Английская Википедия:Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use list-defined references Шаблон:Infobox noble Sir Donough MacCarty,Шаблон:Efn 1st Earl of Clancarty (1594–1665), was an Irish soldier and politician. He succeeded his father as 2nd Viscount MuskerryШаблон:Efn in 1641. He rebelled against the government and joined the Irish Catholic Confederation, demanding religious freedom as a Catholic and defending the rights of the Gaelic nobility. Later, he supported the King against his Parliamentarian enemies during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.

He sat in the House of Commons of the Irish parliaments of 1634–1635 and 1640–1649 where he opposed Strafford, King Charles I's authoritarian viceroy.Шаблон:Efn In 1642, he sided with the Irish Rebellion when it reached his estates in Munster. He fought for the insurgents at the Siege of Limerick and the Battle of Liscarroll. He joined the Irish Catholic Confederates and sat on their Supreme Council. Having fought in the Irish Confederate Wars, he negotiated the Cessation of 1643, a cease-fire between the Confederates and the King. He tried to transform this cease-fire into a permanent peace and was the leader of the Confederates' peace party, which opposed the clerical faction led by Rinuccini, the papal nuncio. Together with President Mountgarret, he negotiated the Glamorgan Peace in 1645, which was disavowed by the King. In 1646 he captured Bunratty Castle from the Parliamentarians and negotiated the First Ormond Peace, which was rejected by Rinuccini, who excommunicating him. During the Cromwellian conquest, he lost the Battle of Knocknaclashy in 1651 but held on until 1652, defending Ross Castle against Edmund Ludlow. He was one of the last to surrender.

In 1653 during the Commonwealth he stood trial for war crimes but was acquitted. In exile on the continent, Charles II created him Earl of Clancarty. He recovered his lands at the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

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Birth and origins

Donough MacCarty was born in 1594Шаблон:R in County Cork, most likely at Blarney CastleШаблон:R or Macroom Castle, residences of his parents.Шаблон:R He was the secondШаблон:R but eldest surviving son of Charles (alias Cormac OgeШаблон:R) MacCarthy and his first wife Margaret O'Brien.Шаблон:R His father was at that time known as Sir Charles MacCarthyШаблон:R while his paternal grandfather, Cormac MacDermot MacCarthy, held the title as 16th Lord of MuskerryШаблон:EfnШаблон:R and owned the ancestral land covering large parts of central County Cork.Шаблон:R His father's family were the MacCarthys of Muskerry,Шаблон:R a Gaelic Irish dynasty that had branched from the MacCarthy-Mor line in the 14th centuryШаблон:RШаблон:RШаблон:R when a younger son received Muskerry as appanage.Шаблон:R

Donough's mother was the eldest daughter of Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond.Шаблон:R Donough was named for this grandfather (there were no Donoughs in the line of the MacCarthy of Muskerry).Шаблон:R The name is an anglicised, shortened form of the Gaelic first name Donnchadh.Шаблон:R Her family, the O'Briens, were another Gaelic Irish dynasty that descended from Brian Boru, medieval high king of Ireland.Шаблон:R

His parents had married about 1590.Шаблон:R He was one of seven siblings (two brothersШаблон:Efn and five sistersШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn). See the list in his father's article.

Religion

Although most Irish remained Catholics under the Protestant monarchs Henry VIIIШаблон:Sfn and Queen Elizabeth,Шаблон:Sfn both of MacCarty's grandfathers were Protestants. His paternal grandfather, Cormac MacDermot MacCarthy, had conformed to the established religion.Шаблон:Sfn MacCarty's maternal grandfather, Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond, had been brought up as Protestant at the English court.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn MacCarty's father seems to have been a protestant in his youth but later became Catholic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Early life, marriage, and children

When MacCarty's mother died, his father remarried to Ellen Roche. She was the eldest daughter of David Roche, 7th Viscount Fermoy and widow of Donal MacCarthy Reagh of Kilbrittain,Шаблон:R who had died in 1636.Шаблон:R None of the cited works mentions children from his father's second marriage.Шаблон:R MacCarty's stepmother's father was a zealous CatholicШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but a loyal supporter of the government.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1616Шаблон:Sfn MacCarty's father succeeded as the 17th Lord of Muskerry.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1628 King Charles I created MacCarty's father Baron Blarney and Viscount Muskerry. The titles were probably purchased.Шаблон:Sfn They had a special remainderШаблон:Sfn that designated Donough as successor, excluding his elder brother, who was alive at the time but probably had an intellectual disability.Шаблон:Sfn

MacCarty married Eleanor ButlerШаблон:Efn some time before 1633 as their eldest son was born in 1633 or 1634.Шаблон:Efn She was a Catholic, the eldest daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles.Шаблон:Sfn The Butlers were an Old English family descending from Theobald Walter, who came to Ireland during the reign of King Henry II.Шаблон:Sfn MacCarty was already in his late thirties while she was about twenty.Шаблон:Efn He had been married before and had a son Donall from this wife, but this earlier marriage seems to have been ignored by his family.Шаблон:Efn His marriage to Eleanor made him a brother-in-law of James Butler, who succeeded as 12th Earl of Ormond in 1633,Шаблон:Sfn just before or just after MacCarty's marriage. Ormond was a Protestant,Шаблон:Sfn as he had been brought up in England.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Anchor Donough and Eleanor had three sons:Шаблон:Sfn

