Английская Википедия:Democrat Party (Thailand)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox political party Шаблон:Politics of Thailand
The Democrat Party (Шаблон:Lang-th; Шаблон:Rtgs) is a Thai political party.[1] The oldest party in Thailand, it was founded as a royalist party; it now upholds a conservative[2][3] and pro-market position.[4][5]
The Democrat Party made its best showings in parliament in 1948, 1976, and 1996. It has never won an outright parliamentary majority. The party's electoral support bases are southern Thailand and Bangkok, although the party’s strength in Bangkok has declined rapidly since the 2019 general election. Since 2004, Democrat candidates won three elections for the governorship of Bangkok. From 2005 to 2019, the Democrat Party was led by Abhisit Vejjajiva, former prime minister.
Names
The Thai name of the party, Prachathipat (ประชาธิปัตย์), is derived from the word prachathipatai (ประชาธิปไตย) which means 'democracy', 'democratic' or 'democrat'. The party said it wanted the term to mean the people in whom democracy is vested.[6]
History
Party founding
The Democrat Party was founded by Khuang Aphaiwong on 5 April 1946, but the party considers 6 April as the party's founding day, to coincide with Chakri Memorial Day, as a conservative and royalist party, following the January 1946 elections. Early members included royalists opposed to Pridi Phanomyong and former Seri Thai underground resistance members. The party competed against the parties affiliated with Pridi Phanomyong and the Progressive Party of brothers Seni and Kukrit Pramoj. In the January 1946 elections, the Pridi-led coalition had won a majority in parliament. However, Pridi declined the nomination as prime minister and the parliament appointed Khuang as premier. Khuang resigned in March 1946, after being defeated on a bill, and was replaced by Pridi. The smaller Progress Party later merged with the Democrat Party.
Accusation against Pridi Phanomyong
After the death of King Ananda Mahidol in 1946, the Democrat Party accused Pridi of having been the mastermind behind the king's death and spread this propaganda throughout the capital.[7] Seni Pramoj's wife told the US chargé d'affaires that Pridi had the king assassinated, and Democrat Party members spread the same rumor to the British Embassy.[8] A few days after the king's death, a Democrat MP yelled out, "Pridi killed the King!" in the middle of a crowded theater.[9]
November 1947 coup and the 1949 Constitution
By the time of the elections of August 1946, the Democrat Party was backed by royalists like Prince Upalisarn Jubala, Srivisarn Vacha, Sridhamadibes, Borirak Vejjakarn, and Srisena Sombatsiri. Except for Prince Upalisarn Jubala, all of these figures would become Privy Councilors to King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Parties affiliated with Pridi continued to win a majority of seats in parliament. Pridi was appointed premier, but later conceded to Luang Thamrong Navasavat. A military coup led by Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram later overthrew the Thamrong government.
The palace persuaded Marshal Plaek to appoint Khuang Aphaiwong as figurehead civilian prime minister.[10] In subsequent elections on 29 January 1948, the Democrats won a majority for the first time, and reappointed Khuang as premier. Khuang packed his cabinet with palace allies, much to the consternation of the military. The military later, claiming that they were supporters of constitutional monarchy, demanded that Khuang resign. Marshal Plaek replaced Khuang as prime minister.
Although having no representatives in the cabinet, the Democrats had key representatives in the constitution drafting committee. Headed by Seni Pramoj and dominated by royalists under the direction of Prince Rangsit and Prince Dhani, the 1949 Constitution elevated the throne to its most powerful position since the 1932 overthrow of the absolute monarchy.[11] Among its features was a senate whose members were to be appointed directly by the king. The constitution triggered protests among much of the public. It was attacked as contrary to the purpose of the 1932 revolution. Critics were branded republicans and communists.[12]
Subsequent elections saw military-backed parties winning the majority in the House; however the Senate was still dominated by Democrats and other royalists. As Marshal Plaek was still premier, tensions between the military and the Democrat/palace-alliance steadily increased. On 29 November 1951, the military and the police seized power, just as King Bhumibol's ship was returning to Thai waters. Although the military's 1952 constitution, which was similar to the 1932 Constitution, called for elections, the Democrats had been practically barred from government for the following 23 years for their anti-military stance, denying them chances to serve the people.
