Английская Википедия:Descendants of Queen Victoria
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English
Queen Victoria, the British monarch from 1837 to 1901, and Prince Albert (her husband from 1840 until his death in 1861) had 9 children, 42 grandchildren, and 87 great-grandchildren. Victoria was called the "grandmother of Europe". Шаблон:Toclimit
Overview
Victoria and Albert had 22 granddaughters and 20 grandsons, of whom two (the youngest sons of Prince Alfred and Princess Helena) were stillborn, and two more (Prince Alexander John of Wales and Prince Harald of Schleswig-Holstein) died shortly after birth.
Their first grandchild was the future German Emperor Wilhelm II, who was born to their eldest child, Princess Victoria, on 27 January 1859; the youngest was Prince Maurice of Battenberg, born on 3 October 1891 to Princess Beatrice (1857–1944), who was herself the last child born to Victoria and Albert and the last child to die. The last of Victoria and Albert's grandchildren to die (almost exactly 80 years after Queen Victoria herself) was Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (25 February 1883 – 3 January 1981).
Just as Victoria and Albert shared one grandfather (Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld) and one grandmother (Countess Augusta Reuss), two pairs of their grandchildren married each other:
- In 1888, Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, whose mother was Queen Victoria's daughter Alice, married Prince Henry of Prussia, son of Victoria's daughter Victoria.
- Another of Alice's children, Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse, married Princess Victoria Melita, daughter of Alice's brother Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1894, but divorced in 1901.
Prince Albert, the Prince Consort (26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861), lived long enough to see only one of his children married (Victoria, the Princess Royal) and two of his grandchildren born (Wilhelm II, 1859–1941, and his sister Princess Charlotte of Prussia, 1860–1919), while Queen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) lived long enough to see not only all her grandchildren, but many of her 87 great-grandchildren as well. (Three of Victoria's 56 great-grandsons were stillborn, another died shortly after birth, and one of her 31 great-granddaughters was born out of wedlock.)
Victoria, the Princess Royal and first child of Victoria and Albert (21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901), known as "Vicky", was not only the mother to their first grandchild, Wilhelm II; she was also the first of Victoria and Albert's children to become a grandparent, with the birth in 1879 of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, who was the daughter of Princess Charlotte (Queen Victoria's first granddaughter). The Princess Royal was also the grandmother of the last of Victoria and Albert's great-granddaughters to die, Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (4 May 1913 – 2 October 2007), daughter of Vicky's fourth daughter, Queen Sophia of Greece. After Katherine's death in 2007, the only surviving great-grandchild of Queen Victoria was Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg (31 October 1916 – 5 May 2012), born to Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, daughter of Victoria and Albert's third son, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.
The death of Count Carl Johan Bernadotte marked the end of a generation of royalty that began in 1879 with the birth of Princess Feodora and included the British Kings Edward VIII and George VI, the Norwegian King Olav V, the Romanian King Carol II and the Greek Kings George II, Alexander and Paul—as well as six uncrowned victims of political assassination: Earl Mountbatten of Burma (last Viceroy of India), Tsarevich Alexei of Russia and his sisters, the Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia.
Queen Victoria's death in January 1901 was preceded by the deaths of three of her children (Princess Alice in December 1878, Prince Leopold in March 1884, and Prince Alfred in July 1900) and soon followed by the Princess Royal's death in August 1901. Aside from the four boys who died as infants, Queen Victoria had survived seven of her grandchildren:
- Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864–1866) died of meningitis.
- Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine (1870–1873), a haemophiliac, fell from his mother's bedroom window and bled to death a few hours later.
- Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878) died of diphtheria.
- Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879) also died of diphtheria.
- Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (1864–1892) died of influenza.
- Prince Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1874–1899) shot himself with a revolver and died soon afterward.
- Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein (1867–1900) died of malaria while on active service in South Africa during the Boer War.
Victoria, Albert and their children
Ancestors of Victoria and Albert
Victoria and Albert had one pair of grandparents in common, Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf, who were parents both of Albert's father Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and of Victoria's mother (and Ernest I's sister), Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Duke Francis & Countess Augusta → Duke Ernest I → Prince Albert
Duke Francis & Countess Augusta → Princess Victoria → Queen Victoria
Another of Victoria's (but not Albert's) grandfathers was King George III, father of Victoria's father, the Duke of Kent, and his brothers, King George IV and King William IV.
Шаблон:Ahnentafel Шаблон:Ahnentafel
Marriage of Victoria and Albert
Queen Victoria (who had ascended to the throne on 20 June 1837 and been crowned on 28 June 1838) was married to Prince Albert on 10 February 1840 by William Howley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace in Westminster (London).[1] (Albert died 14-and-a-half years before Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India on 1 May 1876.)