  1. Charles (1633 or 1634 – 1665),Шаблон:Sfn also called Cormac,Шаблон:Sfn predeceased his father, being slain at sea in the Battle of LowestoftШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  2. Callaghan (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn succeeded his elder brother's infant son, Charles James, as the 3rd Earl of ClancartyШаблон:Sfn
  3. Justin (Шаблон:Circa – 1694),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn fought for the Jacobites and became Viscount MountcashelШаблон:Sfn

—and two daughters:Шаблон:Sfn

  1. Helen (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn became countess of Clanricarde. She married 1st Sir John FitzGerald of Dromana and 2ndly William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  2. Margaret (Шаблон:Died in), became countess of Fingall by marrying Luke Plunket, 3rd Earl of FingallШаблон:Sfn

House of Commons

When Charles I summoned the Irish Parliament of 1634–1635, MacCarty, already in his forties, stood for County Cork and was electedШаблон:Sfn as one of its two "knights of the shire" as county MPsШаблон:Sfn were then called.Шаблон:Sfn He had been knighted in 1634.Шаблон:Sfn The Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas WentworthШаблон:Sfn (the future Lord StraffordШаблон:Sfn) asked to vote taxes: six subsidies of £50,000Шаблон:Sfn (equivalent to about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn) were passed unanimously.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The parliament also belatedly and incompletely ratified the GracesШаблон:Sfn of 1628,Шаблон:Sfn in which the King conceded rights for money.Шаблон:Sfn

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MacCarty was re-elected for County Cork to the Irish Parliament of 1640–1649.Шаблон:Efn The parliamentary records list him as a knight,Шаблон:R but about 1638 his father had bought him a baronetcy of Nova Scotia.Шаблон:Sfn The King sold these for 3,000 merk Scots eachШаблон:Sfn or £166 13s. 4d. sterlingШаблон:Efn (equivalent to about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn). Under Strafford's guidance, the parliament unanimously voted four subsidies of £45,000Шаблон:Sfn (equivalent to about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn) to raise an Irish army of 9,000Шаблон:Sfn for use against the Scots in the Second Bishops' War.Шаблон:Sfn

In April Strafford left IrelandШаблон:Sfn to advise the King during the Short Parliament at Westminster.Шаблон:Sfn The Irish Commons saw their chance to complain about Strafford's authoritarian regime. They formed a committee for grievances of which MacCarty was a member.Шаблон:Sfn The committee prepared a remonstrance, called the November Petition, which was signed by all its members.Шаблон:Sfn The petition was then voted and approved by the Commons.Шаблон:Sfn MacCarty also was part of the delegation of 13 MPsШаблон:Sfn that went to London in NovemberШаблон:Sfn to submit the petition to the King.Шаблон:Sfn The Lords sent a separate delegation for their grievances. MacCarty's father was part of it.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:R

Viscount Muskerry

In February 1641, MacCarty's father, aged about 70, died in LondonШаблон:Sfn during his parliamentary mission. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.Шаблон:Sfn MacCarty succeeded as 2nd Viscount Muskerry. He lost his seat in the Commons where he was replaced by Redmond Roche, an uncle by his stepmother.Шаблон:Sfn As his ailing elder brother had died some time before,Шаблон:Sfn the title's special remainder did not need to be invoked. In March when Strafford was tried by the English House of Lords,Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry gave evidence that Strafford had prevented Irish people from seeing the King.Шаблон:Sfn When he came back to Dublin, Muskerry took his seat in the Irish House of Lords.Шаблон:Sfn

A 3/4-length painted portrait of Donough MacCarty, probably 2nd Viscount Muskerry at the time, showing a clean-shaven man with long curly hair or such a wig, wearing a lace jabot and clad in armour with a yellow sash with two tassels around his waist, standing in front of some drapery opening on a distant landscape with a palace and a French garden in front of it
Muskerry as army general

Irish wars

Ireland suffered 11 years of war from 1641 to 1652, which can be divided into the Rebellion of 1641, the Confederate Wars, and the Cromwellian Conquest. This Eleven Year WarШаблон:Sfn or Eleven Years WarШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn was a theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms,Шаблон:Sfn also known as the British Civil Wars.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Rebellion

Seeing the King weakШаблон:Sfn and trying to oppose plantations,Шаблон:Sfn Sir Phelim O'Neill launched the Rebellion from the northern province of Ulster in October 1641.Шаблон:Sfn He pretended, in his Proclamation of Dungannon,Шаблон:Sfn to have a royal commission sanctioning his actions.Шаблон:Sfn In Munster Muskerry socialised with Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, an English Protestant established in Ireland, with whom he had opposed Strafford. News of the rebellion reached Lord Cork at a dinner at Castlelyons where David Barry, 1st Earl of Barrymore entertained Muskerry and Cork's son Roger, Lord Broghill.Шаблон:Sfn Barrymore was an Irish Protestant and Cork's son-in-law.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry would later oppose Barrymore and Broghill in battle, but in February 1642 Muskerry still sided with Sir William St Leger, Lord President of Munster, against the insurgents.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry offered to raise an armed force of his tenants and dependants to maintain law and order.Шаблон:Sfn He and his wife tried to save Protestants fleeing from the insurgents.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In January 1642 the Munster insurgents under Maurice Roche, 8th Viscount Fermoy besieged Lord Cork in Youghal.Шаблон:Sfn

