Английская Википедия:Darbininkų balsas (East Prussia)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Darbininkų balsas (Шаблон:Translation) was a Lithuanian newspaper published by the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania from July 1901 to April 1906 (a total of 36 or 40 issues).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was the first more stable Lithuanian periodical of the party. The publication was illegal in the Russian Empire because of its political content and because it was in Lithuanian (the Lithuanian press ban was in effect from 1865 to 1904). Therefore, the newspaper was printed in East Prussia and smuggled into Lithuania. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, the newspaper was replaced by the legal Шаблон:Ill published in Vilnius.

History

The Social Democratic Party of Lithuania was established in 1896. It first attempted to publish a Lithuanian periodical when it published Шаблон:Lang (Lithuanian Worker) in May 1896. Two other issues were published only in 1898 and 1899.Шаблон:Sfn It was a translation from the Polish Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn Another periodical Шаблон:Lang saw only two issues published in 1899 – the first issue was translated from the Polish Шаблон:Ill by Kazys Grinius.Шаблон:Sfn The publication was discontinued after the arrests of party leaders, including Andrius Domaševičius, in early 1899.Шаблон:Sfn

The party reestablished its publications in 1901. The first issue of Darbininkų balsas was published in July 1901 in Tilsit (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast).Шаблон:Sfn It was first printed at the printing shops of Julius Schoenke and Otto von Mauderode in Tilsit. In 1904, it was moved to the printing press of Martynas Jankus in Bitėnai.Шаблон:Sfn Bibliographer Шаблон:Ill argued that the newspaper was printed by Jankus from the beginning except for a short break in 1904 when there were disagreements about costs.Шаблон:Sfn To confuse the police, the newspaper claimed that it was printed in Paris and London.Шаблон:Sfn

Only three issues of Darbininkų balsas were printed between July 1901 and May 1902 when Augustinas Janulaitis became editor-in-chief.Шаблон:Sfn The newspaper was then published regularly every two months and monthly starting in 1905.Шаблон:Sfn In 1904, the circulation of the newspaper reached 1,300.Шаблон:Sfn

The newspaper was funded by donations, contributions from the Social Democratic Party, and proceeds from the sale of social democratic publications.Шаблон:Sfn In 1905, many donations were received from Lithuanians in the United States, England, Scotland, Germany, Switzerland. Donations from the United States were sent by the Шаблон:Ill (established in May 1905) which increased its membership fee by 5 cents specifically in support of Darbininkų balsas.Шаблон:Sfn

Content

The newspaper reflected the ideology of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania. It published news about party's activities, its publications.Шаблон:Sfn Many of its articles were written by its editor Janulaitis who lived abroad.Шаблон:Sfn Therefore, its connection to the worker movement in Lithuania was rather weak. It focused more on students and more educated farmers than workers.Шаблон:Sfn The newspaper focused on current political events and paid much less attention to theory and tactics.Шаблон:Sfn The newspaper supported Lithuanian national aspirations. For example, during the Russian Revolution of 1905, it argued that Lithuanians should focus more on the Lithuanian Great Seimas of Vilnius rather than the demands for the Russian Constituent Assembly.Шаблон:Sfn Still, the newspaper was the most radical Lithuanian publication at the time.Шаблон:Sfn Some of its articles were republished from Iskra published by the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.Шаблон:Sfn

Editors

The first issues were edited by Шаблон:Ill in Vilnius who then sent the material to Шаблон:Ill (editor of Varpas) for publication without changes.Шаблон:Sfn However, an analysis of surviving drafts shows that the first issues were edited by Bagdonas and Vincas Kapsukas.Шаблон:Sfn The Social Democratic Party was dissatisfied with Bagdonas' editorial decisions (e.g. he did not want to publish political articles and was afraid that Darbininkų balsas would compete with Varpas)Шаблон:Sfn and, after three issues, replaced him with Augustinas Janulaitis who escaped from Lithuania to avoid the Tsarist police.Шаблон:Sfn

Janulaitis later moved to Scotland and Switzerland,Шаблон:Sfn but continued to edit Darbininkų balsas. In early 1904, Jonas Biliūnas assisted with the editorial process, but he had to resign due to poor health.Шаблон:Sfn

Vincas Kapsukas was dissatisfied that the newspaper spent little time on explaining ideas and theory of the labor movement and petitioned the party to intervene and replace Janulaitis.Шаблон:Sfn When the party refused to resolve the dispute, Kapsukas went on to publish short-lived Draugas in 1904.Шаблон:Sfn Kapsukas rejoined the main party, but remained personally at odds with Janulaitis.Шаблон:Sfn

Members of the party were dissatisfied that one person was in charge of the editorial process. Therefore, in June 1905, the party decided that the newspaper should be edited by a committee. Janulaitis protested the decision and resigned, but continued to edit the newspaper until the end of the year when Andrius Domaševičius became the editor.Шаблон:Sfn

At the same time, Liudas Vaineikis returned from exile in Yakutsk and moved to Tilsit. He took on many of the editorial duties and authored numerous articles. Vincas Kapsukas also assisted in editing the last issues of Darbininkų balsas in 1906.Шаблон:Sfn

Contributors

Because the newspaper was illegal, articles were signed by various code names, initials, and were left unsigned.Шаблон:Sfn This makes it difficult to accurately determine the authors.Шаблон:Sfn Known newspaper's contributors included:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Columns-list

See also

• List of Lithuanian-language periodicals (up to 1904)

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book

External links

• Full-text archive of Darbininkų balsas