| The Marriage of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage and children[2][3] | |
| Файл:Queen Victoria by Bassano.jpg | Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, later Empress of India |
24 May 1819 Kensington Palace, London |
22 January 1901 Osborne House, Isle of Wight |
Married 10 February 1840 at St James's Palace, Westminster (London) 4 sons, 5 daughters including
20 grandsons (of whom 2 were stillborn), 22 granddaughters including
|
| Файл:Albert, Prince Consort by JJE Mayall, 1860 crop.png | Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha later Prince Consort |
26 August 1819 Rosenau Castle, Coburg (Germany) |
14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, Berkshire | |
Children of Victoria and Albert
Queen Victoria, at times, had contentious relations with her children. She had trouble relating to her children when they were young, some of this possibly owing to her isolated childhood.[4] She also, occasionally, resented that they interfered with time that she would prefer to spend with Albert.[5] According to one modern author, both Victoria and Albert weren't above playing favourites with their children, and unfortunately did little to hide their favouritism.[5] Both Vicky and Alfred were the favorites of Albert, and Arthur enjoyed the favouritism of both his parents.[5]
According to one modern author, Victoria was initially jealous of the time that Albert had spent with Vicky, but in her widowhood, Victoria made Vicky something of her confidante,[6] and for her part, Vicky had accrued hundreds of letters from her mother, to the point that shortly before her death, she had them smuggled out of Germany by her brother's secretary, Sir Frederick Ponsonby.[7]
Of her sons, Victoria had the most trouble with her eldest, Albert Edward, and her youngest, Leopold.[6] Among her daughters, Victoria clashed often with Louise.[6] She also had an awkward relationship with her second-eldest daughter, Alice, whom the queen, despite praising her thoughtfulness, also criticised as being too melancholy and self-absorbed.[6] In her widowhood, Victoria expected Beatrice, who was only 4 when her father died, to remain at home with her, and only permitted her to marry on the condition that she and her husband would remain in England.[8]
| Portrait of Queen Victoria's family in 1846 by Franz Xaver Winterhalter |
|---|
Children and grandchildren of Victoria and Albert
Victoria, Princess Royal
The eldest child of Victoria and Albert was Princess Victoria, the Princess Royal, called "Vicky" (1840–1901). On 25 January 1858, she married Prince Frederick William of Prussia (1831–1888; Crown Prince from 1861, German Emperor March–June 1888). They had 8 children and 23 grandchildren.
Not only was the Princess Royal the first child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, she also gave them their first grandchild (the future Emperor Wilhelm II, 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) and was the grandmother to both the first of their 87 great-grandchildren to be born, Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (12 May 1879 – 26 August 1945), daughter of Princess Charlotte, and to the last of their 29 great-granddaughters to die, Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (4 May 1913 – 2 October 2007), daughter of Princess Sophie.
Queen Victoria → Princess Victoria → German Emperor William II → Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia → Princess Frederica of Hanover (Queen of the Hellenes) → King Constantine II
Queen Victoria → Princess Victoria → Princess Sophie of Prussia → King Paul → King Constantine II
Queen Victoria → Princess Victoria → Princess Sophie of Prussia → Helen, Queen of Romania → King Michael I
| The Marriage of Princess Victoria and Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes[2] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Vicky.jpg | Princess Victoria, Princess Royal |
21 November 1840 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
5 August 1901 Schloss Friedrichshof, Kronberg im Taunus, Grand Duchy of Hesse, (Germany) |
Married 25 January 1858 in St James's Palace, Westminster (London). 4 sons, 4 daughters (including German Emperor William II and Sophia, Queen of the Hellenes); 18 grandsons, 5 granddaughters (including Kings George II, Alexander and Paul of Greece and Queen Helen of Romania) ¶ Crown Prince Frederick William succeeded his father Emperor Wilhelm I on 9 March 1888, but died in June. |
| Файл:Crown Prince Friedrich of Prussia 1870 by Sergei Levitsky.jpg | Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, later Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia |
18 October 1831 New Palace, Potsdam, Prussia, (Germany) |
15 June 1888 New Palace, Potsdam, Prussia, (Germany) | |
Children of the Princess Royal and Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia
The portrait below shows the Princess Royal with her husband Frederick William and with Victoria and Albert's first two grandchildren, the future Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859–1941) and Princess Charlotte (1860–1919), who were the only grandchildren born during Albert's lifetime.
| Portrait of Crown Princess Victoria's family in 1862 by Franz Xaver Winterhalter |
|---|
Edward VII
Prince Albert Edward (1841–1910), then the Prince of Wales, married Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), later Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, on 10 March 1863. They had 3 sons (one of whom died within a day), 3 daughters, 7 grandsons (one stillborn) and 3 granddaughters. The Prince of Wales became King Edward VII and Emperor of India at the death of his mother Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901.
Edward and Alexandra's son, King George V, (reigned 1910–1936) was the father of Kings Edward VIII (reigned 1936) and George VI (1936–1952), and thereby the paternal grandfather of Queen Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022) and her sister Princess Margaret (1930–2002). Elizabeth and Margaret were therefore great-granddaughters of Edward VII and great-great-granddaughters of Queen Victoria.
Queen Victoria → King Edward VII → King George V → King George VI → Queen Elizabeth II → King Charles III
Edward and Alexandra's daughter Princess Maud of Wales became Queen of Norway when her husband, Prince Carl of Denmark, became King Haakon VII (1905–1957) upon the dissolution of Norway's union with Sweden in 1905. Their son, and Edward's grandson, became King Olav V (1957–1991); and Olav's children, King Harald V (since 1991), Princess Ragnhild and Princess Astrid, are thus great-grandchildren of Edward VII and great-great-grandchildren of Victoria and Albert.