However, the rebellion was gaining ground,Шаблон:Sfn and on 2 March,Шаблон:Efn Muskerry changed sides,Шаблон:Sfn to defend the Catholic faith and the KingШаблон:Sfn as he explained on 17 March in a letter to Barrymore.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry believed Phelim O'Neill acted under a royal warrant,Шаблон:Sfn but the King had already denounced the Irish insurgents as traitors in January.Шаблон:Sfn Hearing of his defection, the Irish Parliament declared Muskerry's estates forfeit.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He lost the Dublin townhouse that his father had built about 1640,Шаблон:Sfn but the government could not seize his Munster estates.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Like many Catholic royalists, Muskerry imagined Charles could be convinced to accept Catholicism in Ireland as he accepted Presbyterianism in Scotland.Шаблон:Sfn He was also prompted to take up arms by the atrocities committed by William St Leger against the Catholic populationШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and by the approach of Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret with his rebel army.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry refused to serve under Mountgarret and competed for the leadership in Munster with Fermoy,Шаблон:Sfn an uncle by his stepmother. Fermoy had led the rebellion in Munster before Muskerry joinedШаблон:Sfn and outclassed him in terms of precedence,Шаблон:Efn but Muskerry was richer.Шаблон:Sfn At a meeting of the leaders at Blarney, Garret Barry, a veteran of the Spanish Army of Flanders, was made general of the Munster insurgents' army as a compromise.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was his second-in-command.Шаблон:Sfn

In March and April, Muskerry and FermoyШаблон:Sfn with 4,000 menШаблон:Sfn unsuccessfully besieged St Leger in Cork City.Шаблон:Sfn On 13 April Murrough O'Brien, 6th Baron Inchiquin, an Irish Protestant,Шаблон:Sfn lifted the siege by driving the insurgents from their base at Rochfordstown.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry lost his armour, tent, and trunks in this action.Шаблон:Sfn He and his lady stayed nearby at Blarney Castle at the time.Шаблон:Sfn On 16 May, Muskerry and Fermoy captured Barrymore Castle at Castlelyons, Barrymore's seat.Шаблон:Sfn St Leger died on 2 July,Шаблон:Sfn and Inchiquin, the vice-president, took over the command of the government forces in Munster.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Siege of Limerick

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Шаблон:Further In May and June 1642, Muskerry, Garret Barry, Patrick Purcell of Croagh, and Fermoy attacked Limerick.Шаблон:Sfn The town opened its gates willingly,Шаблон:Sfn but the Protestants defended King John's Castle in the Siege of Limerick. They were led by George Courtenay, 1st Baronet, of Newcastle,Шаблон:Sfn who was the constable of Limerick Castle.Шаблон:Sfn

Muskerry had a cannon placed on the tower of St Mary's Cathedral, which overlooked the castle.Шаблон:Sfn The besiegers attacked the castle's eastern wall and the bastion on its south-east corner by digging mines.Шаблон:Sfn The castle surrendered on 21 June and Muskerry took possession.Шаблон:Sfn The insurgents had already attacked castles in the Connello area west of Limerick, which had been settled with English during the Plantation of Munster.Шаблон:Sfn On 26 March Patrick Purcell had laid siege to Castletown,Шаблон:Sfn defended by Hardress Waller, the future Cromwellian general.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The castle fell in May.Шаблон:Sfn In July, Muskerry and Patrick Purcell used artillery, captured at King John's Castle, to take Kilfinny, defended by Elizabeth Dowdall,Шаблон:Sfn Waller's mother-in-law.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Siege and Battle of Liscarroll

A rectangular castle with cylindrical corner towers surrounded by a moat and with a ravelin before the gate.
Liscarroll Castle, captured by Muskerry the day before the battle

The Munster insurgents then attacked the castles of Sir Philip Perceval. In the summer of 1642 Muskerry took Annagh Castle, County Tipperary, and in August besieged Liscarroll Castle, County Cork. The castle surrendered on 2 September.Шаблон:Efn The next day Inchiquin with his army appeared before the castle.Шаблон:Sfn Despite inferior numbersШаблон:Sfn Inchiquin defeated the insurgents under General Garret Barry in the ensuing Battle of Liscarroll.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry allegedly panicked, fled, and caused others to flee.Шаблон:Sfn His Protestant acquaintance Barrymore died in September, supposedly of wounds received in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn

Confederation

In 1642 the insurgents organised themselves in the Irish Catholic Confederation. In May the Catholic Church declared the war lawful.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn An oath of association was dawn up.Шаблон:Sfn In October Muskerry attended the first Confederate General Assembly at KilkennyШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn where Mountgarret was elected president of the Confederation.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was not elected to the Supreme Council, but his rival Fermoy was.Шаблон:Sfn Garret Barry was made general of the Munster Army,Шаблон:Sfn despite his recent defeat and advanced age. Barry seems to have held the position until his death in March 1646 in Limerick,Шаблон:Sfn but others commanded in his stead. In 1643 Muskerry and Fermoy were both elected to the Supreme Council.Шаблон:Efn

