Английская Википедия:Demographics of India

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India is the most populous country in the world with one-sixth of the world's population. According to UN estimates, India overtook China in having the largest population in the world with a population of 1,425,775,850 at the end of April 2023.[1][2][3][4]

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2 billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.[4] its population is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.[5][6] In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking 112th in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.[7]

In 2022, the median age of an Indian was 28.7 years,[8] compared to 38.4 for China and 48.6 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's dependency ratio will be just over 0.4.[9] However, the number of children in India peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.[10]

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups,[11] and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages) as well as two language isolates: the Nihali language,[12] spoken in parts of Maharashtra, and the Burushaski language, spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir. 1,000,000 people in India are Anglo-Indians and 700,000 United States citizens are living in India.[13] They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.[14]

The sex ratio was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.[15] This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.[16]

History

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Historical population of India and China.svg
Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100

Prehistory to early 19th century

Шаблон:See also

The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with interpolated estimates and overall aggregate averages derived from their estimates.[17] [18]

Year Maddison (2001)[19] Clark (1967)[20][21][22] Biraben (1979)[21][23][24] Durand (1974)[25][21] McEvedy (1978)[26][21] Aggregate average Period Average
 % growth
/ century
Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century 		Population % growth
/ century
10,000 BC — — — — — — — — 100 000 — 100 000 — Stone Age 3.9
4000 BC — — — — — — — — 1 000 000 3.9 1 000 000 3.9
2000 BC — — — — — — — — 6 000 000 9.4 6 000 000 9.4 Bronze Age 9.4
500 BC — — — — — — — — 25 000 000 10 25 000 000 10 Iron Age 10.2
400 BC — — — — 30 000 000 — — — 26 600 000 6.3 28 300 000 13.2
200 BC — — — — 55 000 000 35.4 — — 30 000 000 6.3 42 500 000 22.5 Maurya era 22.5
1 AD 75 000 000 — 70 000 000 — 46 000 000 –9.3 75 000 000 — 34 000 000 6.5 60 000 000 18.8 Classical
era 		5.3
200 75 000 000 0 72 500 000 1.7 45 000 000 –1.1 75 000 000 0 39 000 000 7.1 61 300 000 1.1
400 75 000 000 0 75 000 000 1.7 32 000 000 –18.6 75 000 000 0 45 000 000 7.4 60 400 000 –0.7
500 75 000 000 0 75 000 000 0 33 000 000 3.1 75 000 000 0 48 000 000 6.5 61 200 000 1.3
600 75 000 000 0 75 000 000 0 37 000 000 12.1 75 000 000 0 51 000 000 6.5 62 600 000 2.3 Early
medieval
era 		1.9
700 75 000 000 0 75 000 000 0 50 000 000 35.1 75 000 000 0 56 500 000 10.3 66 300 000 5.9
800 75 000 000 0 75 000 000 0 43 000 000 –16.3 75 000 000 0 62 000 000 10.3 66 000 000 –0.5
900 75 000 000 0 72 500 000 –3.5 38 000 000 –13.2 75 000 000 0 69 500 000 11.4 66 000 000 0
1000 75 000 000 0 70 000 000 –3.5 40 000 000 5.3 75 000 000 0 77 000 000 11.4 67 400 000 2.1
1100 81 000 000 8 72 500 000 3.5 51 000 000 27.5 81 300 000 8.4 80 000 000 3.9 73 200 000 8.6 Late
medieval
era 		8.1
1200 87 500 000 8 75 000 000 3.5 65 100 000 27.5 88 200 000 8.4 83 000 000 3.8 79 800 000 9
1300 94 500 000 8 75 000 000 0 83 000 000 27.5 95 700 000 8.4 88 000 000 6 87 200 000 9.3
1400 102 000 000 8 77 000 000 3.3 88 800 000 7 103 700 000 8.4 94 000 000 6.8 92 900 000 7
1500 110 000 000 8 79 000 000 3.3 95 000 000 7 112 500 000 8.4 100 000 000 6.4 99 300 000 7
1600 135 000 000 22.8 100 000 000 26.6 145 000 000 52.6 135 800 000 20.7 130 000 000 30 129 200 000 30.1 Mughal era 31.9
1650 150 000 000 22.2 150 000 000 125 160 000 000 20.7 149 100 000 20.7 145 000 000 24.4 150 800 000 36.2
1700 165 000 000 22.2 200 000 000 77.8 175 000 000 20.7 163 900 000 20.7 160 000 000 21.8 172 800 000 31.3
1750 182 100 000 21.8 200 000 000 0 182 700 000 9 180 000 000 20.7 170 000 000 12.9 183 000 000 12.1 Colonial
era 		12.2
1800 200 900 000 21.8 190 000 000 –10.8 190 700 000 9 — — 185 000 000 18.4 190 400 000 8
1820 209 000 000 21.8 190 000 000 0 194 000 000 9 — — 200 000 000 47.7 198 300 000 22

The population grew from the South Asian Stone Age in 10,000 BC to the Maurya Empire in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,[27] before population growth slowed down in the classical era up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the early medieval era era up to 1000 AD.[19][21] The population growth rate then increased in the late medieval era (during the Delhi Sultanate) from 1000 to 1500.[19][21]

Under the Mughal Empire, India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,[27] due to Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production.[28] 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century British India[29] and contemporary Europe[29] up until the 19th century.[30] These estimates by Abraham Eraly[29] and Paolo Malanima[30] have been criticised by Tim Dyson, who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.[31]

Under the reign of Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.[32] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.[33] Nizamuddin Ahmad (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.[29] A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,[29] with larger cities including Agra (in Agra Subah) with up to 800,000 people[34] and Dhaka (in Bengal Subah) with over 1 million people.[35] Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of Aurangzeb (reigned 1658–1707).[32]

Late 19th century to early 20th century

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[36]

Years 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1902[36]
Total Fertility Rate in India 5.95 5.92 5.89 5.86 5.82 5.79 4.38 5.76 5.76 5.75 5.75 5.75
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[36]
Total Fertility Rate in India 5.761 5.77 5.78 5.79 5.8 5.81 5.82 5.83 5.85 5.86

Life expectancy from 1881 to 1950

Years 1881 1891 1901 1905 1911 1915 1921 1925 1931 1935 1941 1950[37]
Life expectancy in India 25.4 24.3 23.5 24.0 23.2 24.0 24.9 27.6 29.3 31.0 32.6 35.4

The population of India under the British Raj (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

Census year Population Growth (%)
1871[38] 238 830 958 –
1881[39] 253 896 330 6.3
1891[38] 287 223 431 13.1
1901[38] 293 550 310 2.2
1911[40] 315 156 396 7.4
1921[40] 318 942 480 1.2
1931[40] 352 837 778 10.6
1941[40] 388 997 955 10.2

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[41]

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief… that… late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation…".[42]

Salient features

Файл:IndiaIBRdata.jpg
Crude birth rate trends in India
(per 1000 people, national average)[43][44][45]
Файл:IndiaIMRates.jpg
Infant mortality rate trends in India
(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)

India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population[46] lived in about 638,000 villages[47] and the remaining 27.8%[46] lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.[48]

India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.[49] However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,[50][51] it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.[52]

Comparative demographics

Comparative demographics
Category Global ranking References
Area 7th [53]
Population 1st [53]
Population growth rate 102nd of 212 in 2010[54]
Population density 24th of 212 in 2010[54]
Male to Female ratio, at birth 12th of 214 in 2009[55]