Queen Victoria → King Edward VII → Princess Maud of Wales (Queen of Norway) → King Olav V → King Harald V
| The Marriage of Edward, Prince of Wales, and Princess Alexandra of Denmark | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage and children | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Eduard VII.jpg | Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII and Emperor of India |
9 November 1841 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
Married 10 March 1863 in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. 3 sons, 3 daughters (including King George V and Maud, Queen of Norway); 7 grandsons, 3 granddaughters (including British Kings Edward VIII and George VI, and Norwegian King Olav V) ¶ Edward acceded to the throne when his mother Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901. He and Princess Alexandra were crowned King and Queen on 2 August 1902 in Westminster Abbey (London) by Frederick Temple, the Archbishop of Canterbury. |
| Файл:Alexandra of Denmark02.jpg | Princess Alexandra of Denmark |
1 December 1844 Yellow Palace, near Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark |
20 November 1925 Sandringham House, Norfolk, England | |
Children of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra
| Photograph of the Prince of Wales's family in 1885 |
|---|
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes[3] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence (1864-1892).jpg | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale |
Шаблон:Sort Frogmore House, Windsor, Berkshire |
Шаблон:Sort Sandringham House, Norfolk |
Created Duke of Clarence and Avondale in 1890; died of influenza six days after his 28th birthday. Engaged in 1891 to his cousin Princess Mary of Teck, later Queen Mary. |
| Файл:King George 1923 LCCN2014715558 (cropped).jpg | Prince George, Prince of Wales, later George V, King of the United Kingdom |
Шаблон:Sort Marlborough House, London |
Шаблон:Sort Sandringham House, Norfolk |
Reigned from 6 May 1910 to 20 January 1936; married 1893 (July 6) Princess Mary of Teck, (26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953), later Queen Mary, and had issue (5 sons, 1 daughter): Edward, Prince of Wales (1894–1972) — later King Edward VIII (20 January – 11 December 1936) — later Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor (8 March 1937 – 28 May 1972), Prince Albert, Duke of York (1895–1952) — later King George VI (11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952) and father of Elizabeth II (1926–2022; reigned 1952–2022), Mary, Princess Royal (1897–1965), — later Countess of Harewood, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974), Field Marshal, Marshal of the RAF, Governor-General of Australia, Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942, killed on active duty). and Prince John (1905–1919). |
| Файл:Louise Princess Royal.jpg | Princess Louise, Princess Royal |
Шаблон:Sort Marlborough House, London |
Шаблон:Sort Portman Square, London |
Married 1889 (July 27) Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife (1849–1912) and had issue (1 son, 2 daughters): Alastair Duff, Earl of Macduff (stillborn, 1890), Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891–1959) (see below) and Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk (1893–1945). |
| Файл:Victoria de Gales.jpg | Princess Victoria | Шаблон:Sort Marlborough House, London |
Шаблон:Sort Coppins, Buckinghamshire |
Died unmarried. |
| Файл:1869 Maud.jpg | Princess Maud of Wales later Queen of Norway |
Шаблон:Sort Marlborough House, London |
Шаблон:Sort London |
Married 1896 (July 22) Prince Carl of Denmark (1872–1957), — later King Haakon VII of Norway (1905–1957) and had issue (1 son): Prince Alexander (1903–1991), — later Crown Prince and King Olav V of Norway (1957–1991) father of King Harald V of Norway. |
| Файл:Arms of the Prince of Wales (1841-1910).svg | Prince Alexander John of Wales | Шаблон:Sort Sandringham House, Norfolk |
Шаблон:Sort Sandringham House, Norfolk |
Born prematurely at 2:45 p.m., and died 24 hours later. He was christened privately by Reverend W. Lake Onslow in the evening after his birth. The christening was attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a lady-in-waiting and a doctor who had been at the birth.Шаблон:Citation needed |
Princess Alice
Princess Alice (1843–1878) married Prince Louis of Hesse (1837–1892), later Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse, on 1 July 1862. They had 2 sons (one of which, "Frittie", Prince Friedrich of Hesse, was a haemophiliac and died from bleeding out after a fall out of his mother's bedroom window), 5 daughters (one of whom died of diphtheria) and 15 grandchildren (two of whom died at a young age). Prince Ludwig succeeded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse as Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse, and Princess Alice as the Grand Duchess of Hesse, on 13 July 1877.
Alice and Louis's daughter, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, married Prince Louis of Battenberg, and was the mother of Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969), who became Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, when she married Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark on 6 October 1903. Princess Alice was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the prince consort of the United Kingdom who was the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. Princess Victoria was also the mother of Queen Louise of Sweden.
Queen Victoria → Princess Alice → Princess Victoria of Hesse → Princess Alice of Battenberg → Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Alice and Louis's second daughter, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, married, in 1884, the Russian Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the fifth son of Tsar Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna, and younger brother of the then reigning Tsar Alexander III. They had no children, but were the foster parents to Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, children to Sergei's youngest brother Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia. Following Sergei's assassination in February 1905, she eventually became a nun and was killed by the Bolsheviks on 18 July 1918. She was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia in 1981 and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate.