Muskerry commanded the infantry at the Battle of Cloughleagh on 4 June 1643Шаблон:Sfn where the Irish cavalry under James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven, routed a detachment of Inchiquin's troopsШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn under Sir Charles Vavasour, 1st Baronet, of Killingthorpe, who had taken the Cloughleagh Tower House near Fermoy the day before.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry with the infantry arrived only after the decisive cavalry charge. Castlehaven considered him slow and called him "the old general".Шаблон:Sfn

Later that year, Muskerry led the Munster Army in an offensive against Inchiquin in County Waterford.Шаблон:Sfn Lieutenant-Colonel, Patrick Purcell, unsuccessfully besieged Lismore Castle, the seat of the Earls of Cork.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was about to take Cappoquin but engaged in parleysШаблон:Sfn and was outwitted by Inchiquin, who delayed the town's surrender until September when the cease-fire ended the war.Шаблон:Sfn

Cessation and Oxford conference

Muskerry, like most of the magnates among the Confederates, was afraid to lose title and land when the King regained control. He therefore adhered to a faction within the Confederates, called the peace party or the Ormondists,Шаблон:Sfn that sought an agreement that would protect against such a loss. The King, on the other hand, sought peace with the Confederates to be able to withdraw troops from Ireland for use in the English Civil War.Шаблон:Sfn In 1643, the King asked Ormond to open talks with the Confederates.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 September 1643 at Sigginstown, Strafford's unfinished house,Шаблон:Sfn the Confederates signed a cease-fire with Ormond, called the "Cessation".Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was one of the signatories.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Confederates agreed to pay the King £30,000 (equivalent to about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn) in several instalments.Шаблон:Sfn In return, the Confederates gained some degree of diplomatic recognition.Шаблон:Sfn The articles of the CessationШаблон:Sfn gave Lismore Castle and Cappoquin to Inchiquin.Шаблон:Sfn

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In November 1643 the Supreme Council appointed seven delegates,Шаблон:Sfn with Muskerry as leader,Шаблон:Sfn to submit grievances to the KingШаблон:Sfn and negotiate a peace treaty. In January 1644 they obtained safe-conducts from the Lords Justices.Шаблон:Sfn It must have been their last days in office as Ormond was sworn-in as lord lieutenant of Ireland on 21 January.Шаблон:Sfn The delegates arrived on 24 March at Oxford where the King held his court.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry demanded public exercise of the Catholic religion, independence from the English parliament, and full amnesty for their rebellion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The King offered Muskerry an earldom, which he refused.Шаблон:Sfn A competing Irish Protestant delegation arrived on 17 April.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn End of June the Confederate delegates returned to Ireland empty-handed.Шаблон:Sfn

The Cessation allowed the Confederates to focus on their war with the Covenanters in Ulster, who were aligned with the English Parliament.Шаблон:Sfn Owen Roe O'Neill led the Confederate Ulster army, deployed on that front, but the Supreme Council imposed Castlehaven as general-in-chief for the campaign of 1644.Шаблон:Sfn Castlehaven marched north to Charlemont but did not bring the Covenanters to battle.Шаблон:Sfn In July Inchiquin declared for Parliament,Шаблон:Sfn reactivating the southern front around the city of Cork,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn where the Munster Army was deployed. The fourth general assembly, in July 1644, elected the fourth Supreme Council. Muskerry regained his seat,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but Fermoy did not.Шаблон:Sfn The cessation had a duration of one year, expiring on 15 September 1644. It was extended twice: by Muskerry and Ormond in August 1644 until 1 December;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and by Muskerry and Lord Chancellor Bolton in September until 31 January 1645.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In the campaign of 1645, Castlehaven commanded the Munster Army in its fight against Inchiquin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Under Castlehaven's command Patrick Purcell took Lismore Castle,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but Inchiquin doggedly defended the rest.Шаблон:Sfn In the fifth general assembly in summer 1645, Muskerry was re-elected to the Supreme Council.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A painted portrait of a clean-shaven man wearing a cassock and a skullcap.
Giovanni Battista Rinuccini

Glamorgan Treaty

In 1645 the King sent Edward Somerset, Earl of Glamorgan, to Ireland to speed up the peace negotiations with the Confederates.Шаблон:Sfn Glamorgan was an English Catholic and son of Henry Somerset, 1st Marquess of Worcester, an important royalist.Шаблон:Sfn Ormond sent Glamorgan to Kilkenny with a letter of introduction to Muskerry dated 11 August.Шаблон:Sfn He was received by Mountgarret and Muskerry.Шаблон:Sfn On 25 August Glamorgan signed the first Glamorgan Treaty with the Confederates. Muskerry was one of the signatories.Шаблон:Sfn The treaty was kept secret.Шаблон:Sfn It ceded to the Catholics the churches that the Confederates had seized since the beginning of the rebellion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sir Charles Coote divulged it in October after he found a copy in the luggage of Malachy Queally, bishop of Tuam, killed in action near Sligo.Шаблон:Sfn The King disavowed the treaty in January 1646.Шаблон:Sfn