List of states and union territories by demographics

Шаблон:Main

Population growth of India per decade[56]
Census year Population Change (%)
1951 361 088 003 –
1961 439 235 000 21.6
1971 548 160 000 24.8
1981 683 329 000 24.7
1991 846 387 888 23.9
2001 1 028 737 436 21.5
2011 1,210,193,422 17.7
Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
Rank State/UT Population[57] Percent (%) Male Female Difference between male and female Sex ratio Rural[58] Urban[58] Area[59] (km2) Density (per km2)
1 Uttar Pradesh 199 812 341 16.50 104 480 510 95 331 831 9 148 679 930 155 111 022 44 470 455 240 928 828
2 Maharashtra 112 374 333 9.28 58 243 056 54 131 277 4 111 779 929 61 545 441 50 827 531 307 713 365
3 Bihar 104 099 452 8.60 54 278 157 49 821 295 4 456 862 918 92 075 028 11 729 609 94 163 1102
4 West Bengal 91 276 115 7.54 46 809 027 44 467 088 2 341 939 950 62 213 676 29 134 060 88 752 1030
5 Madhya Pradesh 72 626 809 6.00 37 612 306 35 014 503 2 597 803 931 52 537 899 20 059 666 308 245 236
6 Tamil Nadu 72 147 030 5.96 36 137 975 36 009 055 128 920 996 37 189 229 34 949 729 130 058 555
7 Rajasthan 68 548 437 5.66 35 550 997 32 997 440 2 553 557 928 51 540 236 17 080 776 342 239 201
8 Karnataka 61 095 297 5.05 30 966 657 30 128 640 838 017 973 37 552 529 23 578 175 191 791 319
9 Gujarat 60 439 692 4.99 31 491 260 28 948 432 2 542 828 919 34 670 817 25 712 811 196 024 308
10 Andhra Pradesh 49 386 799 4.08 24 738 068 24 648 731 89 337 996 34 776 389 14 610 410 160 205 308
11 Odisha 41 974 218 3.47 21 212 136 20 762 082 450 054 979 34 951 234 6 996 124 155 707 269
12 Telangana 35 193 978 2.91 17 704 078 17 489 900 214 178 988 21 585 313 13 608 665 114 840 307
13 Kerala 33 406 061 2.76 16 027 412 17 378 649 −1 351 237 1084 17 445 506 15 932 171 38 863 859
14 Jharkhand 32 988 134 2.72 16 930 315 16 057 819 872 496 948 25 036 946 7 929 292 79 714 414
15 Assam 31 205 576 2.58 15 939 443 15 266 133 673 310 958 26 780 526 4 388 756 78 438 397
16 Punjab 27 743 338 2.29 14 639 465 13 103 873 1 535 592 895 17 316 800 10 387 436 50 362 550
17 Chhattisgarh 25 545 198 2.11 12 832 895 12 712 303 120 592 991 19 603 658 5 936 538 135 191 189
18 Haryana 25 351 462 2.09 13 494 734 11 856 728 1 638 006 879 16 531 493 8 821 588 44 212 573
19 Delhi (UT) 16 787 941 1.39 8 887 326 7 800 615 1 086 711 868 944 727 12 905 780 1484 11 297
20 Jammu and Kashmir 12 541 302 1.04 6 640 662 5 900 640 740 022 889 9 134 820 3 414 106 222 236 56
21 Uttarakhand 10 086 292 0.83 5 137 773 4 948 519 189 254 963 7 025 583 3 091 169 53 483 189
22 Himachal Pradesh 6 864 602 0.57 3 481 873 3 382 729 99 144 972 6 167 805 688 704 55 673 123
23 Tripura 3 673 917 0.30 1 874 376 1 799 541 74 835 960 2 710 051 960 981 10 486 350
24 Meghalaya 2 966 889 0.25 1 491 832 1 475 057 16 775 989 2 368 971 595 036 22 429 132
25 Manipur 2 855 794 0.24 1 438 687 1 417 107 21 580 985 1 899 624 822 132 22 327 128
26 Nagaland 1 978 502 0.16 1 024 649 953 853 70 796 931 1 406 861 573 741 16 579 119
27 Goa 1 458 545 0.12 739 140 719 405 19 735 973 551 414 906 309 3702 394
28 Arunachal Pradesh 1 383 727 0.11 713 912 669 815 44 097 938 1 069 165 313 446 83 743 17
29 Puducherry (UT) 1 247 953 0.10 612 511 635 442 −22 931 1037 394 341 850 123 479 2598
30 Mizoram 1 097 206 0.09 555 339 541 867 13 472 976 529 037 561 997 21 081 52
31 Chandigarh (UT) 1 055 450 0.09 580 663 474 787 105 876 818 29 004 1 025 682 114 9252
32 Sikkim 610 577 0.05 323 070 287 507 35 563 890 455 962 151 726 7096 86
33 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (UT) 380 581 0.03 202 871 177 710 25 161 876 244 411 135 533 8249 46
34 Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT) 343 709 0.03 193 760 149 949 43 811 774 183 024 159 829 491 698
35 Daman and Diu (UT) 243 247 0.02 150 301 92 946 57 355 618 60 331 182 580 112 2169
36 Lakshadweep (UT) 64 473 0.01 33 123 31 350 1773 946 14 121 50 308 32 2013
– Total (India) 1 210 854 977 100 623 724 248 586 469 174 35 585 741 943 833 087 662 377 105 760 3 287 240 382

Religious demographics

Шаблон:Main The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati district of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the 2011 census in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.

Religious populations' numbers (2011)[60]
Religion Population Percentage (%)
Hindus 966 378 868 79.80
Muslims 172 245 158 14.23
Christians 27 819 588 2.30
Sikhs 20 833 116 1.72
Buddhists 8 442 972 0.70
Jains 4 451 753 0.37
Others 7 937 734 0.66
Not Stated 2 867 303 0.24
Changes in religious demographics over time
Religious
group 		Population
% 1951 		Population
% 1961 		Population
% 1971 		Population
% 1981 		Population
% 1991 		Population
% 2001 		Population
% 2011[61]
Hinduism 84.1% 83.45% 82.73% 82.30% 81.53% 80.46% 79.80%
Islam 9.8% 10.69% 11.21% 11.75% 12.61% 13.43% 14.23%
Christianity 2.3% 2.44% 2.60% 2.44% 2.32% 2.34% 2.30%
Sikhism 1.79% 1.79% 1.89% 1.92% 1.94% 1.87% 1.72%
Buddhism 0.74% 0.74% 0.70% 0.70% 0.77% 0.77% 0.70%
Jainism 0.46% 0.46% 0.48% 0.47% 0.40% 0.41% 0.37%
Zoroastrianism 0.13% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.06% n/a
Others/Religion not specified 0.43% 0.43% 0.41% 0.42% 0.44% 0.72% 0.9%
Characteristics of religious groups[61]
Religious
group 		Population (2011)
% 		Growth
(2001–2011)[62][63] 		Sex ratio (2011)
(total)[64] 		Sex ratio (2011)
(rural) 		Sex ratio (2011)
(urban) 		Sex ratio (2011)
(child)[65] 		Literacy (2011)
(%)[66] 		Work participation (2011)
(%)[64][67]
Hinduism 79.80% 16.8% 939 946 921 913 73.3% 41.0%
Islam 14.23% 24.6% 951 957 941 943 68.5% 32.6%
Christianity 2.30% 15.5% 1023 1008 1046 958 84.5% 41.9%
Sikhism 1.72% 8.4% 903 905 898 828 75.4% 36.3%
Buddhism 0.70% 6.1% 965 960 973 933 81.3% 43.1%
Jainism 0.37% 5.4% 954 935 959 889 94.9% 35.5%
Others/Religion Not Specified 0.90% n/a 959 947 975 974 n/a n/a
Файл:Muslim Demographics of India.png
Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)[68]

Neonatal and infant demographics

Файл:India Male to Female Sex Ratio 1941 1951 1961 1981 1991 2001 2011.png
Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.[69] The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.