Prince Ernest Louis became Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, upon his father's death in March 1892. He married his first cousin, Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1876-1936), in April 1894, and had one daughter, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse who died of typhoid fever, aged 8. The couple were divorced on 21 December 1901. The Grand Duke married for a second time to Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (1871–1937), and had two sons: Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse who married Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and had issue, and Prince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine.
Princess Alix of Hesse, the youngest surviving child of the Grand Ducal pair, became the last Empress of All the Russias through her marriage to Nicholas II of Russia in 1894. They had five children: four daughters, the Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia, and one son, the Tsarevich Alexei, who was a haemophiliac. The Russian Imperial Family was executed on 17 July 1918 by Bolsheviks. The entire family was canonized by the Russian Orthodox church in 2000.
Queen Victoria → Princess Alice → Princess Alix of Hesse (Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia)
| The Marriage of Princess Alice and Louis IV of Hesse | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage and children | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Princess Alice reclining.jpg | Princess Alice | 25 April 1843 Buckingham Palace, London, England |
14 December 1878 New Palace, Darmstadt, Hesse (Germany) |
Married privately on 1 July 1862 (six months after the death of Alice's father Prince Albert), in the dining room of Osborne House, East Cowes (Isle of Wight), England 2 sons, 5 daughters (including Alexandra, the last Empress of Russia); 9 grandsons (1 stillborn), 7 granddaughters (including Queen Louise of Sweden and Earl Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy of India) ¶ Prince Louis became Grand Duke of Hesse on 13 June 1877, less than two years before Princess Alice's death. |
| Файл:LudwigIVHeRhein.jpg | Prince Louis of Hesse, later Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine |
12 September 1837 Darmstadt, Hesse |
13 March 1892 | |
Children of Princess Alice and Louis IV of Hesse
| Photograph of Princess Alice's family in 1876 |
|---|
| Picture | Name | Birth | Death | Notes[3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Victoria Hesse 1863.jpg | Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine | Шаблон:Sort Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England |
Шаблон:Sort Kensington Palace, London, England |
Married 1884 Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921), Admiral of the Fleet, First Sea Lord [later Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven, after renouncing German style and titles in July 1917], and had issue (2 sons, 2 daughters): Princess Alice (1885–1969), later Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, and mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Princess Louise (1889–1965), later Louise Mountbatten, Queen of Sweden and stepmother of Queen Ingrid of Denmark Prince George (1892–1938), later George Mountbatten, 2nd Marquess of Milford Haven and Prince Louis (1900–1979), later Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Admiral of the Fleet, last Viceroy of India & First Sea Lord |
| Файл:Elizabeth Fyodorovna of Russia.jpg | Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine | Шаблон:Sort Bessungen, Hesse, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Alapaevsk, Russia |
Married 1884 Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (born 1857; assassinated 1905), No children Princess Elisabeth was assassinated by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution, as was, separately, her sister Alix (Empress Alexandra) |
| Файл:Irene hesse1.jpg | Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine | Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Hemmelmark, West Germany |
Married 1888 Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929), son of her aunt Victoria, the British Princess Royal & German Empress (see above), and had issue (3 sons): Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889–1945), Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1896–1978) and Prince Henry of Prussia (1900–1904). |
| Файл:ErnstLodewijk.jpg | Ernest Louis, later Grand Duke of Hesse |
Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Langen, Germany |
Succeeded as head of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1892. |
| Married (1) 1894 Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1876–1936), daughter of his uncle Prince Alfred (see below), and had issue (1 son, 1 daughter): Princess Elisabeth (1895–1903) and an unnamed stillborn son (1900); ¶ the marriage ended in divorce in 1901. | ||||
| Married (2) 1905 Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (1871–1937) and had issue (2 sons): Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus (1906–1937) and Prince Louis (1908–1968). | ||||
| Файл:Frederico de hesse.JPG | Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine | Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Suffered from haemophilia and died from a brain haemorrhage after falling from a bedroom window. |
| Файл:Alexandra Fyodorovna LOC 01137u.jpg | Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, later Empress Alexandra of All the Russias |
Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Ekaterinburg, Russia |
Married 1894 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918), taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna, and had issue (1 son, 4 daughters): Grand Duchess Olga (1895–1918), Grand Duchess Tatiana (1897–1918), Grand Duchess Maria (1899–1918), Grand Duchess Anastasia (1901–1918), Tsarevich Alexei (1904–1918). ¶ The entire family was killed in July 1918 in the aftermath of the Bolshevik Revolution, as was Alexandra's sister, the Grand Duchess Elisabeth (Princess Elisabeth of Hesse) the following day. |
| Файл:Maria de Hesse.jpeg | Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine | Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany |
Died from diphtheria at 4 years old. |
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Alfred (1844–1900) married the Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920), the only surviving daughter of Tsar Alexander II and Empress Marie Alexandrovna, on 23 January 1874 at the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, Russia. They had 2 sons (one stillborn), 4 daughters, 10 grandsons (8 of whom survived their first week of life) and 9 granddaughters. In June 1893, Prince Alfred achieved the Royal Navy rank of Admiral of the Fleet, shortly before succeeding his uncle, Ernest II, as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in August 1893.
