Английская Википедия:Decan

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About

Файл:Sarg des Nacht 3.jpg
'Diagonal star table' from the late 11th Dynasty coffin lid; found at Asyut, Egypt. Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim

The decans (Шаблон:IPAc-en; Egyptian bꜣktw or baktiu, "[those] connected with work"Шаблон:Sfn) are 36 groups of stars (small constellations) used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy to conveniently divide the 360 degree ecliptic into 36 parts of 10 degrees each, both for theurgical and heliacal horological purposes. The decans each appeared, geocentrically, to rise consecutively on the horizon throughout each daily Earth rotation. The rising of each decan marked the beginning of a new decanal "hour" (Greek hōra) of the night for the ancient Egyptians, and they were used as a sidereal star clock beginning by at least the 9th or 10th Dynasty (c. 2100 BCE).

Because a new decan also appears heliacally every ten days (that is, every ten days, a new decanic star group reappears in the eastern sky at dawn right before the Sun rises, after a period of being obscured by the Sun's light), the ancient Greeks called them dekanoi (δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός dekanos) or "tenths".

Decans gave way to a lunar division of 27 or 28 lunar stations, also known as manzil, lunar mansions or nakshatras and thence to a zodiac of 12 signs, based on an anthropomorphic pattern of constellations,Шаблон:Sfn and their use can be seen in the Dendera zodiac dated to circa 50 BCE.Шаблон:Sfn

Ancient Egyptian origins

Файл:Astronomical Ceiling, Tomb of Senenmut MET DT207429.jpg
Astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb showing various decans, as well as the personified representations of stars and constellations

Decans first appeared in the 10th Dynasty (2100 BCE) on coffin lids.Шаблон:Sfn The sequence of these star patterns began with Sothis (Sirius), and each decan contained a set of stars and corresponding divinities. As measures of time, the rising and setting of decans marked 'hours' and groups of 10 days which comprised an Egyptian year. The ancient Book of Nut covers the subject of the decans.

There were 36 decans (36 × 10 = 360 days),Шаблон:Sfn plus five added days to compose the 365 days of a solar based year. Decans measure sidereal time and the solar year is six hours longer; the Sothic and solar years in the Egyptian calendar realign every 1460 years. Decans represented on coffins from later dynasties (such as King Seti I) compared with earlier decan images demonstrate the Sothic-solar shift.

According to Sarah Symons:

Although we know the names of the decans, and in some cases can translate the names (ḥry-ỉb wỉꜣ means 'in the centre of the boat') the locations of the decanal stars and their relationships to modern star names and constellations are not known. This is due to many factors, but key problems are the uncertainty surrounding the observation methods used to develop and populate the diagonal star tables, and the criteria used to select decans (brightness, position, relationship with other stars, and so on).Шаблон:Sfn

Later developments

These predictable heliacal re-appearances by the decans were eventually used by the Egyptians to mark the divisions of their annual solar calendar. Thus the heliacal rising of Sirius marked the annual flooding of the Nile.

This method led to a system of 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours, varying in length according to the season. Later,Шаблон:When a system of 24 "equinoctial" hours was used.Шаблон:Sfnm After Hellenistic astrology arose in Alexandria, recorded principally in the work of Claudius Ptolemy and Vettius Valens, various systems attributing symbolic significance to decans arose and linked these to the "wandering stars" (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and the "Lights": (Sun and Moon).Шаблон:Sfn Decans were connected, for example, with the winds, the four directions, the sect (day or night,) male and female, as well as the four humours (elements;) also these were hermetically considered linked with various diseases and with the timing for the engraving of talismans for curing them;Шаблон:Sfn with decanic "faces" (or "phases"), a system where three decans are assigned to each zodiacal sign, each covering 10° of the zodiac, and each ruled by a planetary ruler (see Decan (astrology)); and correlated with astrological signs.Шаблон:Sfn

Descriptions of the decans

Decans are named in various Greco-Egyptian sources, many Hermetic writings, the Testament of Solomon,[1] and the writings of Aristobulus of Paneas.[2] Julius Firmicus Maternus, Cosmas of Maiuma, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Athanasius Kircher.[1]

Images of the decans are described in Hermetic writings, by the Indian astrologer Varāhamihira, in the Picatrix, and in Japanese writings.Шаблон:Sfn Varāhamihira's images of the decans was influenced by Greco-Egyptian, if not Hermetic, depictions of the decans by way of the Yavanajataka.Шаблон:Sfn Their role in Japanese astrology may have derived from an earlier Chinese[3] or Indian formШаблон:Sfn possibly from adding the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac to a list of twenty-four hour stars.[3] They were most common between the Kamakura and Edo periods.Шаблон:Sfn