The table below represents the infant mortality rate trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.[70]

Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
Year Male Female Total
1998[71] 69.8 73.5 71.6
2005[70] 56.3 58 57[72]
2009[73] 49 52 –
2014[74] 43.7 37.90 40.7[72]
2018[75] 29.95 29.88 29.94[75]

Some activists believe India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female fetuses may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.[76] These claims are controversial. Scientists who study human sex ratios and demographic trends suggest that a birth sex ratio between 1.08 and 1.12 can be due to natural factors, such as the age of mother at the baby's birth, the age of father at conception, number of babies per couple, economic stress, endocrinological factors, and others.[77] The 2011 census birth sex ratio in India, of 917 girls to 1000 boys, is similar to birth sex ratios (870–930 girls to 1000 boys) observed in Japanese, Chinese, Cuban, Filipino and Hawaiian ethnic groups in the United States between 1940 and 2005. They are also similar to birth sex ratios (below 900 girls to 1000 boys) observed in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States.[78][79]

Population within the age group of 0–6

Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory[80]
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female Difference
1 Jammu and Kashmir 2 008 670 1 080 662 927 982 152 680
2 Himachal Pradesh 763 864 400 681 363 183 37 498
3 Punjab 2 941 570 1 593 262 1 348 308 244 954
4 Chandigarh 117 953 63 187 54 766 8421
5 Uttarakhand 1 328 844 704 769 624 075 80 694
6 Haryana 3 297 724 1 802 047 1 495 677 306 370
7 Delhi 1 970 510 1 055 735 914 775 140 960
8 Rajasthan 10 504 916 5 580 212 4 924 004 656 208
9 Uttar Pradesh 29 728 235 15 653 175 14 075 060 1 578 115
10 Bihar 18 582 229 9 615 280 8 966 949 648 331
11 Sikkim 61 077 31 418 29 659 1759
12 Arunachal Pradesh 202 759 103 430 99 330 4100
13 Nagaland 285 981 147 111 138 870 8241
14 Manipur 353 237 182 684 170 553 12 131
15 Mizoram 165 536 83 965 81 571 2394
16 Tripura 444 055 227 354 216 701 10 653
17 Meghalaya 555 822 282 189 273 633 8556
18 Assam 4 511 307 2 305 088 2 206 219 98 869
19 West Bengal 10 112 599 5 187 264 4 925 335 261 929
20 Jharkhand 5 237 582 2 695 921 2 541 661 154 260
21 Odisha 5 035 650 2 603 208 2 432 442 170 766
22 Chhattisgarh 3 584 028 1 824 987 1 759 041 65 946
23 Madhya Pradesh 10 548 295 5 516 957 5 031 338 485 619
24 Gujarat 7 564 464 3 974 286 3 519 890 454 396
25 Daman and Diu 25 880 13 556 12 314 1242
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 49 196 25 575 23 621 1954
27 Maharashtra 12 848 375 6 822 262 6 026 113 796 149
28 Andhra Pradesh 8 642 686 4 448 330 4 194 356 253 974
29 Karnataka 6 855 801 3 527 844 3 327 957 199 887
30 Goa 139 495 72 669 66 826 5843
31 Lakshadweep 7088 3715 3373 342
32 Kerala 3 322 247 1 695 889 1 626 358 69 531
33 Tamil Nadu 6 894 821 3 542 351 3 352 470 189 881
34 Puducherry 127 610 64 932 62 678 2254
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 39 497 20 094 19 403 691
– Total (India) 158 789 287 82 952 135 75 837 152 7 114 983

Population above the age of seven

Файл:2011-2016 Life Expectancy map for India by states.svg
Life expectancy map of India, 2011–2016.[81]
Population above the age of seven by state/union territory[80]
State or UT code State or UT Total Male Female
1 Jammu and Kashmir – – –
2 Himachal Pradesh – – –
3 Punjab – – –
4 Chandigarh – – –
5 Uttarakhand – – –
6 Haryana 22 055 357 11 703 083 10 352 274
7 Delhi 14 782 725 7 920 675 6 862 050
8 Rajasthan 58 116 096 30 039 874 28 076 222
9 Uttar Pradesh 169 853 242 88 943 240 80 910 002
10 Bihar 85 222 408 44 570 067 40 652 341
11 Sikkim 546 611 290 243 256 368
12 Arunachal Pradesh 1 179 852 616 802 563 050
13 Nagaland 1 694 621 878 596 816 025
14 Manipur 2 368 519 1 187 080 1 181 439
15 Mizoram 925 478 468 374 457 104
16 Tripura 3 226 977 1 644 513 1 582 464
17 Meghalaya 2 408 185 1 210 479 1 197 706
18 Assam 26 657 965 13 649 839 13 008 126
19 West Bengal 81 235 137 41 740 125 39 495 012
20 Jharkhand 27 728 656 14 235 767 13 492 889
21 Odisha 36 911 708 18 598 470 18 313 238
22 Chhattisgarh 21 956 168 11 002 928 10 953 240
23 Madhya Pradesh 62 049 270 32 095 963 29 953 307
24 Gujarat 52 889 452 27 507 996 25 381 456
25 Daman and Diu 217 031 136 544 80 487
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 293 657 167 603 126 054
27 Maharashtra 99 524 597 51 539 135 47 985 462
28 Andhra Pradesh 76 022 847 38 061 551 37 961 296
29 Karnataka 54 274 903 27 529 898 26 745 005
30 Goa 1 318 228 668 042 650 186
31 Lakshadweep 57 341 29 391 27 950
32 Kerala – – –
33 Tamil Nadu 65 244 137 32 616 520 32 627 617
34 Puducherry 1 116 854 545 553 571 301
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 340 447 182 236 158 211
– Total (India) 1 051 404 135 540 772 113 510 632 022

Literacy rate

Файл:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg
Literacy rate map of India, 2011.[82]
Literacy rate by state/union territory[80]
State or UT code State or UT Overall (%) Male (%) Female (%)
1 Jammu and Kashmir 68.74 76.75 58.01
2 Himachal Pradesh 83.78 90.83 76.60
3 Punjab 86.60 81.48 71.34
4 Chandigarh 86.43 90.54 81.38
5 Uttarakhand 79.63 88.33 70.70
6 Haryana 76.64 85.38 66.77
7 Delhi 86.34 91.03 80.93
8 Rajasthan 67.06 80.51 52.66
9 Uttar Pradesh 69.72 79.24 59.26
10 Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33
11 Sikkim 82.20 87.29 76.43
12 Arunachal Pradesh 66.95 73.69 59.57
13 Nagaland 80.11 83.29 76.69
14 Manipur 79.85 86.49 73.17
15 Mizoram 91.58 93.72 89.40
16 Tripura 87.75 92.18 83.15
17 Meghalaya 75.48 77.17 73.78
18 Assam 73.18 78.81 67.27
19 West Bengal 77.08 82.67 71.16
20 Jharkhand 67.63 78.45 56.21
21 Odisha 72.90 82.40 64.36
22 Chhattisgarh 71.04 81.45 60.59
23 Madhya Pradesh 70.63 80.53 60.02
24 Gujarat 79.31 87.23 70.73
25 Daman and Diu 87.07 91.48 79.59
26 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 77.65 86.46 65.93
27 Maharashtra 83.20 89.82 75.48
28 Andhra Pradesh[83] 67.35 74.77 59.96
29 Karnataka 75.60 82.85 68.13
30 Goa 87.40 92.81 81.84
31 Lakshadweep 92.28 96.11 88.25
32 Kerala 93.91 96.02 91.98
33 Tamil Nadu 80.33 86.81 73.86
34 Puducherry 86.55 92.12 81.22
35 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 86.27 90.11 81.84
– Overall (India) 74.03 82.14 65.46

Linguistic demographics

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Pie chart According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke Hindi natively, while the rest spoke Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results.

