonnets in the manner of Francesco Petrarca. In the past hundred years, the dialect has been used in poetry (with major poets being Vasilis Michaelides and Dimitris Lipertis). It is also traditionally used in folk songs and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, battle poetry, a form of playing the Dozens) and the tradition of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, bards).
Cypriot Greek had been historically used by some members of the Turkish Cypriot community, especially after the end of Ottoman control and consequent British administration of the island. In 1960, it was reported that 38% of the Turkish Cypriots were able to speak Greek along with Cypriot Turkish. Some Turkish Cypriots of Nicosia and Paphos were also speaking Cypriot Greek as their mother tongue according to early 20th century population records.[1]
In the late 1970s, Minister of Education Chrysostomos A. Sofianos upgraded the status of Cypriot by introducing it in education. More recently, it has been used in music, e.g. in reggae by Hadji Mike and in rap by several Cypriot hip hop groups, such as Шаблон:Lang (DNA). Locally produced television shows, usually comedies or soap operas, make use of the dialect, for example with Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang being a uniquely Cypriot name). The 2006 feature film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest features actor Jimmy Roussounis arguing in Cypriot with another crew member speaking Kibrizlija (Cypriot Turkish) about a captain's hat they find in the sea. Peter Polycarpou routinely spoke in Cypriot in his role as Chris Theodopolopoudos in the British television comedy series Birds of a Feather. In a July 2014 episode of the American TV series The Leftovers, Alex Malaos's character uses the dialect saying "Шаблон:Lang" ('I understood'). In the American mockumentary comedy horror television series What We Do in the Shadows, actress Natasia Demetriou, as the vampiric character Nadja, occasionally exclaims phrases in Cypriot.
Today, Cypriot Greek is the other only variety of Modern Greek apart from Standard Modern GreekШаблон:Efn with a significant presence of spontaneous use online, including blogs and internet forums, and there exists a variant of Greeklish that reflects its distinct phonology.
Phonology
Studies of the phonology of Cypriot Greek are few and tend to examine very specific phenomena, e.g. gemination, "glide hardening". A general overview of the phonology of Cypriot Greek has ever been attempted only once, by Шаблон:Harvnb, but parts of it are now contested.
Consonants
Cypriot Greek has geminate and palato-alveolar consonants, which Standard Modern Greek lacks, as well as a contrast between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, which Standard Modern Greek also lacks.Шаблон:Sfn The table below, adapted from Шаблон:Harvnb, depicts the consonantal inventory of Cypriot Greek.
Stops Шаблон:IPA and affricate Шаблон:IPA are unaspirated and may be pronounced weakly voiced in fast speech.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:IPA are always heavily aspirated and they are never preceded by nasals,Шаблон:Sfn with the exception of some loans, e.g. Шаблон:IPA "shampoo".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are laminal post-alveolars.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:IPA is pronounced similarly to Шаблон:IPA, in terms of closure duration and aspiration.Шаблон:Sfn
Voiced fricatives Шаблон:IPA are often pronounced as approximants and they are regularly elided when intervocalic.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:IPA is similarly often realised as an approximant Шаблон:IPA link in weak positions.Шаблон:Sfn
The palatal lateral approximant Шаблон:IPA is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral Шаблон:IPA or a singleton or geminate fricative Шаблон:IPA, and sometimes as a glide Шаблон:IPA (cf. yeísmo).Шаблон:Sfn The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but Шаблон:IPA appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word-finally, and before Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Harvnb identifies the following phonological and non-phonological influencing factors: stress, preceding vowel, following vowel, position inside word; and sex, education, region, and time spent living in Greece (where Шаблон:IPA is standard).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Harvnb notes that speakers of some local varieties, notably that of Larnaca, "substitute" the geminate fricative for Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Sfn but Шаблон:Harvnb contests this, saying that, "Шаблон:IPA is robustly present in the three urban areas of Lefkosia, Lemesos and Larnaka as well as the rural Kokinohoria region, especially among teenaged speakers ... the innovative pronunciation Шаблон:IPA is not a feature of any local patois, but rather a supra-local feature."Шаблон:Sfn
The palatal nasal Шаблон:IPA is produced somewhat longer than other single nasals, though not as long as geminates. Шаблон:IPA is similarly "rather long".Шаблон:Sfn
The alveolar trill Шаблон:IPA is the geminate counterpart of the tap Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn
Palatalisation and glide hardening
In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic) glide Шаблон:IPA, palatals and postalveolars arise from Шаблон:Mono (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, namely:Шаблон:Sfn
The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an obstruent Шаблон:IPA after Шаблон:IPA and to Шаблон:IPA after Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in complementary distribution with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels Шаблон:IPA;Шаблон:Sfn that is to say, broadly, Шаблон:IPA are palatalised to either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA; and Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA.
