Английская Википедия:Double sovereign
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Шаблон:Infobox Coin The double sovereign is a gold coin of the United Kingdom with a nominal value of two pounds sterling (£2). Rarely issued in the first century and a half after its debut in 1820, it never had a significant presence in circulation. It is now a collector and bullion coin, and has been struck most years since 1980. It features the reigning monarch on its obverse and, most often, Benedetto Pistrucci's depiction of Saint George and the Dragon on the reverse.
The double sovereign was first minted in 1820 and depicted George III, but this issue never entered circulation, instead being considered a pattern coin. In the following century and a half, it was most often issued to mark the beginning of a new reign, or the institution of a new coinage portrait of the reigning monarch. These were mostly proof coins; the denomination was issued for circulation in only four years. Few examples that are worn from commercial use can be found.
Since 1980, the double sovereign has been sold as a collector's coin by the Royal Mint. In some years it was not issued and the Royal Mint instead placed gold versions of the commemorative £2 piece in the gold proof sets.
Origins and early striking
Шаблон:Multiple image After the Napoleonic Wars, Parliament, by the Coinage Act 1816, placed Britain officially on the gold standard, with the pound to be defined as a given quantity of gold. Almost every speaker in the parliamentary debates supported having a coin valued at twenty shillings, rather than continuing to use the guinea, valued at twenty-one shillings.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, the Coinage Act did not specify which coins the Mint should strike.Шаблон:Sfn
A committee of the Privy Council recommended gold coins of ten shillings, twenty shillings, two pounds and five pounds be issued, and this was accepted by George, Prince Regent on 3Шаблон:NbsAugust 1816.Шаблон:Sfn The twenty-shilling (one pound) piece was named a sovereign, with the resurrection of the old name possibly promoted by antiquarians with numismatic interests.Шаблон:Sfn The sovereign and half sovereign were both first issued in 1817, but there was initially no striking of the two larger coins.Шаблон:Sfn Since 1754, there had been no issuance of coins more valuable than a guinea intended for general circulation; the need for higher value tender had been met by bank notes.Шаблон:Sfn The Saint George and the Dragon design was suggested as an appropriate motif for the sovereign by its creator, Benedetto Pistrucci, based on a cameo he had carved.Шаблон:Sfn Sir Joseph Banks also recommended to William Wellesley-Pole, the Master of the Mint, that Pistrucci's design be adapted for use on the coinage.Шаблон:Sfn
In December 1819, possibly because of the decline in the health of King George III (Шаблон:Reign), Wellesley-Pole instructed Pistrucci, who was then acting as chief engraver of the Royal Mint, to prepare dies for the double sovereign (two pounds) and the five-pound piece. Nineteenth-century numismatic writer Edward Hawkings portrayed this as a race against time to complete the dies before George died, which he related was won by the Royal Mint's craftsmen; later researchers have found the king died before the new coins were ready.Шаблон:Sfn The double sovereign, designed by Pistrucci, depicts the right-facing bust of the king with the legend Шаблон:Lang (George III by the grace of God king of the Britains, defender of the faith) and the date, while the reverse shows Pistrucci's George and Dragon design with no legend or date.Шаблон:Sfn This design had first appeared on the sovereign in 1817, surrounded by a Garter.Шаблон:Sfn The reverse design has Pistrucci's initials at the lower right, whilst lettering on the edge states Шаблон:Lang (An ornament and a safeguard; sixtieth year of the reign).Шаблон:Sfn A total of 60 pieces are reported to have been struck.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Multiple image In 1823, Pistrucci's reverse was used again on the double sovereign, joined with an obverse bust of the new king, George IV (Шаблон:Reign) by Jean Baptiste Merlen based on a bust by Sir Francis Chantrey; believing he should not be called upon to adapt the work of another artist, Pistrucci had refused to convert Chantrey's bust to a coin. The double sovereign had the same inscription around the monarch's head as in 1820 except Шаблон:Small was substituted for Шаблон:Small, and the date was moved to the reverse. The 1823 issue had the same edge inscription as the 1820 piece, except the Roman numeral was IV (fourth [year of the reign]) for 1823 issues.Шаблон:Sfn Thus, the same number, 4, is rendered in two different ways as Roman numerals on the same coin.Шаблон:Sfn