Languages of India by number of native speakers at the 2001 census[84]
Rank Language Speakers Percentage (%)
1 HindiШаблон:Refn 422 048 642 41.030
2 Bengali 83 369 769 8.110
3 Telugu 74 002 856 7.190
4 Marathi 71 936 894 6.990
5 Tamil 60 793 814 5.910
6 Urdu 51 536 111 5.010
7 Gujarati 46 091 617 4.480
8 Kannada 37 924 011 3.690
9 Malayalam 33 066 392 3.210
10 Odia 33 017 446 3.210
11 Punjabi 29 102 477 2.830
12 Assamese 13 168 484 1.280
13 Maithili 12 179 122 1.180
14 Bhili/Bhilodi 9 582 957 0.930
15 Santali 6 469 600 0.630
16 Kashmiri 5 527 698 0.540
17 Nepali 2 871 749 0.280
18 Gondi 2 713 790 0.260
19 Sindhi 2 535 485 0.250
20 Konkani 2 489 015 0.240
21 Dogri 2 282 589 0.220
22 Khandeshi 2 075 258 0.200
23 Kurukh 1 751 489 0.170
24 Tulu 1 722 768 0.170
25 Meitei (Manipuri) 1 466 705 0.140
26 Bodo 1 350 478 0.130
27 Khasi – Garo 1 128 575 0.112
28 Mundari 1 061 352 0.105
29 Ho 1 042 724 0.103
30 Tripuri 1 011 294 0.103

Largest cities of India

Шаблон:Main list Шаблон:Largest cities

Vital statistics

UN estimates

United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2022 revision – India[85]
Year Mid-year population Births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year Crude birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural change
(per 1000) 		Total Fertility rate Infant mortality (per 1000) Life expectancy
1950 357,021,000 15,651,000 7,942,000 7,709,000 43.8 22.2 21.6 5.73 181.2 41.7
1951 364,922,000 16,042,000 8,171,000 7,871,000 44.0 22.4 21.6 5.77 180.1 41.7
1952 372,997,000 16,458,000 8,293,000 8,165,000 44.1 22.2 21.9 5.82 177.5 42.0
1953 381,228,000 16,857,000 8,442,000 8,415,000 44.2 22.1 22.1 5.87 175.3 42.2
1954 389,731,000 17,247,000 8,414,000 8,833,000 44.2 21.6 22.7 5.91 172.2 43.0
1955 398,578,000 17,549,000 8,468,000 9,081,000 44.0 21.2 22.8 5.91 169.7 43.4
1956 407,657,000 17,844,000 8,533,000 9,310,000 43.8 20.9 22.8 5.91 167.3 43.8
1957 416,935,000 18,128,000 8,618,000 9,510,000 43.5 20.7 22.8 5.91 165.0 44.1
1958 426,296,000 18,370,000 8,673,000 9,696,000 43.1 20.3 22.7 5.90 162.7 44.4
1959 435,900,000 18,593,000 8,688,000 9,905,000 42.6 19.9 22.7 5.89 160.3 44.9
1960 445,955,000 18,958,000 8,756,000 10,201,000 42.5 19.6 22.9 5.92 158.2 45.2
1961 456,352,000 19,301,000 8,874,000 10,427,000 42.3 19.4 22.8 5.94 156.4 45.4
1962 467,024,000 19,663,000 8,969,000 10,693,000 42.1 19.2 22.9 5.95 154.5 45.7
1963 477,934,000 20,031,000 9,064,000 10,966,000 41.9 19.0 22.9 5.97 152.7 45.9
1964 489,059,000 20,407,000 9,177,000 11,230,000 41.7 18.8 23.0 5.98 151.1 46.2
1965 500,114,000 20,679,000 9,824,000 10,855,000 41.3 19.6 21.7 5.94 156.4 45.0
1966 510,993,000 20,913,000 9,886,000 11,027,000 40.9 19.3 21.6 5.88 154.7 45.3
1967 521,987,000 21,193,000 9,963,000 11,231,000 40.6 19.1 21.5 5.83 153.1 45.7
1968 533,432,000 21,454,000 9,486,000 11,968,000 40.2 17.8 22.4 5.76 145.0 47.5
1969 545,315,000 21,704,000 9,551,000 12,154,000 39.8 17.5 22.3 5.68 143.3 47.9
1970 557,501,000 22,043,000 9,606,000 12,437,000 39.5 17.2 22.3 5.62 141.7 48.2
1971 569,999,000 22,483,000 9,658,000 12,825,000 39.4 16.9 22.5 5.57 139.9 48.6
1972 582,838,000 22,835,000 9,702,000 13,133,000 39.2 16.6 22.5 5.48 138.5 49.0
1973 596,107,000 23,230,000 9,701,000 13,529,000 39.0 16.3 22.7 5.40 136.3 49.5
1974 609,722,000 23,559,000 9,628,000 13,931,000 38.6 15.8 22.8 5.33 133.3 50.2
1975 623,524,000 23,660,000 9,592,000 14,068,000 37.9 15.4 22.6 5.20 130.7 50.8
1976 637,451,000 24,021,000 9,572,000 14,449,000 37.7 15.0 22.7 5.13 127.9 51.4
1977 651,686,000 24,042,000 9,555,000 14,487,000 36.9 14.7 22.2 5.01 124.9 51.9
1978 666,268,000 24,243,000 9,520,000 14,723,000 36.4 14.3 22.1 4.89 121.7 52.5
1979 681,248,000 24,699,000 9,515,000 15,184,000 36.3 14.0 22.3 4.81 118.4 53.1
1980 696,828,000 25,235,000 9,530,000 15,705,000 36.2 13.7 22.5 4.78 115.2 53.6
1981 712,869,000 25,683,000 9,532,000 16,151,000 36.0 13.4 22.7 4.70 112.1 54.2
1982 729,169,000 25,964,000 9,512,000 16,452,000 35.6 13.0 22.6 4.62 109.3 54.7
1983 745,827,000 26,329,000 9,487,000 16,842,000 35.3 12.7 22.6 4.57 106.7 55.3
1984 762,890,005 26,777,000 9,471,000 17,307,000 35.1 12.4 22.7 4.52 104.2 55.8
1985 780,242,000 27,001,000 9,444,000 17,558,000 34.6 12.1 22.5 4.43 101.8 56.3
1986 797,879,000 27,522,000 9,434,000 18,088,000 34.5 11.8 22.7 4.40 99.4 56.8
1987 815,716,000 27,478,000 9,400,000 18,077,000 33.7 11.5 22.2 4.31 97.0 57.3
1988 833,730,000 27,654,000 9,369,000 18,286,000 33.2 11.2 21.9 4.22 94.6 57.8
1989 852,013,000 27,733,000 9,335,000 18,398,000 32.5 11.0 21.6 4.13 92.2 58.2
1990 870,452,000 27,692,000 9,306,000 18,386,000 31.8 10.7 21.1 4.05 89.8 58.7
1991 888,942,000 27,937,000 9,295,000 18,642,000 31.4 10.5 21.0 3.96 87.6 59.1
1992 907,574,000 28,057,000 9,285,000 18,772,000 30.9 10.2 20.7 3.88 85.5 59.5
1993 926,351,000 28,055,000 9,283,000 18,772,000 30.3 10.0 20.3 3.80 83.5 59.8
1994 945,262,000 28,207,000 9,270,000 18,937,000 29.8 9.8 20.0 3.72 81.4 60.2
1995 964,279,000 28,314,000 9,269,000 19,044,000 29.4 9.6 19.7 3.65 79.3 60.6
1996 983,281,000 28,305,000 9,262,000 19,043,000 28.8 9.4 19.4 3.58 77.1 61.0
1997 1,002,335,000 28,341,000 9,251,000 19,090,000 28.3 9.2 19.0 3.51 74.8 61.4
1998 1,021,435,000 28,381,000 9,245,000 19,136,000 27.8 9.1 18.7 3.45 72.5 61.8
1999 1,040,500,000 28,365,000 9,235,000 19,130,000 27.3 8.9 18.4 3.38 70.2 62.2
2000 1,059,634,000 28,615,000 9,221,000 19,394,000 27.0 8.7 18.3 3.35 67.8 62.7
2001 1,078,971,000 28,843,000 9,235,000 19,608,000 26.7 8.6 18.2 3.30 65.4 63.1
2002 1,098,313,000 28,648,000 9,186,000 19,462,000 26.1 8.4 17.7 3.22 63.1 63.6
2003 1,117,415,000 28,356,000 9,150,000 19,206,000 25.4 8.2 17.2 3.12 60.8 64.1
2004 1,136,265,000 28,099,000 9,136,000 18,963,000 24.7 8.0 16.7 3.05 58.6 64.5
2005 1,154,639,000 27,646,000 9,096,000 18,550,000 23.9 7.9 16.1 2.96 56.3 65.0
2006 1,172,374,000 27,229,000 9,080,000 18,149,000 23.2 7.7 15.5 2.86 54.1 65.4
2007 1,189,692,000 27,030,000 9,095,000 17,935,000 22.7 7.6 15.1 2.78 51.9 65.8
2008 1,206,735,000 26,890,000 9,123,000 17,767,000 22.3 7.6 14.7 2.72 49.6 66.1
2009 1,223,640,000 26,848,000 9,154,000 17,694,000 21.9 7.5 14.5 2.67 47.4 66.5
2010 1,240,614,000 26,599,000 9,162,000 17,437,000 21.4 7.4 14.1 2.60 45.2 66.9
2011 1,257,621,191 26,342,000 9,139,000 17,203,000 20.9 7.3 13.7 2.54 43.0 67.4
2012 1,274,487,215 26,027,000 9,072,000 16,954,000 20.4 7.1 13.3 2.47 40.8 67.9
2013 1,291,132,063 25,740,000 8,987,000 16,753,000 19.9 7.0 13.0 2.41 38.7 68.5
2014 1,307,246,509 24,899,000 8,876,000 16,023,000 19.0 6.8 12.3 2.31 36.7 69.1
2015 1,322,866,505 24,828,000 8,826,000 16,003,000 18.8 6.7 12.1 2.29 34.7 69.6
2016 1,338,636,340 24,783,000 8,839,000 15,944,000 18.5 6.6 11.9 2.27 32.8 70.1
2017 1,354,195,680 24,254,000 8,928,000 15,326,000 17.9 6.6 11.3 2.20 31.1 70.5
2018 1,369,003,306 24,168,000 9,098,000 15,070,000 17.7 6.6 11.0 2.18 29.4 70.7
2019 1,383,112,050 23,583,000 9,281,000 14,302,000 17.0 6.7 10.3 2.11 27.9 70.9
2020 1,396,387,127 23,139,000 10,262,000 12,876,000 16.6 7.4 9.2 2.05 26.6 70.1
2021 1,407,563,842 23,114,000 13,300,000  9,814,000 16.4 9.4 7.0 2.03 25.5 67.2
2022 1,417,173,173 23,056,027 12,862,015 10,194,012 16.3 9.1 7.2 2.01