Prince Alfred's daughter (and Queen Victoria's granddaughter) Princess Marie of Edinburgh became Queen of Romania in 1914 after marrying the future King Ferdinand in 1893.
- King Ferdinand and Queen Marie's son King Carol II of Romania (Victoria's great-grandson) was the father of King Michael of Romania (the great-great-grandson of Victoria);
- their daughter (and Victoria's great-granddaughter) Princess Elisabeth was married from 1921 to 1935 to King George II of Greece (reigned 1922–1924 & 1935–1947); and
- their daughter (and Victoria's great-granddaughter) Princess Maria was married to King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (reigned 1921–1934) and the mother of King Peter II (reigned 1934–1945, another great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria)
Queen Victoria → Prince Alfred → Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Queen of Romania) → King Carol II → King Michael I
Queen Victoria → Prince Alfred → Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Queen of Romania) → Princess Elisabeth of Romania (Queen of the Hellenes)
Queen Victoria → Prince Alfred → Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Queen of Romania) → Princess Marie of Romania (Queen of Yugoslavia) → King Peter II
| The Marriage of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage and children | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Alfred-sachsen-coburg-gotha.jpg | Prince Alfred, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh; Admiral of the Fleet |
6 August 1844 Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England |
31 July 1900 Rosenau Castle, Coburg, Germany |
Married 23 January 1874 at the Winter Palace, St Petersburg, Russia; 2 sons (1 stillborn), 4 daughters (including Marie, Queen of Romania) 10 grandsons (of whom 1 stillborn), 9 granddaughters (including King Carol II of Romania, Queen Elisabeth of Greece and Queen Maria of Yugoslavia) ¶ Prince Alfred was made Duke of Edinburgh on 24 May 1866, and succeeded as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on 22 August 1893, living there until his death in 1900. |
| Файл:Maria Alexandrovna of Russia duchess of Edinburgh.jpg | Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia | 17 October 1853 Tsarskoye Selo, Russia |
24 October 1920 Zürich, Switzerland | |
Children of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and Grand Duchess Marie
| Photograph of the Ducal Family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha at Rosenau |
|---|
| Picture | Name | Birth | Death | Notes[3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Erbprinz-alfred-von-sachsen-coburg-gotha.jpg | Prince Alfred, later Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Шаблон:Sort Buckingham Palace, London |
Шаблон:Sort Martinnsbrunn Sanatorium, Gratsch, Merano (Meran), Austria |
Rumoured, but never proven to have married in 1898 Mabel Fitzgerald (with no issue). ¶ Alfred suffered from nervous depression and possibly syphilis. He supposedly attempted suicide by shooting himself with a revolver, and was sent to recover at Schloss (Castle) Friedenstein in Gotha, Germany, before being moved, while still badly wounded, to the Martinnsbrunn Sanatorium in Gratsch near Merano (Meran) in the South Tyrol (Austria, now Italy), where he died; however, this rumor is unproven. |
| Файл:Queen Mary of Romania 2.jpg | Princess Marie of Edinburgh, later Queen of Romania |
Шаблон:Sort Eastwell Park, Kent |
Шаблон:Sort Sinaia, Romania |
Married 1893 Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Romania (1865–1927), — later King Ferdinand I (1914–1927), and had issue (3 sons, 3 daughters): Crown Prince Carol (1893–1953), (see above) later King Carol II (1930–40), father of King Michael, Princess Elisabeta (1894–1956), (see above) later Queen of Greece, Princess Maria (1900–1961), later Queen of Yugoslavia and mother of King Peter II of Yugoslavia, Prince Nicholas (1903–1978), Princess Ileana (1909–1991), and Prince Mircea (1913–1916). |
| Файл:Vitoria Melita.JPG | Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha later Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia |
Шаблон:Sort San Antonio Palace, Malta |
Шаблон:Sort Amorbach, Bavaria, Germany |
Married 1894 (1) her paternal first cousin, Ernest Louis (1868–1937), Grand Duke of Hesse (1892–1918), the son of her aunt Princess Alice (see above), and had issue (1 stillborn son, 1 daughter): Princess Elisabeth (1895–1903) and an unnamed stillborn son (1900). ¶ The marriage ended in divorce in 1901. |
| Married 1905 (2), her maternal first cousin, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia (1876–1938) (heir to the Russian throne and self-proclaimed Emperor of all the Russias from 1924), and had issue (1 son, 2 daughters): Princess Maria Kirillovna (1907–1951), Princess Kira Kirillovna (1909–1967), and Prince Vladimir Kirillovich (1917–1992). | ||||
| Файл:Princess Alexandra of Hohenlohe.jpg | Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Шаблон:Sort Rosenau Castle, Coburg, Germany |
Шаблон:Sort Schwäbisch Hall, Germany |
Married 1896 Prince Ernest II of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1863–1950) and had issue (2 sons, 3 daughters): Prince Gottfried (1897–1960), Princess Marie-Melita (1899–1967), Princess Alexandra Beatrice (1901–1963), Princess Irma (1902–1986), and Prince Alfred (16–18 April 1911) ¶ The senior Princess Alexandra joined the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in 1937. |
| Файл:Arms of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.svg | Stillborn son | Шаблон:Sort Eastwell Park, Kent, England |
Шаблон:Sort Eastwell Park, Kent, England |
Died at birth. |
| Файл:Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg | Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | Шаблон:Sort Eastwell Park, Kent, England |
Шаблон:Sort Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain |
Married 1909 Prince Alfonso de Orléans y Borbón, Duke of Galliera (1886–1975), Spanish Air Force chief of staff, and had issue (3 sons): Prince Álvaro de Orléans (1910–1997), later Duke of Galliera, Prince Alonso de Orléans (1912–1936) and Prince Ataúlfo de Orleans (1913–1974). |
Princess Helena
Princess Helena (1846–1923) married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917) in Windsor Castle's private chapel on 5 July 1866. Two sons and two daughters survived childhood; two other sons died within ten days of their birth. Princess Helena and Prince Christian had no legitimate grandchildren and one natural granddaughter who died without having issue of her own. Like other British royal holders of German titles (such as Admiral Louis Battenberg), Princess Helena, Prince Christian, and their two daughters gave up their titles to Schleswig-Holstein in 1917 when the British and German Empires were at war.