Geminates
There is considerable disagreement on how to classify Cypriot Greek geminates, though they are now generally understood to be "geminates proper" (rather than clusters of identical phonemes or "fortis" consonants).Шаблон:Sfn Geminates are 1.5 to 2 times longer than singletons, depending, primarily, on position and stress.Шаблон:Sfn Geminates occur both word-initially and word-medially. Word-initial geminates tend to be somewhat longer.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Harvnb have found that "for stops, in particular, this lengthening affects both closure duration and VOT",Шаблон:Sfn but Шаблон:Harvnb claim that stops contrast only in aspiration, and not duration.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Harvnb undertook a perceptual study with thirty native speakers of Cypriot Greek,Шаблон:Sfn and has found that both closure duration and (the duration and properties of) aspiration provide important cues in distinguishing between the two kinds of stops, but aspiration is slightly more significant.Шаблон:Sfn
Assimilatory processes
Word-final Шаблон:IPA assimilates with succeeding consonants—other than stops and affricates—at word boundaries producing post-lexical geminates.Шаблон:Sfn Consequently, geminate voiced fricatives, though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. Below are some examples of geminates to arise from sandhi.
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "Lucas" (acc.)
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "[s/he] is here"
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "from the root"
In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming homorganic.Шаблон:Sfn This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal.Шаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "[we] smoke cigars"
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "even though"
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "on Sunday"
Word-final Шаблон:IPA is altogether elided before geminate stops and consonant clusters:Шаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "[we] bought flowers"
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "on the head"
Like with Шаблон:IPA, word-final Шаблон:IPA assimilates to following Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA producing geminates:Шаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "let it snow"
Lastly, word-final Шаблон:IPA becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek:Шаблон:Sfn
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "of Malta"
- Шаблон:IPA → Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Lang "race"
Vowels
Cypriot Greek has a five-vowel system Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek.Шаблон:Efn
Close vowels Шаблон:IPA following Шаблон:IPA at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to "fricated vowels" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic yers), and are sometimes elided altogether (5% of all cases).Шаблон:Sfn
In glide-less analyses, Шаблон:IPA may alternate with Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA,Шаблон:Sfn e.g. Шаблон:IPA "cage" → Шаблон:IPA "cages", or Шаблон:IPA "koulouri" → Шаблон:IPA "koulouria"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced Шаблон:IPA when found between Шаблон:IPA and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable,Шаблон:Sfn e.g. Шаблон:IPA "one" (f.).
Stress
Cypriot Greek has "dynamic" stress.Шаблон:Sfn Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word-initially.Шаблон:Sfn There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth-last syllable in a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of that possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added unlike Standard Modern Greek in which stress falls only on one of the last three syllables),Шаблон:Sfn e.g. Cypriot Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Standard Modern Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "my bicycle".
Grammar
An overview of syntactic and morphological differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek can be found in Шаблон:Harvnb.
Vocabulary
Much of the Cypriot core vocabulary is different from the modern standard's, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA in addition to Шаблон:Lang "I talk", Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:Lang "I look", etc. A historically interesting example is the occasional use of archaic Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang for the interrogative "from where?" which makes its closest translation to the English "whence" which is also archaic in most of the English speaking world. Ethnologue reports that the lexical similarity between Cypriot Greek and Demotic Greek is in the range of 84–93%.[2]
Orthography
There is no established orthography for Cypriot Greek.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Efforts have been made to introduce diacritics to the Greek alphabet to represent palato-alveolar consonants found in Cypriot, but not in Standard Modern Greek, e.g. the combining caron Шаблон:Angle bracket, by the authors of the "Syntychies" lexicographic database Шаблон:Webarchive at the University of Cyprus.Шаблон:Sfn When diacritics are not used, an epenthetic Шаблон:Angle bracket—often accompanied by the systematic substitution of the preceding consonant letter—may be used to the same effect (as in Polish), e.g. Standard Modern Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA → Cypriot Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Standard Modern Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA → Cypriot Greek Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.