Sarit Dhanarajata's government
Sarit Dhanarajata seized power from Marshal Plaek in 1957. Unlike Marshal Plaek, Sarit deified the throne, thus removing any advantage that the Democrats, who had previously been dominated by royalists, may have had. The junta did not immediately abrogate the 1952 constitution, but instead appointed Pote Sarasin as figurehead civilian premier. Elections were held on 15 December 1957, resulting in the Democrats losing to military-backed parties. Sarit's ally, General Thanom Kittikachorn, was appointed premier. Sarit later went to the US to seek treatment for liver cirrhosis. Eight months later, he recovered, returned and led another coup while dissolving parliament, abrogating the constitution, and ruling by revolutionary council. For the next nine years, there were no elections in Thailand, and the Democrat Party was dormant.
Thanom Kittikachorn's rule through military power
Thanom Kittikachorn, who had succeeded Sarit after his death, was pressured to promulgate a democratic constitution on 20 June 1968, and hold elections in February 1969. Parties affiliated with Thanom won the election, and the Democrats joined the opposition due to their anti-dictatorship stance. Thanom, his son Narong, and his brother-in-law Praphas Charusathien became known as the "three tyrants". They later executed a coup against their own government on 17 November 1971, abrogating the constitution and running the kingdom through a National Executive Council. Beginning in 1972, popular demands for democratic freedoms began to grow. In response to the demands, the National Executive Council drafted a new charter in December 1972, which established a wholly appointed 299-member National Legislative Assembly.
Shift to an unstable civilian government
Opposition to the three tyrants culminated on 14 October 1973, when 400,000 persons protested at the Democracy Monument. A violent crackdown and subsequent intervention by the king led to the appointment of Privy Councilor Sanya Dhammasakdi as premier. The three tyrants left the kingdom. Sanya established a constitution drafting committee, consisting of Kukrit Pramoj (who by this time had established and defected to the Social Action Party) and many academics. The new constitution was promulgated on 7 October 1974.
Legislative elections were held in January 1975, resulting in none of the 22 parties coming close to winning a majority. The Democrats, led by Seni Pramoj, formed a coalition government in February 1974. Seni was appointed premier, but the coalition was unstable, and was replaced in less than a month by a Social Action Party-led coalition which appointed Social Action Party leader Kukrit Pramoj as premier.
Seni Pramoj and the 6 October 1976 massacre
The kingdom descended into political chaos, with anti-leftist groups growing increasingly violent. In January 1976, the military pressured Kukrit to dissolve parliament. Elections were scheduled on 14 April. The months leading up to the election were particularly eventful: The head of the Socialist Party was assassinated, the Red Gaur attempted to bomb the headquarters of the New Force Party (a leftist party), and the Chart Thai Party was established with the slogan "Right Kills Left". Seni Pramoj's Democrats won the most seats in the election, and formed an unstable coalition government.
Seni's government came under great pressure. A bill to extend elections to local levels was passed by parliament 149-19, but the king refused to sign the bill or return it to parliament, effectively vetoing it.[13] As anti-leftist sentiments mounted, Praphas Charusathien returned shortly from exile and met the king. Students protesting Praphas' return were attacked by Red Gaur paramilitary units. On 19 September 1976, Thanom also returned from exile and was immediately ordained as a monk at Wat Bovornives. Massive protests erupted. The king and queen returned from a trip to the south and visited monk Thanom, leading Seni to resign from the premiership in protest. His resignation was refused by parliament, but initial attempts to reshuffle his cabinet were vetoed by the king.[14] The political tension finally culminated in the 6 October 1976 massacre, when Village Scouts and Red Gaur joined with some military and police to massacre at least 46 students protesting at Thammasat University.[15] That evening, the military seized power and installed hard-line royalist Tanin Kraivixien as premier.
The military coup to restore order was endorsed by the king, who declared it was "a manifestation of what the people clearly wanted."[16] The new constitution did not express any obligation for the government to have a cabinet or elections, and gave the premier near-absolute powers.