Шаблон:GraphChart Шаблон:GraphChart Шаблон:GraphChart Шаблон:GraphChart

Census of India: sample registration system

Файл:2012 Fertility rate map of India, births per woman by its states and union territories.svg
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by states and union territories, 2012[86]
Файл:India TFR regions 2011.png
Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011
Census of India: sample registration system[87][88][89][90]
Year Average population
 Live births1 Deaths1 Natural change Crude birth rate
(per 1000) 		Crude death rate
(per 1000) 		Natural change
(per 1000) 		Total fertility rate
1981 716,493,000 24 289 000 8 956 000 15 333 000 33.9 12.5 21.4 4.52
1982 733,152,000 24 781 000 8 725 000 16 056 000 33.8 11.9 21.9 4.5
1983 750,034,000 25 276 000 8 925 000 16 351 000 33.7 11.9 21.8 4.5
1984 767,147,000 26 006 000 9 666 000 16 340 000 33.9 12.6 21.3 4.5
1985 784,491,000 25 810 000 9 257 000 16 553 000 32.9 11.8 21.1 4.3
1986 802,052,000 26 147 000 8 903 000 17 244 000 32.6 11.1 21.5 4.15
1987 819,800,000 26 316 000 8 936 000 17 380 000 32.1 10.9 21.2 4.1
1988 837,700,000 26 388 000 9 215 000 17 173 000 31.5 11.0 20.5 4.0
1989 855,707,000 26 185 000 8 814 000 17 371 000 30.6 10.3 20.3 3.9
1990 873,785,000 26 388 000 8 476 000 17 912 000 30.2 9.7 20.5 3.8
1991 891,910,000 26 133 000 8 741 000 17 392 000 29.3 9.8 19.5 3.64
1992 910,065,000 26 392 000 9 192 000 17 200 000 29.0 10.1 18.9 3.6
1993 928,226,000 26 640 000 8 633 000 18 007 000 0 9.3 19.4 3.5
1994 946,373,000 27 161 000 8 801 000 18 360 000 28.7 9.3 19.4 3.5
1995 964,486,000 27 295 000 8 680 000 18 615 000 28.3 9.0 19.3 3.5
1996 982,553,000 26 824 000 8 745 000 18 079 000 27.3 8.9 18.4 3.40
1997 1,000,558,000 27 215 000 8 905 000 18 310 000 27.2 8.9 18.3 3.3
1998 1,018,471,000 26 989 000 9 166 000 17 823 000 26.5 9.0 17.5 3.2
1999 1,036,259,000 26 943 000 9 015 000 17 928 000 26.0 8.7 17.3 3.2
2000 1,053,898,000 27 191 000 8 958 000 18 233 000 25.8 8.5 17.3 3.2
2001 1,071,374,000 27 213 000 9 000 000 18 213 000 25.4 8.4 17.0 3.10
2002 1,088,694,000 27 217 000 8 818 000 18 399 000 25.0 8.1 16.9 3.0
2003 1,105,886,000 27 426 000 8 847 000 18 579 000 24.8 8.0 16.8 3.0
2004 1,122,991,000 27 064 000 8 422 000 18 642 000 24.1 7.5 16.6 2.9
2005 1,140,043,000 27 133 000 8 664 000 18 469 000 23.8 7.6 16.2 2.9
2006 1,157,039,000 27 190 000 8 678 000 18 512 000 23.5 7.5 16.0 2.79
2007 1,134,024,000 26 195 954 8 391 778 17 804 176 23.1 7.4 15.7 2.7
2008 1,150,196,000 26 224 469 8 511 450 17 713 019 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.6
2009 1,166,228,000 26 240 130 8 513 464 17 726 666 22.5 7.3 15.2 2.6
2010 1,182,108,000 26 124 587 8 511 178 17 613 409 22.1 7.2 14.9 2.5
2011 1,197,658,000 26 108 944 8 503 372 17 605 572 21.8 7.1 14.7 2.44
2012 1,212,827,000 26 197 063 8 489 789 17 707 274 21.6 7.0 14.6 2.38
2013 1,227,012,000 26 258 057 8 589 084 17 668 973 21.4 7.0 14.4 2.34
2014 1,243,542,000 25 904 377 8 264 730 17 639 647 21.0 6.7 14.3 2.32
2015 1,259,108,000 26 189 446 8 184 202 18 005 244 20.8 6.5 14.3 2.27
2016 1,273,986,000 25,989,314 8,153,510 17,835,804 20.4 6.4 14.0 2.26
2017[91] 1,288,522,000 26,028,144 8,117,689 17,910,455 20.2 6.3 13.9 2.18
2018 1,324,609,000 26,492,180 8,212,576 18,279,604 20.0 6.2 13.8 2.15
2019 1,338,995,000 24,820,886 7,641,076 17,179,810 18.5 5.7 12.8 2.08[92]
2020 1,353,378,000 24,222,444 8,115,882 16,106,562 17.9 6.0 11.9 2.03
1 The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.