| The Marriage of Princess Helena and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage and children | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Helena scan.jpg | Princess Helena | 25 May 1846 Buckingham Palace, London, England |
9 June 1923 Schomberg House, London, England |
Married 5 July 1866 in Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire. 4 sons (of whom 2 survived their first month), 2 daughters (including Duke Albert, Princess Helena Victoria, and Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein); 1 natural granddaughter (Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein, Duchess of Arenberg) ¶ Princess Helena and Prince Christian have no surviving descendants today; Valerie Marie died childless. |
| Файл:Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.jpg | Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein | 22 January 1831 Augustenborg, Denmark |
28 October 1917 Schomberg House, London, England | |
Children of Princess Helena and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
| Photograph of Princess Helena with her two eldest sons |
|---|
Princess Louise
Princess Louise (1848–1939), who married John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll (1845–1914) in 1871, was the only one of Victoria's nine children who was childless. She was the first British monarch's child since 1515 to marry a subject rather than someone of royal blood.
| The Marriage of Princess Louise and John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Princess Louise 1901 copy.jpg | Princess Louise | 18 March 1848 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
3 December 1939 Kensington Palace, London |
Married 21 March 1871, in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle (Berkshire) no issue ¶ The Marquess of Lorne was a member of the British House of Commons from 1868 to 1878 and from 1895 to 1900. From 1878 to 1883 he served as Governor General of Canada, representing his mother-in-law, Queen Victoria. In 1900, he succeeded as 9th Duke of Argyll (and thus joined the House of Lords). |
| Файл:Lorne.jpg | John Campbell, M.P., Marquess of Lorne, later Governor General of Canada, later 9th Duke of Argyll |
6 August 1845 London |
2 May 1914 Cowes, Isle of Wight | |
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Prince Arthur (1850–1942) married Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917) on 13 March 1879 at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. They had 2 daughters and 1 son.
In March 1911, the Duke of Connaught's nephew, George V (son of the Duke's recently deceased brother Edward VII), appointed his uncle to represent him as Governor General of Canada. He thus became the first, and so far only, Governor General of Canada to be of the Blood Royal, although he had been preceded in this office from 1878 to 1883 by the Marquess of Lorne, the non-royal husband of his sister Princess Louise (see above). [George V's son, the Duke of Gloucester, was later Governor-General of Australia, and the Duke of Connaught's son was later Governor-General of South Africa. See above and below.]
Prince Arthur's elder daughter (and Queen Victoria's granddaughter) Princess Margaret of Connaught became Crown Princess of Sweden in 1907 after marrying the future Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden in 1905 (however, Margaret died before Gustav became king).
- Princess Margaret and Prince Gustav Adolf's grandson (and the great-great-grandson of Victoria) Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden is the current monarch of Sweden having reigned from 1973. He is the youngest and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten.
- Their only daughter (and Victoria's great-granddaughter) Princess Ingrid of Sweden married Frederik IX of Denmark (reigned 1947–1972) and was the mother of the former queens of Greece—Anne-Marie—and Denmark—Margrethe II (the mother of Denmark's current King Frederik X).
- Their youngest son, Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg (1916–2012), was the last great-grandchild of Victoria and Albert to die.