The Democrat Party in the 1990s
The Democrat Party, being led by Bhichai Rattakul, became an outspoken opponent of military rule in Thai politics during the 1990s. The Democrat Party was the key member of the "People Power" movement in 1992.
Chuan Leekpai
The party's voter base is traditionally concentrated in southern Thailand and in Bangkok, where the party relies on the support from the capital's aristocratic, meritocratic, and educated middle and upper classes. In the 1990s, under the leadership of Chuan Leekpai, a native of Trang Province, the Democrats quickly became the dominant party in southern Thailand. The influences of provincial politicians from the south into the party created considerable tension with the party's Bangkok establishment. Chuan's "Mr. Clean" image, however, made him personally popular with Democrat Party supporters throughout Thailand, and so the party managed to stay cohesive under his leadership. The first Chuan government (1992–1995) fell when members of the cabinet were implicated in profiting from the Sor Phor Kor 4-01 land project documents distributed in Phuket Province.[17] Chuan was again premier from 1997 to 2001, in the midst of the 1997 Asian financial crisis and its aftermath. The party lost a landslide election victory to Thaksin Shinawatra's populist Thai Rak Thai (TRT) party, winning 128 seats compared to the TRT's 248 in the 2001 general election.
After the election in 2001,Thaksin Shinawatra the leader of Thai Rak Thai Party, became prime minister. New Aspiration Party has joined the government. Shortly thereafter. The New Aspiration Party was merged with the Thai Rak Thai Party. Mostly to join Thai Rak Thai party (the governing party) with Gen. Chavalit Yongchaiyudh except Lieutenant Colonel Thita Rangsitpol Manitkul, WRTA Member of the Parliament and Deputy Secretary of the party. Offset to the Democrat Party (Thailand) (Opposition Party) remains the only MPs moving from the opposition party government. During her tenure as a member of the House of Representatives.[18]
The Democrat Party in the 2000s
Banyat Bantadtan
In 2003, Chuan retired from his position as party leader. Banyat Bantadtan, a southerner and a close aide to Chuan, succeeded him after a closely fought leadership contest with Abhisit Vejjajiva.
Democrat Party's candidate Apirak Kosayothin won the 2004 Bangkok gubernatorial election; the TRT Party did not submit a candidate. The Democrat Party lost further ground to Thai Rak Thai in the 2005 general election. In the election campaign, the Democrats had a populist platform, promoting job creation, universal education and health care, and law and order against crime and corruption.[19] The party aimed to gain 201 seats, enough to launch a vote of a no confidence debate against the premier. They won 96 of 500 seats and 18.3 percent of the popular vote. The party's leader, Banyat Bantadtan, resigned after the election.
On 6 March 2005, Abhisit Vejjajiva was elected new party leader. Upon succeeding the party's leadership from Banyat, Abhisit noted, "It will take a long time to revive the party because we need to look four years ahead and consider how to stay in the hearts of the people."
Abhisit Vejjajiva and the Thai Rak Thai government
The popularity of the populist Thai Rak Thai Party in Thai politics from 2001 to 2006 presented new challenges to the Democrat Party. The TRT championed populist policies with its focus on providing affordable and quality health care for all citizens, village-managed microcredit development funds, the government-sponsored One Tambon One Product program, and others. The populist policies earned the TRT enormous support from rural constituencies, unprecedented in Thailand's history.
Opposition to the TRT government rose in Bangkok after Thaksin's family announced their tax-free sale of their 49.6 percent stake in Shin Corp to Temasek for almost 73.3 billion baht on 23 January 2006. The People's Alliance for Democracy began a series of anti-government protests. Several Democrat Party leaders also joined the PAD,[20] which accused Thaksin of disloyalty to the throne and asked King Bhumibol to appoint a replacement prime minister. Thaksin Shinawatra dissolved the House of Representatives on 24 February 2006 and called for an election. On 24 March 2006, Abhisit Vejjajiva publicly backed the People's Alliance for Democracy's call for a royally-appointed government. Bhumibol, in a speech on 26 April 2006, responded, "Asking for a royally-appointed prime minister is undemocratic. It is, pardon me, a mess. It is irrational".[21]
Abhisit and his opposition parties allies boycotted the April 2006 elections, claiming it "diverted public attention" from Thaksin's corruption charges and his sale of Shin Corp.[22] The boycott caused a constitutional crisis, prompting Thaksin to call another round of elections in October 2006, which the Democrats did not boycott. The army seized power on 19 September and cancelled the upcoming election.