Nuncio

In 1645 the pope sent Giovanni Battista Rinuccini as nuncio to the Irish Catholic Confederation.Шаблон:Sfn Rinuccini landed in October on Ireland's south-west coast with money and weapons.Шаблон:Sfn On his way to Kilkenny, the Confederate capital, Rinuccini visited Macroom Castle where Lady Muskerry and her 11-year-old eldest son, Charles, received him while her husband was negotiating with Ormond in Dublin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The nuncio stayed for four daysШаблон:Sfn and then continued to Kilkenny arriving on 12 November.Шаблон:Sfn

In town, the nuncio was attended to by Muskerry, who had just returned from Dublin, and by General Preston.Шаблон:Sfn They accompanied him to Kilkenny Castle for his official reception by MountgarretШаблон:Sfn and escorted him back to his residence.Шаблон:Sfn

First Ormond Peace

The Confederate assembly on 6 March 1646 authorised its delegates to conclude a peace with Ormond.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry signed the "First Ormond Peace" on 28 March 1646 for the Confederates.Шаблон:Sfn The treaty's 30 articlesШаблон:Sfn covered civil rights, but left the religious ones to be decided by a future Irish parliament.Шаблон:Sfn The parties agreed to defer the treaty's publication for now.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the treaty, the Confederates were expected to send an Irish army of 10,000 men, about half the Confederate army, to England before 1 May, but by then it was already too late. Bristol had fallen in September 1645Шаблон:Sfn and Chester in February 1646,Шаблон:Sfn depriving the King of his main harbours on the Irish sea.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Admiral Richard Swanley and Captain William Penn patrolled the sea with the Irish Squadron of the Parliamentarian Navy.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry wrote to Ormond on 3 April that the Irish army's expedition to England had to be abandoned.Шаблон:Sfn The First English Civil War ended shortly after the First Ormond Peace was signed. The Scots took the King into custody on 5 May.Шаблон:Sfn

Siege of Bunratty

A big tower house with square corner towers.
Bunratty Castle, captured by Muskerry in 1646

As the Confederates sent no troops to the King, their armies kept their full strength. The Munster Army, under Glamorgan, favoured by Rinuccini, was sent to besiege Bunratty Castle near Limerick,Шаблон:Sfn into which the 6th Earl of Thomond, a Protestant, had admitted a Parliamentarian garrison in March 1646.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Confederates lacked money to pay their army.Шаблон:Sfn After a setback on 1 April, in which the garrison drove the besiegers from their camp at Sixmilebridge,Шаблон:Sfn the Supreme Council replaced Glamorgan with Muskerry at the end of May.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry had Lieutenant-General Purcell, Major-General Stephenson, and Colonel Purcell under himШаблон:Sfn with three Leinster regiments and all the Munster forces.Шаблон:Sfn The castle's defences had been modernised by surrounding the castle proper, essentially a big tower house, with modern earthworks and forts defended by cannons.Шаблон:Sfn These fortifications abutted on the sea and Bunratty was supported by a small squadron of the Parliamentarian Navy under now-Vice-Admiral Penn. On 9 May, Lord Thomond left Bunratty for England by sea.Шаблон:Sfn On 13 June arrived the news of Owen Roe O'Neill's victory over the Covenanters at Benburb,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn won with the financial support from the nuncio.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of June Rinuccini came and paid the soldiers £600 (equivalent of about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn),Шаблон:Sfn exhausting the last of his funds.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry brought two heavy cannons from Limerick for the siege.Шаблон:Sfn His rivals accused him of having spared the castle because Thomond was his uncle.Шаблон:Sfn When on 1 July a chance shot through a window killed McAdam, the Parliamentarian commander,Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry pressed onШаблон:Sfn and the castle capitulated on 14 July.Шаблон:Sfn The garrison was evacuated to Cork by the Parliamentarian Navy, but had to leave arms, ammunition, and provisions behind.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Early in 1646, while Muskerry was at the siege of Bunratty, Broghill with a Parliamentarian force from Cork captured Blarney Castle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It must have been a bold coup as Muskerry was accused of having betrayed the castle.Шаблон:Sfn

In May, Lady Muskerry, with her children was brought to Dublin for their security. Similar rescues were organised for her mother, Lady Thurles, and her sisters, Lady Hamilton and Lady Loughmoe.Шаблон:R

Rejection of the First Ormond Peace

Muskerry and Ormond confirmed and signed the First Ormond Peace again in July 1646.Шаблон:Sfn The peace was thus concluded twice: on 28 March and in July 1646.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry got the treaty ratified by a vote in the Supreme Council despite the nuncio's opposition. Ormond had it proclaimed in Dublin on 30 JulyШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and the Supreme Council did so in Kilkenny on 3 August.Шаблон:Sfn