Life expectancy

Файл:Life expectancy development in India.svg
Life expectancy in India since 1881
Файл:Life expectancy by WBG -India -diff.png
Life expectancy in India since 1960 by gender
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 36.6
1955–1960 39.7
1960–1965 42.7
1965–1970 46.0
1970–1975 49.4
1975–1980 52.5
1980–1985 54.9
1985–1990 56.7
1990–1995 59.1
1995–2000 61.5
2000–2005 63.5
2005–2010 65.6
2010–2015 67.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects[93]

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (Census 9.II.2011)

Population by age group
Age group Male Female Total Percentage (%) Cumulative Percentage
0–4 58 632 074 54 174 704 112 806 778 9.32 9.32
5–9 66 300 466 60 627 660 126 928 126 10.48 19.8
10–14 69 418 835 63 290 377 132 709 212 10.96 30.76
15–19 63 982 396 56 544 053 120 526 449 9.95 40.71
20–24 57 584 693 53 839 529 111 424 222 9.20 49.91
25–29 51 344 208 50 069 757 101 413 965 8.38 58.29
30–34 44 660 674 43 934 277 88 594 951 7.32 65.61
35–39 42 919 381 42 221 303 85 140 684 7.03 72.64
40–44 37 545 386 34 892 726 72 438 112 5.98 78.62
45–49 32 138 114 30 180 213 62 318 327 5.15 83.77
50–54 25 843 266 23 225 988 49 069 254 4.05 87.82
55–59 19 456 012 19 690 043 39 146 055 3.23 91.05
60–64 18 701 749 18 961 958 37 663 707 3.11 94.16
65–69 12 944 326 13 510 657 26 454 983 2.18 96.34
70–74 9 651 499 9 557 343 19 208 842 1.59 97.93
75–79 4 490 603 4 741 900 9 232 503 0.76 98.69
80–84 2 927 040 3 293 189 6 220 229 0.51 99.2
85–89 1 120 106 1 263 061 2 383 167 0.20 99.4
90–94 652 465 794 069 1 446 534 0.12 99.52
95–99 294 759 338 538 633 297 0.05 99.57
100+ 289 325 316 453 605 778 0.05 99.62
Unknown 2 372 881 2 116 921 4 489 802 0.37 99.99
Total 623 270 258 587 584 719 1 210 854 977 100.00
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 194,351,375 178,092,741 372,444,116 30.76
15–64 394,175,879 373,559,847 767,735,726 63.40
65+ 32,370,123 33,815,210 66,185,333 5.47

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (03.III.2016) (Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):[94]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 664,184,000 626,890,000 1,291,074,000 100
0–4 62,872,000 56,038,000 118,910,000 9.21
5–9 61,499,000 56,969,000 118,468,000 9.18
10–14 65,142,000 59,682,000 124,824,000 9.67
15–19 67,223,000 60,871,000 128,094,000 9.92
20–24 63,521,000 57,356,000 120,877,000 9.36
25–29 57,272,000 53,357,000 110,629,000 8.57
30–34 50,782,000 49,250,000 100,032,000 7.75
35–39 45,318,000 44,787,000 90,105,000 6.98
40–44 41,280,000 40,497,000 81,777,000 6.33
45–49 36,602,000 35,107,000 71,709,000 5.55
50–54 30,738,000 29,016,000 59,754,000 4.63
55–59 24,403,000 23,307,000 47,710,000 3.70
60–64 19,133,000 19,288,000 38,421,000 2.98
65–69 15,198,000 16,114,000 31,312,000 2.43
70–74 11,002,000 11,723,000 22,725,000 1.76
75–79 7,703,000 8,367,000 16,070,000 1.24
80+ 4,496,000 5,161,000 9,657,000 0.75
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 189,513,000 172,689,000 362,202,000 28.05
15–64 436,272,000 412,836,000 849,108,000 65.77
65+ 38,399,000 41,365,000 79,764,000 6.18

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.III.2021) (Includes data for the Indian-held part of Jammu and Kashmir, the final status of which has not yet been determined. Data are projections based on the 2011 Population Census.):[95]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 700 623 000 662 383 000 1 363 006 000 100
0–4 60 153 000 54 120 000 114 273 000 8.38
5–9 62 276 000 55 390 000 117 666 000 8.63
10–14 61 266 000 56 785 000 118 051 000 8.66
15–19 64 862 000 59 420 000 124 282 000 9.12
20–24 66 770 000 60 474 000 127 244 000 9.34
25–29 62 944 000 56 956 000 119 900 000 8.80
30–34 56 614 000 52 961 000 109 575 000 8.04
35–39 50 027 000 48 836 000 98 863 000 7.25
40–44 44 450 000 44 315 000 88 765 000 6.51
45–49 40 204 000 39 903 000 80 107 000 5.88
50–54 35 235 000 34 331 000 69 566 000 5.10
55–59 29 082 000 28 062 000 57 144 000 4.19
60–64 22 465 000 22 079 000 44 544 000 3.27
65–69 16 823 000 17 583 000 34 406 000 2.52
70–74 12 546 000 13 904 000 26 450 000 1.94
75–79 8 269 000 9 294 000 17 563 000 1.29
80+ 6 637 000 7 970 000 14 607 000 1.07
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 183 695 000 166 295 000 349 990 000 25.68
15–64 472 653 000 447 337 000 919 990 000 67.50
65+ 44 275 000 48 751 000 93 026 000 6.83

Fertility rate

From the Demographic Health Survey:[96]