2006 coup and military government
Abhisit voiced displeasure at the 2006 coup that overthrew Thaksin, but otherwise did not protest it or the military junta that ruled Thailand for over a year. A fact-finding panel at the attorney-general's office found that the Democrat Party bribed other parties to boycott the April 2006 parliamentary election, which forced a constitutional crisis, and voted to dissolve the party. It also found that Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party bribed other parties to contest the election. A junta tribunal acquitted Abhisit and the Democrats of the vote fraud charges, but convicted and banned the Thai Rak Thai party and its entire executive team.
Abhisit supported the junta's 2007 Constitution, calling it an improvement on the 1997 constitution.[23] The military junta organized general elections for 23 December 2007.
Despite being banned from politics for five years, Thaksin Shinawatra was popular in his former support bases in the central, north, and northeastern regions and attempted to maintain an active role in Thai politics by supporting the People's Power Party, which had become the successor party of the banned TRT. Abhisit promoted populist policies in his party's campaign as the Democrat Party's platform in the 2007 parliamentary election. He claimed that while his platform was categorically considered to be populist, it sought to curb inflation while maintaining fiscal soundness, to apply the village-based microcredit development funds used in the Thaksin-led government, but do it as part of promoting royalist sufficiency economy policies in rural areas, and to strengthen the country's long-term competitiveness through universal education through high school.
In the junta-administered 2007 parliamentary election, the People's Power Party won the largest share of the vote and formed a six-party coalition government. The Democrats' populist platform was poorly received in the central, north, and northeastern regions. The Democrat Party became the opposition party as it was the second-largest party in the House of Representatives.
People's Alliance for Democracy and the 2008 political crisis
The People's Alliance for Democracy resurfaced to destabilize the People's Power government, after having gone dormant following the 2006 coup. Several Democrat Party leaders allied themselves with PAD in the subsequent 2008–2010 Thai political crisis. PAD organized extended street protests and later led a months-long seizure of Government House, the seat of Thai government. In November 2008, PAD supporters seized and occupied Don Muang Airport and Suvarnabhumi Airport.
PAD declared that the only person they would accept as premier was Abhisit of the Democrat Party.[24] Abhisit disapproved of the sieges, but did not stop his deputies from their PAD involvement.[25]
2008–2011 coalition government
The sieges ended when the constitutional court banned the People's Power Party and two of its coalition allies. During the critical period that followed the rulings, it is alleged that army commander and co-leader of the 2006 coup, General Anupong Paochinda, coerced former PPP MPs, mainly those of the Friends of Newin Group, to endorse a Democrat Party-led coalition, which secured enough parliamentary votes to allow Abhisit to be elected prime minister. These MPs, along with MPs of four other former PPP-coalition parties, crossed the aisle to endorse a Democrat-led coalition government. In a December 2008 parliamentary session, the Democrat-led coalition government was voted upon, with 235 to 198 votes in favor of Democrat Party leader and candidate for PM Abhisit Vejjajiva.[26][27]
During Songkran (Thai New Year), anti-government UDD protesters disrupted the Fourth East Asia Summit.[28] Violent protests then erupted in Bangkok, leading Abhisit to declare a state of emergency for three days, censoring the media, and using military force to end the protests.