Rinuccini held a meeting of the clergy at Waterford, which on 12 August 1646 condemned the treaty.Шаблон:Sfn Rinuccini then excommunicated Muskerry and others who supported it.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 18 September, Rinuccini overturned the Confederate government in a coup d'étatШаблон:Sfn with help of the Ulster Army, which Owen Roe O'Neill had marched to Leinster.Шаблон:Sfn On 26 SeptemberШаблон:Sfn Rinuccini made himself president and appointed a new, the seventh, Supreme CouncilШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn in which sat Glamorgan, Fermoy, and Owen Roe O'Neill.Шаблон:Sfn Rinuccini arrested Muskerry, Richard Bellings, and other Ormondist members of the previous Supreme Council.Шаблон:Sfn Most were detained in Kilkenny Castle, but Muskerry was put under house arrest.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Muskerry had to cede the command of the Munster Army to Glamorgan.Шаблон:Sfn Being under arrest in Kilkenny Muskerry missed out on the attempted siege of Dublin by Owen Roe O'Neill and Preston in November 1646.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Having failed to take Dublin, Rinuccini released Muskerry and other political prisoners as demanded by Nicholas Plunkett,Шаблон:Sfn and called a general assembly, which met on 10 January 1647 in Kilkenny.Шаблон:Sfn It lasted until the beginning of April. The assembly elected a new Supreme Council, the eighth, with the Marquess of Antrim as president.Шаблон:Sfn It was dominated by the clerical faction but also included MuskerryШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and three other Ormondists.Шаблон:Sfn

Mutiny of the Munster Army

The Supreme Council had in 1647 confirmed Glamorgan, who had become the 2nd Marquess of Worcester in December 1646,Шаблон:Sfn as general of the Munster Army,Шаблон:Sfn but the Confederation lacked the funds to pay the army.Шаблон:Sfn Worcester was unpopular with the troopsШаблон:Sfn and the Munster gentryШаблон:Sfn because he was English. Several regiments mutinied demanding that Muskerry should be appointed general.Шаблон:Sfn Three Dominican chaplains of the army insinuated that killing Muskerry would not be a sin.Шаблон:Sfn One of them was Patrick Hackett,Шаблон:Sfn a Gaelic poet.Шаблон:Sfn Gaelic was still the predominant language among the rank and file.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Early in June 1647 the Supreme Council met at Clonmel near the Munster Army's camp.Шаблон:Sfn On 12 June Muskerry, together with Patrick Purcell, rode over from the council meeting to the army's campШаблон:Sfn where the troops acclaimed him as their leader and turned Worcester out of his command.Шаблон:Sfn The Supreme Council ignored Muskerry's de facto take-over, upheld Worcester as the de jure commander who then passed the command officially to Muskerry.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Early in August Muskerry handed the command over to Theobald Viscount Taaffe of Corren.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Neither Worcester, nor Muskerry, nor Taaffe stopped Inchiquin, who took Cappoquin and Dungarvan in MayШаблон:Sfn and sacked Cashel in September.Шаблон:Sfn

Decline of the Confederation

Meanwhile, on 6 June 1647, Ormond had accepted Colonel Michael Jones with 2,000 Parliamentarian troops into Dublin. On 28 July, Ormond handed Dublin over to the Parliamentarians and left for England.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In August Preston tried to march on Dublin with the Leinster army, but Jones defeated him at Dungan's Hill.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry called in Owen Roe O'Neill to defend Leinster.Шаблон:Sfn In November, Taaffe lost the Battle of Knocknanuss against Inchiquin.Шаблон:Sfn

Towards the end of 1647, the Supreme Council sent Muskerry, Geoffrey Browne, and the Marquess of Antrim to negotiate with the exiled Queen Henrietta Maria, at the Château-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. They wanted to invite the Prince of Wales, the future Charles II, then aged 17, to Ireland,Шаблон:Sfn and negotiate another peace to replace the one concluded with Ormond.Шаблон:Sfn In February 1648 Ormond left EnglandШаблон:Sfn and joined the Queen. Antrim departed before Muskerry and Browne and arrived early in March.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry and Browne departed in FebruaryШаблон:Sfn and had reached Saint-Germain by 23 March.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 March 1648, the Queen received the three envoys in an audience.Шаблон:Sfn However, 1648 was the year of the Second English Civil WarШаблон:Sfn and plans were made for the Prince of Wales to go to Scotland to support the Engagers rather than to go to Ireland, but eventually, he stayed in France.Шаблон:Sfn With regard to a new peace, Antrim, representing the clerical faction, insisted that no peace should be accepted in Ireland without the pope's approval and that a Catholic lord lieutenant should be appointed,Шаблон:Sfn an office he hoped to obtain for himself.Шаблон:Sfn

On 3 April 1648, Inchiquin changed sides, leaving the Parliamentarians and declaring for the king.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry convinced the Queen to appoint Ormond as lord lieutenant and accept Inchiquin as an ally.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry returned to Ireland in June to prepare for Ormond's arrival.Шаблон:Sfn Ormond landed at Cork in September.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was made Irish lord high admiral and president of the high Court of Admiralty.Шаблон:Sfn In November he signed letters of marque for the privateers Mary of Antrim and the St John of Waterford.Шаблон:Sfn

In January 1649, the Second Ormond Peace was signed.Шаблон:Sfn The Irish Catholic Confederation was dissolved,Шаблон:Sfn and replaced with a provisional royalist government.Шаблон:Sfn Power was handed to 12 Commissioners of Trust.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was one of them.Шаблон:Sfn

Cromwellian conquest

On 15 August 1649, Oliver Cromwell landed in Dublin.Шаблон:Sfn He wanted to avenge the uprising of 1641, confiscate enough Irish Catholic-owned land to pay off the English Parliament's debts, and eliminate a dangerous outpost of royalism.Шаблон:Sfn

An engraved portrait of a clean-shaven man wearing a long curly wig and a jabot, clad in armour
General Edmund Ludlow