The first original decan position due to the precession in ancient times started at 0° of Cancer when the heliacal rising of Sirius (Egyptian Sepdet; Greco-Egyptian: Sothis) before sunrise marking the Egyptian New Year which fell at 0° of Leo at July 20 in the Julian calendar, that is July 22/23 on the Gregorian calendar.Шаблон:Citation needed

Names of the Decans
Western Zodiac Decan Original Decan Position due to the Precession in Ancient Times Ancient Egyptian
(Budge)Шаблон:Sfn
Greco-EgyptianШаблон:Sfn[1] Testament of Solomon[1]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Aristobulus's names[2] Greek Hermeticism[1]Шаблон:Sfn[4] Latin Hermeticism[1][4]Шаблон:Sfn Firmicus[1] Cosmas[1]Шаблон:Sfn Scalinger[1] Kircher[1]Шаблон:Sfn
Aries 1 28 <hiero>W17-Xr:r-w-sbA</hiero> Khent-kheru <hiero>W17-pt:sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ
Χont-har
Rhyax or Ruax Bendonc Chenlachori Aulathamas Senator or Asiccan Aidoneus Asiccan Arueris (ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲓⲥ)
2 29 <hiero>P11-d:nw-sbA</hiero> Qeṭ <hiero>W17-Xr:r-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ
Xont-χre
Barsafael Mensour Chontaret Sabaoth Senacher or Asenter Persephone Senacher Anubis (ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ)
3 30 <hiero>zA-zA-P11-d:nw-sbA*sbA:sbA*sbA*sbA</hiero> Sasaqeṭ <hiero>zA-P11-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲓⲕⲉⲧ
Si-ket
Artosael or Arôtosael Carexon Siket Disornafais Sentacher or Asentacer Eros Acentacer Horus (ⲱⲣⲟⲥ)
Taurus 4 31 <hiero>a:r:t-sbA:sbA</hiero> Ārt <hiero>xA-w-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲱⲟⲩ
Xau
Horopel Gisan Soou Jaus Suo or Asicat Charis Asicath Serapis (ⲥⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲥ)
5 32 <hiero>xA*xA*xA-sbA</hiero> Khau <hiero>a:r-i-t:sbA</hiero> ⲉⲣⲱ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩ
Arat
Kairoxanondalon or Iudal Tourtour Aron Sarnotois Aryo or Ason die Horen Viroaso Helitomenos (ⲉⲗⲓⲧⲟⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ)
6 33 <hiero>D41:n-Hr:r-w-O28-Z1-D63-Z1:sbA</hiero> Remen-ḥeru-an-Saḥ <hiero>D41:pt-sbA</hiero> ⲣⲉⲙⲉⲛⲁⲁⲣⲉ
Remen-hare
Sphendonael Ballat Rhomenos Erchmubris Romanae or Arfa Litai Aharph Apopis (ⲁⲡⲱⲡⲓⲥ)
Gemini 7 34 <hiero>ms-s-M36-F21-D63-sbA</hiero> Mestcher-Saḥ <hiero>S24:z-V12:sbA</hiero> ⲑⲟⲥⲟⲗⲕ
Θosalk
Sphandor Farsan Xocha Manuchos Thesogar or Tensogar Thetys Thesogar Tautus (ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲑ)
8 35 <hiero>D41:n-Xr:r-D63-sbA</hiero> Remen-kher-Saḥ <hiero>Z7:a-r:t*sbA</hiero> ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲉ
Uaret
Belbel Vaspan Ouari Samurois Ver or Asuae Kybele Verasua Cyclops (ⲕⲟⲩⲕⲗⲟⲯ)
9 36 <hiero>a:Z1-D63-sbA</hiero> A-Saḥ <hiero>tp:a-D63-M44-t:sbA</hiero>
Phu-hor
Kourtael or Kurtaêl Parquia Pepisoth Azuel Tepis or Atosoae Praxidike Tepisatosoa Titan (ⲧⲓⲧⲁⲛ)
37 <hiero>D63-sbA</hiero> Saḥ
Cancer 10 1 (= 0' Cancer) <hiero>M44-t:sbA</hiero> Sepṭet ⲥⲱⲑⲓⲥ
Sopdet
Metathiax Panem Sotheir Seneptois Sothis or Socius Nike Sothis Apollun (ⲁⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲩⲛ)
11 2 <hiero>tp:a-k:n-mwt-t:sbA</hiero> Ṭepā-Kenmut <hiero>S:tA-I2</hiero> ⲥⲓⲧ
Seta
Katanikotael Catarno Ouphisit Somachalmais Sith Herakles Syth Hecate (ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲏ)