Soon afterward, PAD leader Sondhi Limthongkul was the target of an unsuccessful assassination attempt. Both Sondhi's son and Thaksin claimed that factions within the Democrat government were behind the assassination. Abhisit's foreign minister counter-claimed that Thaksin was behind it.[29][30][31]
2011 general election
Abhisit dissolved parliament in early-2011 and scheduled general elections for 3 July 2011. Abhisit unveiled a slate of candidates highlighted by 30 celebrities and heirs of political families, including Chitpas Bhirombhakdi, heiress of the Singha Beer fortune and former staff member of Abhisit's secretariat office.[32] Abhisit promised to increase the minimum wage by 25 percent if the Democrat Party won the election.[33]
At the general election on 3 July 2011, the Democrats were only able to defend 159 seats in the House of Representatives, while rivaling Pheu Thai Party led by Yingluck Shinawatra won an outright majority. The next day, Abhisit stepped down as the party leader.[34] However, on 6 August, he was re-elected as the leader of the Democrat Party with the support of 96 percent of those eligible to vote at the party's assembly—some 330 people including local branch leaders and MPs.[35]
2019 general election
In 2018, the Democrats held a contest for party leader in preparation for the upcoming election. Abhisit was re-elected party leader, beating former PDRC leader, Warong Dechgitvigrom, by approximately 10,000 votes.[36]
Abhisit said that the Democrats would not form a government with Phalang Pracharat, the most prominent pro-junta party. Additionally, he said the Democrats would not support Prayut Chan-o-cha for Prime Minister.[37] These statements was met with skepticism from both the junta and the media.
In April, Prayut responded by saying that he expected the Democrats to change their stance and work with the junta after the election.[38] Additionally, many commentators predicted Democrats would form a government coalition with Phalang Pracharat.[39]
The 2019 election proved to be a major upset to the party, which came in fourth place and won no seats in its traditional stronghold of Bangkok, leading to Abhisit resigning as party leader, having stated previously that he would do so if the party won fewer than 100 seats.[40] Jurin Laksanawisit was elected to succeed him on 15 May.[41] The Democrats then formed a pact with the Bhumjaithai Party, intending to use their combined 103 MPs as leverage for negotiations with other parties.[42] At the first meeting of the new parliament, Democrat ex-prime minister Chuan was nominated speaker of the House of Representatives by PPRP deputy leader Nataphol Teepsuwan and was elected to that office. This move was seen by commentators as a signal that a deal had been reached and a coalition with the Phalang Pracharat party was imminent.[43] The coalition was finally made official on 4 June, one day before the National Assembly was scheduled to vote for the prime minister, following a vote by party MPs and executives.[44] Following this, Abhisit resigned as MP, stating that he could not break his previous stance on not supporting Phalang Pracharat.[45]
2022 sexual scandal
Prinn Panitchpakdi, deputy leader of the Democrat Party was accused of many sexual misconduct cases, including rape.[46] Senior executives such as Kanok Wongtra-ngan and Mallika Boonmeetrakul Mahasuk left the party for a moral responsibility.[47]
2023 general election
The 2023 election proved another setback to the party, which slipped further down to sixth place with only 25 MPs,[48] prompting the resignation of party leader Jurin.[49] The Democrats once again won no seats in its traditional stronghold of Bangkok and received only 2.68% of the party-list vote in the capital. This is likely due to conservatives voting for the military-backed United Thai Nation while the educated middle class (once the Democrats’ core voter base) moved to the progressive Move Forward Party. Furthermore, the party lost ground in the historically Democrat southern provinces to other conservative parties.[50][51]
During the 2nd prime ministership election, 16 out of 25 Democrat MPs voted for the Pheu Thai candidate Srettha Thavisin despite agreeing to abstain. This caused a divide between the “New Democrat” MPs (who are more open to working with Pheu Thai) and the “Old Guard” MPs (who still view Pheu Thai as their historical rival.)