In April 1650, Muskerry lost Macroom Castle. An Irish force raised by FermoyШаблон:Sfn and Boetius MacEgan, Catholic Bishop of Ross, tried to relieve the Siege of Clonmel. Led by Colonel David Roche and the bishop, this force passed by Macroom and camped in the castle's park. Macroom's garrison burned the castle and joined Roche's force,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Cromwell sent Broghill to intercept the Irish, which were routed in the Battle of Macroom on 10 April.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Clonmel surrendered to Cromwell in May.Шаблон:Efn Cromwell had to hurry away to counter a threat from ScotlandШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and passed the Irish command to Henry Ireton on 19 May.Шаблон:Sfn

In April 1651 Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde, appointed Muskerry supreme commander in Munster.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry tried to relieve the Siege of Limerick, but Broghill intercepted and defeated him on 26 July 1651Шаблон:Sfn at the Battle of Knocknaclashy (also called Knockbrack), near Dromagh Castle, west of Kanturk,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the war's last pitched battle.Шаблон:Sfn Limerick surrendered in October.Шаблон:Sfn

Muskerry fell back into the mountains of Kerry and based himself at Ross Castle near Killarney,Шаблон:Sfn owned by Sir Valentine Browne, his nephew by his sister Mary.Шаблон:Sfn Browne, born in 1638, was a minor and had become Muskerry's ward after his father's untimely death.Шаблон:Sfn In 1652 the government put a bounty of £500 (about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn) on Muskerry's head.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry hoped that the Duke of Lorraine would intervene to save the Irish royalists.Шаблон:Sfn

A castle on a lake shore with a high keep behind a curtain wall with flanking towers
Ross Castle, Muskerry's last stand

Edmund Ludlow besieged Muskerry in Ross Castle, on the shore of Lough Leane.Шаблон:Sfn The defenders were supplied by boat over the lake.Шаблон:Sfn Ludlow brought boats of his ownШаблон:Sfn whereupon Muskerry surrendered on 27 June 1652Шаблон:Sfn after a siege of three weeks.Шаблон:Sfn The terms took a possible prosecution into account.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry gave two hostages to guarantee his compliance with the terms: one of his sonsШаблон:Sfn and "Daniel O'Brien".Daniel O'Brien.Шаблон:Sfn This son probably was Callaghan, whereas the Daniel O'Brien probably was the future 3rd Viscount Clare, about 30 at the time, rather than the future 1st Viscount, who was about 70. Muskerry disbanded his 5,000-strong army. He was excluded from pardon of life and estate in the Commonwealth's Act of Settlement on 12 August and therefore lost his estates.Шаблон:Sfn His surrender was one of the last, but Clanricarde, 28 June,Шаблон:Sfn and Philip O'Reilly, 27 April 1653,Шаблон:Sfn surrendered later.

Exile and prosecution

Muskerry was allowed to embark for SpainШаблон:Sfn where he was rejected as Ormondist.Шаблон:Sfn He then sought employment with the Venetian Republic for himselfШаблон:Sfn and the Irish soldiers that he brought with him,Шаблон:Sfn but the project fell through. He returned to Ireland late in 1653Шаблон:Sfn landing at CorkШаблон:Sfn to recruit soldiers for service on the continentШаблон:Sfn but was arrested for war crimesШаблон:Sfn and detainedШаблон:Sfn until the opening of his trial on 1 December in Dublin. He was accused of having been an accessory to murders of English settlers on three occasions.Шаблон:Sfn

The first case was the murder of William Deane and others at Kilfinny, County Limerick, by soldiers of the Munster army on 29 July 1642.Шаблон:Sfn The victims died when Lady Dowdall surrendered Kilfinny Castle to Patrick Purcell, who commanded the besiegers.Шаблон:Sfn It had been agreed that the English would be allowed to leave escorted by a detachment sent by Inchiquin.Шаблон:Efn The second case was the murder of Mrs Hussey and others near Blarney Castle, County Cork, by Irish soldiers on 1 August 1642. The victims were refugees that Muskerry had sheltered at Macroom and was sending to Cork in a guarded convoy so that they could leave the country.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The third case was the murder of Roger Skinner and others at Inniskerry, County Cork, in August 1642.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry was acquitted of these three charges.Шаблон:Sfn

In February 1654 he was tried for having participated in royalist conspiracies.Шаблон:Sfn Lady Ormond, who had been allowed to return to Ireland from her French exile,Шаблон:Sfn secretly visited Gerard Lowther, president of the High Court of Justice at the time,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who gave her legal advice for Muskerry.Шаблон:Sfn This helped him convince the court of his innocence and he was acquitted.Шаблон:Sfn

In May 1654 he had to defend himself against another murder charge concerning the killing of an unnamed man and woman. He was acquitted.Шаблон:Sfn