Queen Victoria → Prince Arthur → Princess Margaret of Connaught → Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten → King Carl XVI Gustaf
Queen Victoria → Prince Arthur → Princess Margaret of Connaught → Princess Ingrid of Sweden → Queen Margrethe II of Denmark → King Frederik X of Denmark
Queen Victoria → Prince Arthur → Princess Margaret of Connaught → Princess Ingrid of Sweden → Queen Anne Marie of Greece
Queen Victoria → Prince Arthur → Princess Margaret of Connaught → Count Carl Johan Bernadotte
| The Marriage of Arthur, Duke of Connaught, and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught.jpg | Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Field Marshal, Governor General of Canada |
1 May 1850 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
16 January 1942 Bagshot Park, Surrey |
Married 13 March 1879 in St. George's Chapel of Windsor Castle (Berkshire) 1 son, 2 daughters 6 grandsons, 1 granddaughter (including Queen Ingrid of Denmark and Count Carl Johan Bernadotte, the last great-grandchild of Queen Victoria to die) ¶ The Duke of Connaught was made a Field Marshal in 1902 and served as Governor General of Canada (representing his nephew George V) from 1911 to 1916. |
| Файл:Louise Marguerite Prussia.png | Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia | 25 July 1860 Potsdam, Germany |
14 March 1917 Clarence House, Westminster (London) | |
Children of Arthur, Duke of Connaught, and Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia
| Photograph of the Duke of Connaught's family |
|---|
| Picture | Name | Birth | Death | Notes[3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Margaret of Connaught.png | Princess Margaret of Connaught later Crown Princess of Sweden |
Шаблон:Sort Bagshot Park, Surrey |
Шаблон:Sort Stockholm, Sweden |
Married 1905 Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden (1882–1973) — later King Gustav VI (1950–1973) and had issue (4 sons, 1 daughter): Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten (1906–1947) — father of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland (1907–2002), — later Count Sigvard Bernadotte of Wisborg Princess Ingrid (1910–2000), later Queen of Denmark, mother of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and mother of Queen Anne-Marie of Greece, Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland (1912–1997), and Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna (1916–2012), — later Count Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg and, after 2007, the last surviving great-grandchild of Queen Victoria. ¶ Princess Margaret died suddenly during medical treatment while 8 months pregnant with her 6th child, on her father's 70th birthday and 30 years before her husband would ascend the Swedish throne in 1950. |
| Файл:Prince Arthur of Connaught Garter.jpg | Prince Arthur of Connaught, Governor-General of the Union of South Africa (1920–24) |
Шаблон:Sort Windsor Castle, Berkshire |
Шаблон:Sort London, England |
Married 1913 Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891–1959), granddaughter of Edward VII (her husband's uncle) and thus Arthur's first cousin once removed, (see above) having issue (1 son): Prince Alastair (1914–1943), later 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. ¶ Prince Arthur became the third Governor General of South Africa in November 1920, and was succeeded in January 1924 by Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, husband of his cousin, Princess Alice of Albany (see below). |
| Файл:Princess pattricia.jpg | Princess Patricia of Connaught later Lady Patricia Ramsay |
Шаблон:Sort Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
Шаблон:Sort Windlesham, Surrey |
Married 1919 the Honourable Alexander Ramsay (1881–1972) and had issue (1 son): Alexander Ramsay of Mar (1919–2000). ¶ Princess Patricia relinquished her title of Princess and style of Her Royal Highness upon her marriage and was known as Lady Patricia Ramsay. (However, she kept her place in line of succession.) |
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Prince Leopold (1853–1884) married Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922) on 27 April 1882 at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. They had 1 daughter and 1 son. He inherited the disease of haemophilia from his mother, Queen Victoria, and spent most of his life as a semi-invalid.
His daughter, Princess Alice of Albany, married Prince Alexander of Teck, the younger brother of Queen Mary, in February 1904 and became Countess of Athlone when her husband was created Earl of Athlone in June 1917. She has so far been the longest-lived Princess of the Blood Royal of Britain and was the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria.
Prince Charles Edward, Prince Leopold's posthumous son, succeeded him at birth as 2nd Duke of Albany. In 1900, Charles Edward succeeded his uncle Alfred as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha but was forced to abdicate his ducal throne during the German Revolution of 1918, later gaining high positions in and through the Nazi movement. Because of his support for Germany in World War I, he lost his English knighthood in the Order of the Garter in 1915 and his British royal titles, peerages and honours in 1919. He is the grandfather of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden through his elder daughter, Princess Sibylla.
Queen Victoria → Prince Leopold → Prince Charles Edward → Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha → Carl XVI Gustaf
| The Marriage of Leopold, Duke of Albany, and Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Leopoldalbany.jpg | Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany |
7 April 1853 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
28 March 1884 Cannes, France |
Married 27 April 1882 in St. George's Chapel of Windsor Castle (Berkshire) 1 son, 1 daughter 5 grandsons, 3 granddaughters |
| Файл:Princess Helena, later Duchess of Albany (1861-1922), in her wedding dress.png | Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont | 17 February 1861 Arolsen, Waldeck (now Hesse, Germany) |
1 September 1922 Hinteriss, Tyrol, Austria | |
Children of Leopold, Duke of Albany, and Princess Helena
| Photograph of the Duke of Albany and his daughter in 1883 |
|---|
Princess Beatrice
Princess Beatrice (1857–1944) married Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896) on 23 July 1885 in St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham on the Isle of Wight. They had 3 sons, 1 daughter (the future Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain), 5 grandsons (1 stillborn) and 3 granddaughters. The present King Felipe VI of Spain, as the great-grandson of Victoria Eugenie, is the great-great-grandson of Princess Beatrice and thus the great-great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria.