Файл:TFR of India to 2016.svg
TFR of India to 2016
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
Year CBR – Total TFR – Total1 CBR – Urban TFR – Urban1 CBR – Rural TFR – Rural1
1992–1993 28.7 3.39 (2.64) 24.1 2.70 (2.09) 30.4 3.67 (2.86)
1998–1999 24.8 2.85 (2.13) 20.9 2.27 (1.73) 26.2 3.07 (2.28)
2005–2006 23.1 2.68 (1.90) 18.8 2.06 (1.60) 25.0 2.98 (2.10)
2015–2016 19.0 2.18 (1.8) 15.8 1.75 (1.5) 20.7 2.41 (1.9)
2019–2021 17.1 1.99 (1.6) 14.0 1.63 (1.4) 18.6 2.14 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
Year Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist/Neo-Buddhist Jain Other
2019–2021 1.94 (1.6) 2.36 (1.8) 1.88 (1.7) 1.61 (1.4) 1.39 (1.2) 1.60 (1.5) 2.15 (1.7)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
State (Population 2011) CBR – Total TFR – Total1 CBR – Urban TFR – Urban1 CBR – Rural TFR – Rural1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 22.6 2.74 (2.06) 18.6 2.08 (1.62) 24.0 2.99 (2.22)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 16.6 1.87 (1.57) 15.5 1.68 (1.41) 17.5 2.06 (1.73)
Bihar (104 099 452) 27.1 3.41 (2.48) 20.4 2.42 (1.83) 28.0 3.56 (2.58)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 16.6 1.77 (1.53) 14.0 1.57 (1.38) 18.0 1.85 (1.58)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 20.2 2.32 (1.82) 17.7 1.95 (1.61) 21.3 2.48 (1.91)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 15.5 1.70 (1.51) 13.9 1.54 (1.38) 17.2 1.86 (1.63)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 20.8 2.40 (1.81) 17.5 1.94 (1.52) 22.0 2.56 (1.91)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 15.9 1.81 (1.42) 15.2 1.65 (1.30) 16.5 1.92 (1.50)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 16.7 2.03 (1.54) 15.3 1.82 (1.39) 17.9 2.19 (1.64)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 16.1 1.83 (1.64) 13.9 1.53 (1.39) 17.0 1.96 (1.75)
Odisha (41 974 218) 18.1 2.05 (1.69) 15.6 1.73 (1.50) 18.7 2.12 (1.72)
Telangana (35 193 978) 17.1 1.79 (1.59) 17.1 1.67 (1.53) 17.2 1.88 (1.64)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.2 1.56 (1.47) 11.4 1.57 (1.47) 11.0 1.55 (1.46)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 21.7 2.55 (2.06) 16.3 1.78 (1.47) 23.5 2.83 (2.27)
Assam (31 205 576) 19.5 2.21 (1.78) 13.2 1.45 (1.25) 20.5 2.34 (1.87)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.8 1.62 (1.37) 13.5 1.59 (1.32) 14.0 1.63 (1.39)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 20.7 2.23 (1.88) 17.9 1.78 (1.58) 21.5 2.37 (1.97)
Haryana (25 351 462) 18.7 2.05 (1.63) 16.3 1.78 (1.44) 20.2 2.22 (1.75)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 17.7 2.01 (1.67) 13.9 1.58 (1.39) 19.4 2.18 (1.77)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 19.0 2.07 (1.60) 17.1 1.80 (1.43) 20.0 2.24 (1.71)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 15.3 1.88 (1.55) 12.0 1.43 (1.15) 15.7 1.92 (1.59)
Tripura (3 673 917) 15.3 1.69 (1.55) 12.7 1.40 (1.34) 16.4 1.80 (1.62)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.6 3.04 (2.79) 16.1 1.67 (1.57) 26.7 3.47 (3.18)
Manipur (2 855 794) 21.2 2.61 (2.33) 17.5 2.14 (1.96) 23.7 2.92 (2.57)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 21.4 2.74 (2.35) 16.3 1.78 (1.58) 24.1 3.38 (2.86)
Goa (1 458 545) 12.8 1.66 (1.37) 13.4 1.72 (1.37) 11.7 1.55 (1.37)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 17.9 2.12 (1.64) 17.0 1.69 (1.26) 18.2 2.29 (1.79)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 18.7 2.26 (2.15) 16.9 1.97 (1.89) 21.2 2.71 (2.54)
Sikkim (610 577) 11.4 1.17 (0.88) 12.1 1.11 (0.82) 11.1 1.21 (0.91)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.
Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021[97]
State (Population 2011) CBR – Total TFR – Total1 CBR – Urban TFR – Urban1 CBR – Rural TFR – Rural1
Uttar Pradesh (199 812 341) 20.5 2.35 (1.77) 16.7 1.88 (1.49) 21.8 2.50 (1.86)
Maharashtra (112 374 333) 13.8 1.71 (1.43) 12.6 1.50 (1.27) 15.0 1.89 (1.58)
Bihar (104 099 452) 25.9 2.98 (2.25) 20.4 2.35 (1.88) 27.0 3.11 (2.31)
West Bengal (91 276 115) 15.5 1.64 (1.42) 12.4 1.39 (1.24) 17.0 1.73 (1.48)
Madhya Pradesh (72 626 809) 17.2 1.99 (1.61) 13.7 1.61 (1.34) 18.5 2.12 (1.69)
Tamil Nadu (72 147 030) 13.7 1.76 (1.59) 12.7 1.61 (1.50) 14.6 1.89 (1.66)
Rajasthan (68 548 437) 18.7 2.01 (1.61) 15.3 1.67 (1.42) 19.8 2.11 (1.65)
Karnataka (61 095 297) 14.2 1.67 (1.38) 13.2 1.50 (1.25) 14.9 1.79 (1.46)
Gujarat (60 439 692) 15.0 1.86 (1.53) 13.3 1.65 (1.39) 16.3 2.0 (1.60)
Andhra Pradesh (49 386 799) 13.8 1.68 (1.55) 12.5 1.47 (1.36) 14.3 1.78 (1.64)
Odisha (41 974 218) 15.9 1.82 (1.52) 13.1 1.48 (1.26) 16.5 1.89 (1.57)
Telangana (35 193 978) 15.3 1.75 (1.55) 16.0 1.75 (1.57) 15.3 1.74 (1.54)
Kerala (33 406 061) 11.8 1.79 (1.68) 11.9 1.82 (1.71) 11.6 1.76 (1.65)
Jharkhand (32 988 134) 20.2 2.26 (1.87) 14.2 1.56 (1.32) 22.0 2.48 (2.04)
Assam (31 205 576) 16.8 1.87 (1.56) 13.1 1.50 (1.37) 17.4 1.93 (1.59)
Punjab (27 743 338) 13.3 1.63 (1.35) 12.1 1.55 (1.29) 14.0 1.68 (1.38)
Chhattisgarh (25 545 198) 16.4 1.82 (1.57) 13.6 1.42 (1.28) 17.2 1.94 (1.66)
Haryana (25 351 462) 16.4 1.91 (1.54) 14.1 1.65 (1.38) 17.5 2.04 (1.62)
Jammu and Kashmir (12 541 302) 13.1 1.41 (1.3)
Uttarakhand (10 086 292) 16.7 1.85 (1.46) 16.8 1.84 (1.47) 16.6 1.86 (1.47)
Himachal Pradesh (6 864 602) 12.7 1.66 (1.43) 11.2 1.43 (1.36) 12.9 1.69 (1.44)
Tripura (3 673 917) 14.5 1.70 (1.49) 11.0 1.39 (1.29) 15.8 1.81 (1.56)
Meghalaya (2 966 889) 24.2 2.91 (2.66) 14.8 1.57 (1.43) 26.5 3.31 (3.04)
Manipur (2 855 794) 17.4 2.17 (1.98) 14.7 1.84 (1.73) 19.1 2.38 (2.13)
Nagaland (1 978 502) 15.4 1.72 (1.57) 12.5 1.21 (1.13) 16.8 2.00 (1.82)
Goa (1 458 545) 10.3 1.30 (1.21) 10.3 1.26 (1.19) 10.3 1.36 (1.24)
Arunachal Pradesh (1 383 727) 16.0 1.80 (1.49) 14.8 1.44 (1.24) 16.2 1.88 (1.54)
Mizoram (1 097 206) 15.0 1.87 (1.78) 13.9 1.63 (1.56) 16.4 2.19 (2.08)
Sikkim (610 577) 10.2 1.05 (0.85) 7.8 0.71 (0.54) 11.7 1.32 (1.11)
Delhi 14.8 1.62 (1.29) 14.6 1.60 (1.27) 23.4 2.47 (2.06)
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). 1Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.