On 9 December 2023, a meeting was held to choose the party’s new leader with four candidates running for leadership — former prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva, the party’s acting leader Chalermchai Sri-on,former Democrat MP Lt-Colonel Thita Rangsitpol Manitkul [52]former MP and businesswoman Watanya “Madame Dear” Bunnag. Before the actual leadership vote was held, Watanya was forced out of the race due to not meeting the requirements which led to her immediately leaving the meeting in tears. After a brief chat between Abhisit and Chalermchai, Abhisit announced his decision to withdraw his candidacy and leave the party altogether. The meeting resulted in Chalermchai Sri-on being elected as the Democrat Party’s new leader.[53][54]
Democrat Prime Ministers
| Name | Portrait | Periods in Office | Participated Election |
|---|---|---|---|
| Khuang Aphaiwong | Файл:ควง อภัยวงศ์ 2475.jpg | 1 August 1944 – 31 August 1945 31 January 1946 – 24 March 1946 10 November 1947 – 8 April 1948 |
1946; 1947–1948 |
| Seni Pramoj | Файл:Seni Pramoj in 1945.jpg | 17 September 1945 – 31 January 1946 15 February 1975 – 13 March 1975 20 April 1976 – 6 October 1976 |
1975; 1976 |
| Chuan Leekpai | Файл:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg | 20 September 1992 – 19 May 1995 9 November 1997 – 9 February 2001 |
1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001 |
| Abhisit Vejjajiva | Файл:Abhisit Vejjajiva 2009 official.jpg | 17 December 2008 – 5 August 2011Шаблон:Efn | 2007, 2008, 2011, 2019 |
List of party leaders
| No. | Image | Name Шаблон:Small |
Term of office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Файл:ควง อภัยวงศ์ 2475.jpg | Khuang Aphaiwong Шаблон:Small |
1946 | 15 March 1968 |
| 2 | Файл:Seni Pramoj in 1945.jpg | Seni Pramoj Шаблон:Small |
1968 | 26 May 1979 |
| 3 | Файл:Thanat Khoman 1961.jpg | Thanat Khoman Шаблон:Small |
26 May 1979 | 3 April 1982 |
| 4 | Файл:Bhichai Rattakul 2010-04-01.jpg | Bhichai Rattakul Шаблон:Small |
3 April 1982 | 26 January 1991 |
| 5 | Файл:Chuan Leekpai 2010-04-01.jpg | Chuan Leekpai Шаблон:Small |
26 January 1991 | 20 April 2003 |
| 6 | Файл:Banyat Bantadtan 2010-04-01.jpg | Banyat Bantadtan Шаблон:Small |
20 April 2003 | 8 February 2005 |
| 7 | Файл:Abhisit Vejjajiva 2009 official.jpg | Abhisit Vejjajiva Шаблон:Small |
5 March 2005 | 24 March 2019 |
| 8 | Файл:Jurin Laksanawisit 2009 (cropped).jpg | Jurin Laksanawisit Шаблон:Small |
15 May 2019 | 14 May 2023 |
| 9 | Файл:Chalermchai Srion (cropped).jpg | Chalermchai Sri-on Шаблон:Small |
9 December 2023 | present |
Election results
General elections
Bangkok gubernatorial elections
| Election | Candidate | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Thammanoon Thien-ngern | 99,247 | 39.13% | Elected Шаблон:Y |
| 1985 | Chana Rungsang | 241,001 | 25.35% | Lost Шаблон:N |
| 1990 | Pravit Ruchirawong | 60,947 | 5.50% | Lost Шаблон:N |
| 1992 | Bhichit Rattakul | 305,740 | 40.39% | Lost Шаблон:N |
| 1996Шаблон:Efn | Bhichit Rattakul | 768,994 | 49.47% | Elected Шаблон:Y |
| 2000 | Thawatchai Sajakul | 247,650 | 11.17% | Lost Шаблон:N |
| 2004 | Apirak Kosayodhin | 911,441 | 38.20% | Elected Шаблон:Y |
| 2008 | Apirak Kosayodhin | 991,018 | 45.93% | Elected Шаблон:Y |
| 2009 | Sukhumbhand Paribatra | 934,602 | 44.41% | Elected Шаблон:Y |
| 2013 | Sukhumbhand Paribatra | 1,256,349 | 47.75% | Elected Шаблон:Y |
| 2022 | Suchatvee Suwansawat | 254,723 | 9.60% | Lost Шаблон:N |
Bangkok Metropolitan Council elections
| Election | Total seats won | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Increase1 seats | ||
| 1994 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Increase7 seats | ||
| 1998 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Increase16 seats | ||
| 2002 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Increase4 seats | ||
| 2006 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Increase7 seats | ||
| 2010 | Шаблон:Composition bar | Шаблон:Increase10 seats | ||
| 2022 | Шаблон:Composition bar | 348,852 | 15.06% | Шаблон:Decrease36 seats; Opposition |
See also
Notes
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокPacificне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Subhasvsti, "Noeng Sotwarot Subhasvasti", Bangkok: Family of M.C. Subhasvasti Wongsanit Svastivat, 1999, page 82
- ↑ Sulak Sivaraksa, "Powers That Be: Pridi Bhanomyong Through the Rise and Fall of Thai Democracy", Bangkok:Runkaew, 1999, page 18-19
- ↑ Rayne Kruger, The Devil's Discus, London: Cassell, 1964, page 103
- ↑ Frank C. Darling, "American Influence on the Evolution of Constitutional Government in Thailand" Thesis, American University, 1960, page 185
- ↑ Paul M. Handley, "The King Never Smiles" Yale University Press: 2006, Шаблон:ISBN
- ↑ The Bangkok Post, 5 February 1949
- ↑ Such a refusal to either sign or reject legislation was very rare. Seni's government did not dare vote to reject his veto, and simply passed over the issue.