Muskerry was again allowed to embark for SpainШаблон:Sfn but went to France. Henrietta Maria, now the Queen Mother, still lived there, but in July 1654 Charles II and his exile court were about to leave France and start their wanderings in the Netherlands and Germany.Шаблон:Sfn Lady Muskerry lived in Paris.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry's daughter Helen found shelter at the abbey of Port-Royal-des-ChampsШаблон:Sfn near Versailles. The abbess, La Mère Angélique, tried to help Muskerry and his Irish soldiers in their need. In November 1654 she wrote to Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga of Poland proposing to employ Muskerry and his followers – 5,000 men – in Polish service.Шаблон:Sfn In 1655 MuskerryШаблон:Sfn and BellingsШаблон:Sfn led them to the Polish King,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who fought the SwedesШаблон:Sfn in the Second Northern War. Muskerry and Bellings returned with £20,000 for Charles II.Шаблон:Sfn In 1657 the King sent Muskerry to Madrid to ask the Spanish to let the Irish exiles now in Spain invade Ireland.Шаблон:Sfn They stayed seven months but achieved nothing.Шаблон:Sfn Muskerry's eldest son fought the French and Cromwell's English at the Battle of the Dunes in June 1658Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The King, in exile at Brussels, rewarded Muskerry in November 1658 with the title of Earl of Clancarty.Шаблон:Sfn His title of Viscount Muskerry, now subsidiary, passed to his eldest son Charles, his heir apparent, as courtesy title.Шаблон:Sfn

Restoration and death

A shield of arms showing a red stag on a white ground
Arms of MacCarthyШаблон:Efn

At the Restoration of the Stuarts, Clancarty, as he now was, returned to Ireland. He used Ormond's influence to recover his estates,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which Charles II confirmed to him in his "Gracious Declaration" of 30 November 1660.Шаблон:Sfn The Cromwellian occupiers had to leave at once.Шаблон:Sfn Now-Admiral William Penn, to whom Macroom had been granted in 1654,Шаблон:Sfn was compensated with land at Shanagarry (east of Cork).Шаблон:Sfn Broghill had to return BlarneyШаблон:Sfn and Kilcrea.Шаблон:Sfn The Clancartys repaired and enlarged Macroom Castle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Clancarty also recovered his townhouse, which now became Clancarty House.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Clancarty found wealthy Irish spouses for his eldest son and his two daughters. This son married Margaret Bourke in 1660 or 1661. She was a rich heiress, the only child of Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde.Шаблон:Sfn Clancarty's elder daughter Helen married twice. First, after 1660 Sir John FitzGerald of Dromana, a Protestant, as his second wife.Шаблон:R The marriage was childless.Шаблон:R After his death in 1664,Шаблон:R Helen married secondly William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde.Шаблон:Sfn Clancarty's younger daughter Margaret married Luke Plunket, 3rd Earl of Fingall, before 1666.Шаблон:Sfn

In the winter of 1661–1662, Clancarty signed the Catholic Remonstrance drawn up by Bellings and promoted by Peter Walsh.Шаблон:Sfn in an attempt to improve the Catholics' condition in Ireland by demonstrating their loyalty to the King. However, the remonstrance proved inefficient, mainly because too few of the clergy signed.Шаблон:Sfn

In August 1660, Charles II made George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, lord lieutenant of Ireland.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As Albemarle never went to Ireland, the King appointed three lords justices to govern in his stead.Шаблон:Sfn When the King summoned the Parliament of 1661–1666, it was opened by the lords justices on 8 May 1661.Шаблон:Sfn Clancarty joined the House of Lords on 20 May.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 June Clancarty became the proxy of Lord Inchiquin,Шаблон:Sfn therefore voting in his stead. The passing of the Act of Settlement was one of the main purposes of the parliament.Шаблон:Sfn Clancarty was absent on 30 May 1662 when the Lords finally passed it.Шаблон:Sfn Clancarty sat on the committee that organised the gift of £30,000 (about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/yearШаблон:Inflation/fn) made to the Duke of Ormond. However, Clancarty's eldest son, Charles MacCarty, replaced him in that function on 19 August.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 December, the Lords passed the Irish version of the Tenures Abolition Act 1660.Шаблон:Sfn Clancarty attended parliament regularly until April 1663 when he moved to London.Шаблон:Sfn He visited his Irish estates in 1664 for a last time and returned to England.Шаблон:Sfn

On 3 June 1665, Charles, Viscount Muskerry, Clancarty's eldest son and heir apparent, was killed during the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the Battle of Lowestoft, a naval engagement with the DutchШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and buried in Westminster AbbeyШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn as his grandfather, the 1st Viscount, had been.[1] Charles left an infant son, called Charles James, who became the new heir apparent.Шаблон:Sfn

Only one and a half months later, on 4 or 5 August 1665,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Clancarty died at Ormond's house at Moor Park, Hertfordshire.Шаблон:Sfn Ormond, despite being a Protestant, called in a Catholic priest for the last rites of his friend.Шаблон:Sfn The Catholic political pamphlet The Unkinde Deserter of Loyall Men and True Frinds claims that in his last hour Clancarty expressed regret at having trusted Ormond.Шаблон:Sfn

Charles's infant son Charles James succeeded his grandfather as the 2nd Earl of Clancarty but died a year later.Шаблон:Sfn The succession then reverted to the 1st Earl's second son, Callaghan, who succeeded as the 3rd Earl of Clancarty.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes and references

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Subject matter monographs:

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend


External links

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок FOOTNOTELainé1836[httpsarchiveorgdetailsarchivesgenealog05lainpagen232 77] не указан текст
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Donough_MacCarty,_1st_Earl_of_Clancarty&oldid=14361933