12 3 <hiero>k-S3-mwt-t:sbA</hiero> Kenmut <hiero>k:n-F45A-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ
Knum
Saphthorael or Saphathoraél Hellors Chnouphos Charmine Thiumis or Thumus Hekate Thuimis Mercophta (ⲙⲉⲣⲕⲟⲫϯ)
Leo 13 4 <hiero>Xr:r-K?-k:n-mwt-t:sbA</hiero> Kher-khept-Kenmut <hiero>Xr:r-x:t-p:y-k:n:Aa15-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲁⲣⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ
Χar-Knum
Phobothel or Bobêl Jarea Chnoumos Zaloias Craumonis or Afruicois Hephaistos Aphruimis Typhon (ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲱⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
14 5 <hiero>HAt-DA-t:sbA</hiero> Ḥā-tchat <hiero>HAt-DA-sbA</hiero> ⲏⲧⲏⲧ
Ha-tet
Leroel or Kumeatêl Effraa Ipi Zachor Sic Isis Sithacer Peroeus (ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
15 6 <hiero>pH:y-DA-t:sbA</hiero> Peḥui-tchat <hiero>pH:y-DA-sbA</hiero> ⲫⲟⲩⲧⲏⲧ
Phu-Tet
Soubetti Hayas Phatiti Frich Futile or Eisie Sarapis Phuonisie Nephthe (ⲛⲉⲫⲑⲏ)
Virgo 16 7 <hiero>T-mA:t-Hr:r:t-sbA</hiero> Themat-ḥert <hiero>t:mA-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲱⲙ
Tom
Katrax or Atrax Angaf Athoum Zamendres Thumis or Thinnis Themis Thumi Isis (ⲓⲥⲓⲥ)
17 8 <hiero>T-mA:t-Xr:r:t-sbA</hiero> Themat-khert <hiero>Z7-M8-U33-bA-kA:sbA</hiero> ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲧⲉ—ⲃⲓⲕⲱⲧⲓ
Uste-bikot
Jeropa or Ieropaêl Bethapen Brysous Magois Tophicus or Tropicus Moirai Thopitus Piosiris (ⲡⲓⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ)
18 9 <hiero>G?-U33-i-sbA</hiero> Usthȧ <hiero>i-p:z-t:sbA</hiero> ⲁⲫⲟⲥⲟ
Aposot
Modobel or Buldumêch Baroche Amphatham Michulais Afut or Asuth Hestia Aphut Cronus (ⲕⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ)
Libra 19 10 <hiero>B2-U33-i-sbA</hiero> Bekathȧ <hiero>s-b-X:z-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲟⲩⲭⲱⲥ
Sob‿χos
Madero or Naôth Zercuris Sphoukou Psineus Seuichut or Senichut Erinys Serucuth Zeuda (ⲍⲉⲟⲩⲇⲁ)
20 11 <hiero>tp:a-W17-t:t-sbA</hiero> Ṭepā-khentet <hiero>tp*Z1:a-Z1-W17-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲟⲛⲧⲓ
Tpa-χont
Nathotho or Marderô Baham Nephthimes Chusthisis Sepisent or Atebenus Kairos Aterechinis Omphta (ⲟⲙⲫϯ)
21 12 <hiero>W17-t:t-Hr:r:t</hiero> Khentet-ḥert <hiero>W17-pt:sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ
Xont-har
Alath Pieret Phou Psamiatois Senta or Atepiten Loimos Arpien Ophionius (ⲟⲫⲓⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
Scorpio 22 13 <hiero>W17-t:t-Xr:r:t-sbA</hiero> Khentet-khert <hiero>W17-Xr:sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ
Spt-χne
Audameoth Haziza Name Necbeuos Sentacer or Asente Nymphs Sentacer Arimanius (ⲁⲣⲓⲙⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
23 14 <hiero>T-Y4-s-n-W17-t*t:sbA</hiero> Themes-en-khentet <hiero>T-ms-s-n-W17-sbA</hiero> . . . . . .
Sesme
Nefthada Nacy Oustichos Turmantis Tepsisen or Asentatir Leto Tepiseuth Merota (ⲙⲉⲣⲱϯ)
24 15 <hiero>Aa18-p:t-x:n:nw-N21:N21-sbA</hiero> Sapt-khennu <hiero>s-p:t-x:n-T19-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲡⲧⲭⲛⲉ
Si-sesme
Akton Alleinac Aphebis Psermes Sentineu or Aterceni(-cem) Kairos (repeated) Senicer Panotragus (ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲧⲣⲁⲅⲟⲥ)
Sagittarius 25 16 <hiero>Hr:Z1-ib-P1-sbA</hiero> Ḥer-ab-uȧa <hiero>Hr:Z1-ib-P1-sbA</hiero> ʿⲣⲏⲟⲩⲱ
Hre-ua
Anatreth Ortusa Sebos Clinothois Eregbuo or Ergbuo Loimos (repeated) Eregbuo Tolmophta (ⲧⲟⲗⲙⲟⲫϯ)