Regional vital statistics

Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state or UT(2010)[98]
State or UT Birth rate Death rate Natural growth rate Infant mortality rate
Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 15.6 15.5 15.8 4.3 4.8 3.3 11.3 10.7 12.6 25 29 18
Andhra Pradesh 17.9 18.3 16.7 7.6 8.6 5.4 10.2 9.7 11.3 46 51 33
Arunachal Pradesh 20.5 22.1 14.6 5.9 6.9 2.3 14.6 15.2 12.3 31 34 12
Assam 23.2 24.4 15.8 8.2 8.6 5.8 14.9 15.8 10.1 58 60 36
Bihar 28.1 28.8 22.0 6.8 7.0 5.6 21.3 21.8 16.4 48 49 38
Chandigarh 15.6 21.6 15.0 3.9 3.7 3.9 11.6 17.9 11.0 22 20 23
Chhattisgarh 25.3 26.8 18.6 8.0 8.4 6.2 17.3 18.4 12.4 51 52 44
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 26.6 26.0 28.6 4.7 5.1 3.3 21.9 20.9 25.3 38 43 22
Daman and Diu 18.8 19.1 18.3 4.9 4.9 4.8 13.9 14.2 13.6 23 19 29
Delhi 17.8 19.7 17.5 4.2 4.6 4.1 13.6 15.0 13.4 30 37 29
Goa 13.2 12.6 13.7 6.6 8.1 5.7 6.6 4.5 8.0 10 10 10
Gujarat 21.8 23.3 19.4 6.7 7.5 5.5 15.1 15.8 14.0 44 51 30
Haryana 22.3 23.3 19.8 6.6 7.0 5.6 15.7 16.3 14.3 48 51 38
Himachal Pradesh 16.9 17.5 11.5 6.9 7.2 4.2 10.0 10.3 7.3 40 41 29
Jammu and Kashmir 18.3 19.5 13.5 5.7 5.9 4.7 12.6 13.6 8.8 43 45 32
Jharkhand 25.3 26.7 19.3 7.0 7.4 5.4 18.3 19.3 13.9 42 44 30
Karnataka 19.2 20.2 17.5 7.1 8.1 5.4 12.1 12.1 12.1 38 43 28
Kerala 14.8 14.8 14.8 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.8 7.7 8.1 13 14 10
Lakshadweep 14.3 15.5 13.2 6.4 6.1 6.7 8.0 9.5 6.5 25 23 27
Madhya Pradesh 27.3 29.2 20.5 8.3 9.0 6.0 18.9 20.2 14.5 62 67 42
Maharashtra 17.1 17.6 16.4 6.5 7.5 5.3 10.6 10.2 11.1 28 34 20
Manipur 14.9 14.8 15.3 4.2 4.3 4.0 10.7 10.5 11.3 14 15 9
Meghalaya 24.5 26.6 14.8 7.9 8.4 5.6 16.6 18.2 9.2 55 58 37
Mizoram 17.1 21.1 13.0 4.5 5.4 3.7 12.5 15.7 9.3 37 47 21
Nagaland 16.8 17.0 16.0 3.6 3.7 3.3 13.2 13.3 12.7 23 24 20
Odisha 20.5 21.4 15.2 8.6 9.0 6.6 11.9 12.4 8.6 61 63 43
Puducherry 16.7 16.7 16.7 7.4 8.2 7.0 9.3 8.5 9.6 22 25 21
Punjab 16.6 17.2 15.6 7.0 7.7 5.8 9.6 9.5 9.8 34 37 28
Rajasthan 26.7 27.9 22.9 6.7 6.9 6.0 20.0 20.9 16.9 55 61 31
Sikkim 17.8 18.1 16.1 5.6 5.9 3.8 12.3 12.3 12.3 30 31 19
Tamil Nadu 15.9 16.0 15.8 7.6 8.2 6.9 8.3 7.8 8.9 24 25 22
Tripura 14.9 15.6 11.5 5.0 4.8 5.7 9.9 10.8 5.8 27 29 19
Uttar Pradesh 28.3 29.2 24.2 8.1 8.5 6.3 20.2 20.7 17.9 61 64 44
Uttarakhand 19.3 20.2 16.2 6.3 6.7 5.1 13.0 13.5 11.1 38 41 25
West Bengal 16.8 18.6 11.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 10.7 12.6 5.6 31 32 25

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

Файл:2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg
Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.[99]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Total population

1,166,079,217 (July 2009 est. CIA),[100] 1,210 million (2011 census),[101] 1,389,637,446 (May 2022 est.)[102]

Rural population:

62.2%; male: 381,668,992, female: 360,948,755

Age structure:

0–14 years: 27.34% (male 186,087,665/female 164,398,204)
15–24 years: 17.9% (male 121,879,786/female 107,583,437)
25–54 years: 41.08% (male 271,744,709/female 254,834,569)
55–64 years: 7.45% (male 47,846,122/female 47,632,532)
65+ years: 6.24% (male 37,837,801/female 42,091,086) (2017 est.)

Median age:

Total: 28.7 years

Male: 28 years

female: 29.5 years (2020 est.)[103]

Population growth rate :

0.67% (2022 est)[104]

Literacy rate

74% (age 7 and above, in 2011)[105]
81.4% (total population, age 15–25, in 2006)[106]

Per cent of population below poverty line:

22% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7.8%

Net migration rate:

0.00 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)[103]

Sex ratio:

At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
Under 10 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
24–64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 69.7 years
Male: 68.4 years
Female: 71.2 years (2020 est.)[103]

Total fertility rate:

2.35 (2020 est.)[103][107][108]

The TFR (total number of children born per women) by religion in 2005–2006 was: Hindus, 2.7; Muslims, 3.1; Christians, 2.4; and Sikhs, 2.0.[109]

Religious Composition:

Hindus 79.5%, Muslims 15%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)[103][110][111][112][113]

Scheduled castes and tribes:

Scheduled castes: 16.6% (2011 census);[114][115] scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census)

Languages

See Languages of India and List of languages by number of native speakers in India. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total.[116][117]

Caste/Tribe

Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979. This was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:Шаблон:Citation needed

Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
Caste/Tribe population percentage notes
Total population 731,000,000 100% *Margin of error 0.34%
Scheduled castes and tribes 164,913,600 22.56%
Scheduled castes 110,015,500 15.05%
Scheduled tribes 54,898,100 7.51%
Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities 128,509,800 17.58%
Brahmin (including Bhumihar) 40,351,200 5.52%
Kshtriya (Rajput) 28,509,000 3.90%
Maratha 16,155,100 2.21%
Jats 7,310,000 1%
Vaishya, Bania, etc. 13,742,800 1.88%
Kayasthas 7,821,700 1.07%
Others 14,620,000 2%
Non-Hindu communities and groups 121,346,000 16.6% Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC
Muslim (Non S.T) 81,798,900 11.19% 0.02%
Christian (Non S.T) 15,789,600 2.16% 0.44%
Sikh (Non scheduled) 12,207,700 1.67% 0.22%
Buddhist (Non S.T) 4,897,700 0.67% 0.03%
Jain (Non scheduled) 3,435,700 0.47%
Other backward classes and communities (OBC) 380,120,000 52% *OBC is a derived figure
Hindu OBC 318,716,000 43.60%
Non-Hindu OBC 61,404,000 8.40% *52% of Non-Hindus

Ethnic groups

Шаблон:See also

The national Census of India does not recognise racial or ethnic groups within India,[118] but recognises many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

According to a 2009 study published by Reich et al.., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[119][120] 700,000 people from the United States of any race live in India.[13] Between 300,000 and 1 million Anglo-Indians live in India.[121]

For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see South Asian ethnic groups.

Шаблон:Pie chart

Genetics

Шаблон:See also

Y-chromosome DNA

[122]

Y-Chromosome DNA Y-DNA represents the male lineage, The Indian Y-chromosome pool may be summarised as follows where haplogroups R-M420, H, R2, L and NOP comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.[123]

  • H ~ 30%
  • R1a ~ 34%
  • R2 ~ 15%
  • L ~ 10%
  • NOP ~ 10% (Excluding R)
  • Other Haplogroups 15%

Mitochondrial DNA

[124]

Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of Haplogroup M[125]

Autosomal DNA

Файл:Cropped Tripuri.jpg
Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.

Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.

  • In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder et al. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[126]
  • In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins et al., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.[127][128]
  • Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins et al. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic fixation index data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.[128]
  • In 2006, Sahoo et al. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.[129][130]
  • The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.[127]

Charts

Шаблон:GraphChart

Шаблон:GraphChart

Шаблон:GraphChart

See also

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Government

Lists

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

  • Arnold, David. Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 (Oxford University Press, 2022) online review
  • Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "Family demography in India: Emerging patterns and its challenges." Sage Open 11.2 (2021): 21582440211008178. online
  • Шаблон:Citation. Joseph Chamie is former director of the United Nations Population Division and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
  • Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India." Spatial demography 3.2 (2015): 63–89. online
  • Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India." in International handbook of rural demography (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp. 169–189.
  • Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "History of the growing burden of cancer in India: from antiquity to the 21st century." Journal of Global Oncology 5 (2019): 1–15. online
Medieval India
  • Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
  • Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Wikiquote

Шаблон:Life in India Шаблон:Economy of India topics Шаблон:Asia in topic Шаблон:Census of India

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ UN Population Census Estimats
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Angus Maddison (2001), The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, pages 241–242, OECD Development Centre
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