Queen Victoria → Princess Beatrice → Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg (Queen of Spain) → Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona → King Juan Carlos I → King Felipe VI
Due to anti-German feeling during the First World War, the members of the Battenberg family who were British citizens relinquished their titles of Prince and Princess of Battenberg and the styles of Highness and Serene Highness. Under Royal Warrant, they instead took the surname Mountbatten, an Anglicised form of Battenberg.
Both Prince Henry and his youngest son Prince Maurice (the last-born of Victoria's grandchildren) died on active military service, the father from malaria contracted during the Ashanti War and the son in battle on the Western Front of World War I.
| The Marriage of Princess Beatrice and Prince Henry of Battenberg | ||||
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage and children | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Princess Beatrice 1886.jpg | Princess Beatrice | 14 April 1857 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London) |
26 October 1944 Brantridge Park, Sussex |
Married 23 July 1885, at St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham (near Osborne House) on the Isle of Wight 3 sons, 1 daughter (Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain) 5 grandsons (one of them stillborn), 3 granddaughters (including Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish heir apparent from 1933 to 1969) |
| Файл:Prince Henry of Battenberg.jpg | Prince Henry of Battenberg | 5 October 1858 Milan, Italy |
20 January 1896 Шаблон:HMS, near Sierra Leone (West Africa) | |
Children of Princess Beatrice and Prince Henry of Battenberg
| Photograph of Princess Beatrice with her children in 1900 |
|---|
| Picture | Name | Birth | Death | Notes[3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Alexander of Battenberg, Marquess of Carisbrooke.jpg | Prince Alexander of Battenberg, later Sir Alexander Mountbatten, first Marquess of Carisbrooke |
Шаблон:Sort Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England |
Шаблон:Sort Kensington Palace, London |
In 1917, Prince Alexander became Sir Alexander Mountbatten. On 7 November 1917, he was created Marquess of Carisbrooke, Earl of Berkhampsted and Viscount Launceston. Married 1917 Lady Irene Denison (1890–1956) and had issue (1 daughter): Lady Iris Mountbatten (1920–1982). |
| Файл:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg05.jpg | Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, later Queen of Spain |
Шаблон:Sort Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire Scotland |
Шаблон:Sort Lausanne, Switzerland |
Married in 1906 Alfonso XIII of Spain (1886–1931) and had issue (5 sons, 2 daughters): Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1907–1938), Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia (1908–1975), Infanta Beatriz (1909–2002), Infante Fernando (stillborn 1910), Infanta Maria Cristina (1911–1996), Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (1913–1993) — heir apparent and father of Juan Carlos I, and Infante Gonzalo (1914–1934) — a haemophiliac who died from bleeding after a car crash |
| Файл:Prince Leopold Mountbatten 05363v.jpg | Prince Leopold of Battenberg, later Lord Leopold Mountbatten |
Шаблон:Sort Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England |
Шаблон:Sort Kensington Palace, London |
As with his elder brother, he relinquished his title of Prince of Battenberg and the style His Highness and became Sir Leopold Mountbatten, by virtue of his being a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order. Under a further Royal Warrant, in September 1917, he was granted the style and precedence of the younger son of a Marquess, and became Lord Leopold Mountbatten. He suffered from haemophilia; died unmarried and without issue during a hip operation. |
| Файл:1891 Maurice-04.JPG | Prince Maurice of Battenberg | Шаблон:Sort Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
Шаблон:Sort Zonnebeke, Flanders, Belgium |
Killed in action during World War I. He was the last grandchild of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. |
See also
- Descendants of George V
- List of coupled cousins
- King Christian IX of Denmark, a Father-in-law of Europe
- Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
- John William Friso, the most recent ancestor of all current European royal houses until 2022
References
Sources and external links
- Eilers, Marlene A., Queen Victoria's Descendants, Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co.
- Descendants of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland, 1840-1945, "European Royalty during World War II" (retrieved 3 January 2010)
- Cadbury, Deborah, Queen Victoria's Matchmaking: The royal marriages that shaped Europe, New York: Public Affairs Press, 2017, Шаблон:ISBN
Шаблон:Queen Victoria Шаблон:Albert, Prince Consort
- ↑ Elizabeth Longford, The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes, 1989 (Шаблон:ISBN), pages 368-369
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Whitaker's Almanack, 1900, Facsimile Reprint 1999 (Шаблон:ISBN), page 86
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Whitaker's Almanack, 1999, Standard Edition, The Stationery Office, London, 1998, (Шаблон:ISBN), pages 127–129
- ↑ King, Greg Twilight of Splendor: The Court of Queen Victoria in Her Diamond Jubilee Year (John Wiley & Sons, 2007) pg. 46
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 King, pg. 46
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 King, pg. 47
- ↑ Pakula, Hannah An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick: Daughter of Queen Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser Wilhelm (Simon & Schuster, 1995), pgs. 593 & 594
- ↑ King, pg. 61
- ↑ Whitaker's Almanack, 1993, Concise Edition, (Шаблон:ISBN), pages 134–136
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Marlene A. Eilers, Queen Victoria's Descendants, 1987, Genealogical Publishing Company, p. 205
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