Geminates (and aspirates) are represented by two of the same letter, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "today", though this may not be done in cases where the spelling would not coincide with Standard Modern Greek's, e.g. Шаблон:Lang would still be spelt Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Efn
Despite the centuries-long existence of Greek Cypriot literature, the dialect wasn't widely written until the rise of computer-mediated communication in the 2000s. Online and in text messaging, Cypriot Greek, like Standard Modern Greek, is commonly written in the Latin script,Шаблон:Sfn and English spelling conventions may be adopted for shared sounds,Шаблон:Sfn e.g. Шаблон:Angle bracket for Шаблон:IPA (and Шаблон:IPA).
Some comparisons between Cypriot Greek and Standard Greek
Cypriot Greek demonstrates a greater prevalence of archaic elements when compared to Standard Greek. The following comparisons provide a visual representation of this phenomenon.
The tables below do not imply that they were written down the same in Attic Greek but it's simply using the modern Greek alphabet's pronunciation system applied on attic Greek for comparison purposes.
The classical attic Greek X was pronounced as an aspirated Κ similar to the English K. Θ = aspirated Τ, Γ = ΓΚ/ΓΓ and Β = ΜΠ. In classical attic Greek Η was pronounced a long Ε and not like the modern Greek I, Y [3][4]
| Standard [4] | Classical Attic pronunciation[3][4] |
|---|---|
| Χ | kʰ |
| Θ | tʰ |
| Γ | ΓΚ |
| Β | ΜΠ |
| Η | ΕΕ |
| Standard [4] | Cypriot | Classical Attic |
|---|---|---|
| άργησα | άρκησα | άργκησα |
| άρχισα | άρκεψα | άρkʰισα |
| έρχομαι | έρκομαι
έρκουμαι |
έρkʰομαι |
| ευχαριστώ | ευκαριστώ | ευkʰαριστώ |
| πάσχα | πάσκαν | πάσkʰαν |
| ερθώ | έρτω | έρtʰω |
| βλέπω | ημπλέπω | μπλέπω |
| είδα | άμπλεψα/έμπλεψα | έμπλεψα |
| αγρίζω | αγκρίζω | αγκρίζω |
| ποτέ | ποtʰέ | ποτέ |
αγκρίζω is often confused for an English loan word but it's actually derived from the ancient αγρίζω, from άγριος.
| Standard[4] | Cypriot | Classical Attic |
|---|---|---|
| σκληρό | σκλερό | σκλεερό |
| μην | μεν | μεεν |
| Standard[4] | Cypriot | Classical Attic |
|---|---|---|
| αρέσει | αρέσκει | αρέσκει |
| κάνω | κάμνω | κάμνω |
| κάνουν | κάμνουσιν | κάμνουσιν |
| από που | πόθεν | πόtʰεν |
| Standard[4] | Cypriot | Classical Attic | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| κάνω | κάμνω | κάμνω | I'm doing |
| έκανες | έκαμες | έκαμε | You did |
| έκανες | έκαμνες | έκαμνες | You were doing |
| έκανε | έκαμεν | έκαμεν | He did |
| έκανε | έκαμνεν | έκαμνεν | He was doing |
| κάνουν | κάμνουσιν | κάμνουσιν | They are doing |
| κάνουμε | κάμνουμεν | κάμνομεν | We are doing |
| κάνετε | κάμνετε | κάμνετε | You are doing (plural) |
| κάνετε | κάμετε | κάμετε | Do it (plural) |