- ↑ David Morell and Chai-Anan Samudavanija, "Political Conflict in Thailand: Reform, Reaction, Revolution", page 273
- ↑ 46 was the official death count, see Bryce Beemer, "Forgetting and Remembering "Hok Tulaa", the October 6 Massacre" Шаблон:Webarchive. Students were lynched and their bodies mutilated in front of cheering crowds.
- ↑ Andrew Turon, Jonathan Fast, and Malcolm Caldwell, eds. "Thailand: Roots of Conflict", Spokesman: 1978, page 91
- ↑ Media and democratic transitions in Southeast Asia Шаблон:Webarchive by Duncan McCargo
- ↑ https://thailandtwilight.wordpress.com/2009/01/07/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3-%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99-45/ Шаблон:User-generated source
- ↑ Aurel Croissant and Daniel J. Pojar, Jr., Quo Vadis Thailand? Thai Politics after the 2005 Parliamentary Election Шаблон:Webarchive, Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 6 (June 2005)
- ↑ The Nation, Conflicts of interest abound in dubious Democrat-PAD roles Шаблон:Webarchive, 29 October 2008
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Straits Times, In for 'roughest ride', 15 December 2008
- ↑ The Nation, Draft gets Democrats' vote Шаблон:Webarchive, 9 July 2007
- ↑ Bloomberg, Oxford Graduate Abhisit Elected in Thai Power Shift, 19 December 2008
- ↑ The Economist, New face, old anger, 18 December 2008
- ↑ The Nation, “สนธิ” เปิดใจครั้งแรก เบื้องลึกปมลอบยิง โยงทหารฮั้วการเมืองเก่า Шаблон:Webarchive, 1 May 2009
- ↑ The Telegraph, Thai army to 'help voters love' the government, 18 December 2008
- ↑ Korea Times Class War in Thailand Шаблон:Webarchive, 17 April 2009
- ↑ The Nation, Sondhi's son alleges "Gestapo" behind his father's assassination attempt Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Spiegle, 'I'm Like a Rat', 20 April 2009
- ↑ Taiwan News, Thai diplomat accuses ousted leader in shootings Шаблон:Webarchive, 22 April 2009
- ↑ The Nation, Democrat to unveil 30 celebrities as electoral candidates Шаблон:Webarchive, 11 May 2011
- ↑ SMH, 'Cloned' sister of former leader polls strongly in Thailand Шаблон:Webarchive, 14 June 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ The Nation, Abhisit re-elected as Democrat leader Шаблон:Webarchive, 6 August 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ นายควง อภัยวงศ์ ให้สัมภาษณ์ผู้แทนหนังสือพิมพ์สยามนิกร ฉบับวันที่ 7 กุมภาพันธ์ 2491
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Full member parties of the Liberal International
- Political parties in Thailand
- Political parties established in 1946
- 1946 establishments in Thailand
- Centrist parties in Asia
- Centre-right parties in Asia
- Conservative liberal parties
- Classical liberal parties
- Conservative parties in Thailand
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
- Страницы с ошибками в примечаниях
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