26 17 <hiero>P6-W8:??:W10-V17-Ba16-S-s-m-w-sbA-Ba16a</hiero> Shesmu <hiero>z:S-mw-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ, ⲥⲓⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ
Sesme
Enautha or Enenuth Daha Teuchmos Thursois Sagon Kore Sagen Tomras (ⲧⲟⲙⲣⲁⲥ)
27 18 <hiero>k:n-m-w-sbA</hiero> Kenmu <hiero>k:n-Aa15:sbA</hiero> ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲙⲉ
Konime
Axesbyth or Phêth Satan Chthisar Renethis Chenene or Chenem Ananke Chenen Teraph (ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲫ)
Capricorn 28 19 <hiero>s-m-d:t*sbA</hiero> Semṭet <hiero>s-Aa15:t*sbA</hiero> ⲥⲙⲁⲧ
Smat
Hapax or Harpax Eracto Tair Renpsois Themeso Asklepios Themeso Soda (ⲥⲱⲇⲁ)
29 20 <hiero>tp:a-s-m-d:sbA</hiero> Ṭepā-semṭ <hiero>tp:a-s-Aa15:t*sbA</hiero> . . . . . . . .
Srat
Anoster Salac Epitek Manethois Epiemu or Epimen Hygieia Epima Riruphta (ⲣⲓⲣⲟⲩⲫϯ)
30 21 <hiero>z:r:t-E11-sbA</hiero> Sert <hiero>z:r-t:sbA</hiero> ⲥⲣⲱ
Si-srat
Physikoreth or Alleborith Seros Epichnaus Marcois Omot Tolma Homoth Monuphta (ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲩⲫϯ)
Aquarius 31 22 <hiero>zA-zA-z:r:t-sbA</hiero> Sasa-sert <hiero>zA-z:r:t*sbA</hiero> ⲥⲓⲥⲣⲱ
Tpa-χu
Aleureth or Hephesimireth Tonghel Isi Ularis Oro or Asoer Dike Oroasoer Brondeus (ⲃⲣⲟⲛⲇⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
32 23 <hiero>Xr:r-K?-z:r:t*sbA</hiero> Kher-khept-sert <hiero>Xr:r-x*p:t-z:r:sbA</hiero> . . . . . . . .
Xu
Ichthion Anafa Sosomo Luxois Cratero or Astiro Phobos Astiro Vucula (ⲃⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲗⲁ)
33 24 <hiero>Ax-Ax-sbA</hiero> Khukhu <hiero>tp:a-N8-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲩ
Tpa-Biu
Achoneoth or Agchoniôn Simos Chonoumous Crauxes Tepis or Amasiero Osiris Tepisatras Proteus (ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
Pisces 34 25 <hiero>bA-bA</hiero> Baba <hiero>N8-w-ra-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲩ
Biu
Autoth or Autothith Achaf Tetimo Fambais Acha or Atapiac Okeanos Archatapias Rephan (ⲣⲉⲫⲁⲛ)
35 26 <hiero>W17-Hr:r-w-sbA</hiero> Khent-ḥeru <hiero>tp:a-G30-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲡⲏⲃⲓⲟⲩ
Xont-Har
Phtheneoth or Phthenoth Larvata Sopphi Flugmois Tepibui or Tepabiu Dolus Thopibui Sourut (ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲣⲟⲩⲧ)
36 27 <hiero>Hr:Z1-ib-W17-n:t*w-sbA</hiero> Ḥer-ȧb-khentu <hiero>-G30-Z3-sbA-</hiero> ⲃⲓⲟⲩ, ⲧⲡⲓⲃⲓⲟⲩ
Tpi-biu
Bianakith Ajaras Syro Piatris Uiu or Aatexbui Elpis Atembui Phallophorus (ⲫⲁⲗⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ)

Ancient India

Шаблон:Main

In India, the division of the zodiac into 36 ten degree portions is called either the drekkana (drekkāṇa), the dreshkana (dreṣkāṇa), or the drikana (dṛkāṇa).[5]

The iconography and use of the drekkanas is mention earliest by Sphujidhvaja in Yavanajataka (269–270 CE), and given detailed treatment by Varahamihira in his Brihat-Samhita (550 CE). Modern scholars believe the decans were imported into India through the Greeks, who learned about them from the Egyptians.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

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Works cited

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Further reading

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External links