| κάνατε | εκάματε | εκάματε | You did (plrural) |
| κάνουμε | κάμνουμεν | κάμνομεν | We are doing |
| το κάνεις | κάμνειστο | κάμνεις αὐτό | You are doing it |
| το κάνει | κάμνειτο | κάμνει αὐτό | He is doing it |
Example texts of the dialect
| Η 9η Ιουλίου του 1821 (Written around 1884-1895)[6] |
|---|
| 18 «Η Ρωμιοσύνη εν φυλή συνότζαιρη του κόσμου,
κανένας δεν εβρέθηκεν για να την ι-ξηλείψη, κανένας, γιατί σιέπει την που τα 'ψη ο Θεός μου. Η Ρωμιοσύνη εν να χαθή, όντες ο κόσμος λείψει! 19 Σφάξε μας ούλους τζι ας γενεί το γαίμαν μας αυλάτζιν, κάμε τον κόσμον ματζιελλειόν τζαι τους Ρωμιούς ταούλλια, αμμά ξέρε πως ύλαντρον όντες κοπεί καβάτζιν τριγύρου του πετάσσουνται τρακόσια παραπούλια. Το 'νιν αντάν να τρώ' την γην, τρώει την γην θαρκέται μα πάντα τζιείνον τρώεται τζαι τζιείνον καταλυέται. Είσαι πολλά πικράντερος, όμως αν θεν να σφάξης, σφάξε τους λας που πολεμούν αλλού αρματωμένοι. Εμάς με σιέρκα όφκαιρα γιατί να μας πειράξεις, πού 'μαστον δίχως άρματα, τζι είμαστον νεπαμέν
εγίνην η ανατολή κροκότσιηνη περίτου, άρτζιεψεν πκιον το Σάββατον να πικροξημερώννη τζι ακούστηκεν του ξύλενου σημάντρου η φωνή του. Εξέβην ο Τζιυπριανός με τζιείνον τον καμόν του, τζι επήεν εις την εκκλησ'ιάν τζαι βάλλει τον σταυρόν του τζι ήτουν όσον τζι εκάμασιν αρκήν της λειτουργίας, τζι εστάθηκεν περίλυπος τζαι σγιαν να δκιαλοίστην, τζι επήεν τζι εγονάτισεν ομπρός της Παναίας τζαι κάτι εψουψούρισεν τζι ευτύς εκλαμουρίστην.
πως ήρτεν ένας τοπκιανός καλόηρος που πέρα τζι έφερεν κάμποσα χαρκιά πο τζιει που πολεμούσιν τζι έδωκεν τα τζαι χάθηκεν, δεν έμεινεν με μέραν, τζαι τζιείνα ούλλα τα χαρκιά πως ήταν του πολέμου. Τα άλλα ούλλα που λαλείς εν τάκουσα ποττέ μου.» «Είντα μας περιπαίζεις, βρε, είμαστον μισταρκοί σου; Είπες το με το στόμαν σου μεσ' σ' τόσον παναύριν, πε το, γιατί σκοτώννω σε, κόβκω την τζιεφαλήν σου. Φέρτε μου τον τζιελλάττην δα, ναν δαχαμαί χαζίριν!»
για τζιείνους πων να κόψουσιν τζι αννοίξαν το δεφτέριν τζι είδασιν πόσοι εν π' αλλού τζιαι πόσοι που την Χώραν τζιαι πόσοι για συρτοθηλειάν τζιαι πόσοι για μασιαίριν. τζι είσιεν πεντ' έξι πούπασιν πως εν πολλοί τζι εν κρίμαν, τζι ο Μουσελλίμης είπεν τους: «Εν ούλλοι για το μνήμαν»! Ο ήλιος πκιον εστύλλωσεν, εγίνην μεσομέριν τζι ακούστην εις τον μιναρέν ο χότζ'ας να φωνάζη τζι επάψασιν την συντυσιάν τζι αφήκαν το δεφτέριν τζι εσηκωθήκαν ούλοι τους τζι επήαν στο ναμάζι. |
See also
- Languages of Cyprus
- Arcadocypriot Greek for the ancient Greek spoken on Cyprus
Footnotes
Explanatory notes Шаблон:Notelist
Citations Шаблон:Reflist
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite conference
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite conference
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Dead link
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Languages of Cyprus Шаблон:Greek language