The 1824, 1825 and 1826 proof coins feature a smaller head of the king, by William Wyon, with the legend Шаблон:Lang (George IV by the grace of God ...) and the date, while the reverse (by Merlen) shows a crowned shield within a mantle cape with the legend Шаблон:Lang (King of the Britains, defender of the faith). The 1824 issue has the edge inscription Шаблон:Lang (An ornament and a safeguard; fifth year of the reign). The 1825 issue has no edge inscription, while the 1826 has the same as 1824, but the final word is changed to Шаблон:Lang (seventh). Of the four George IV issues, only the 1823 issue was for circulation, the others being struck in small numbers as proof coins, with the 1826 part of the proof set of that year.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Multiple image In 1831, a proof coin of this denomination was produced as part of the proof set marking the new coinage of King William IV (Шаблон:Reign). The obverse, by Wyon based on a bust by Chantrey, shows a right-facing head of the king with the legend Шаблон:Lang (William IV by the grace of God king of the Britains, defender of the faith), while the reverse, by Merlen, shows a crowned shield with the legend Шаблон:Lang (year 1831). There is no edge inscription.Шаблон:Sfn
Victorian and early 20th century issues
After 1831, the double sovereign was not struck again until 1887. For reasons unknown, it was not struck as part of the proof sets of 1839 or 1853.Шаблон:Sfn Kevin Clancy of the Royal Mint notes the gap of over a half century and deems it an illustration of how small a part the two-pound and five-pound pieces played in the everyday life of the Victorian era.Шаблон:Sfn According to the numismatist G. P. Dyer, "two-pound and five-pound pieces later played so small and infrequent a part that in 1893 they could be regarded as hardly more than ornaments".Шаблон:Sfn Few double sovereigns examined today show any signs of circulation, and when they do, they are from the four years in which the denomination was struck for commerce: 1823, 1887, 1893 and 1902.[1]
Шаблон:Multiple image In 1887, the double sovereign was struck as part of the Jubilee coinage, with an obverse depicting Queen Victoria (Шаблон:Reign) by Joseph Boehm and Pistrucci's George and Dragon reverse. This coin was available both in uncirculated condition and as a proof coin. Richard Lobel, in his Coincraft's Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins, deems the 1887 issue the "best known and most popular example of this denomination",Шаблон:Sfn something borne out by its mintage of 91,345 in uncirculated and 797 in proof, the highest of any double sovereign.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It bears the inscription, on the obverse, of Шаблон:Small (Victoria, by the grace of God, queen of the Britains, defender of the faith).Шаблон:Sfn The use of Pistrucci's design on the gold coinage did not win universal acclaim; the Church Times stated, "We cannot join in the applause which has been bestowed on the George of Pistrucci, which is retained for the sovereign. It is not likely that anyone going out to fight dragons would forget to put on any clothes except a helmet, a cloak, and a pair of shoes."Шаблон:Sfn
On 26 September 1887, two sets of dies, mint marked "S", were sent from the London premises of the Royal Mint to the Sydney Mint. It is thought that the Sydney Mint only struck coins to order, and few double sovereigns were called for. After that mint closed at the end of 1926, its equipment, including the 1887 dies, were sent to the Melbourne Mint, where additional specimens were struck from the original dies. The total mintage of the 1887-S double sovereign is believed to be 28.Шаблон:Sfn
The Jubilee coinage was replaced by the Old Head coinage beginning in 1893, with the double sovereign having an obverse portrait of Victoria by Thomas Brock paired with Pistrucci's reverse. The coin was issued that year both in uncirculated (mintage 52,212) and in proof (mintage 773). The inscription for this issue is Шаблон:Small (Victoria by the grace of God, queen of the Britains, defender of the faith, empress of India).Шаблон:Sfn Victoria had been lobbying since 1888 for her title as empress of India, granted by the Royal Titles Act 1876, to be included on the coinage;Шаблон:Sfn on 12 February 1892, the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, wrote to her, "Your Majesty's Servants are of opinion that the title of Empress of India, indicating, as it does, Your Majesty's relation to far the larger portion of Your subjects, ought to appear on the coin, in the shape of the letters 'Ind Imp' or 'I.I.' or some such abbreviation."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang, short for Шаблон:Lang or "empress of India", thus appears on the 1893 issue.Шаблон:Sfn
Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, an effort was made to minimise the changes to the coinage, and no change was made to the reverse side of the gold coins, including the double sovereign. The gold coins were made legal tender effective 1 January 1902 by a proclamation dated 10 December 1901. The obverse showed a bust of Victoria's son and successor, Edward VII (Шаблон:Reign), by George William de Saulles. The legend on the obverse reads Шаблон:Lang (Edward VII, by the grace of God king of all the Britains, defender of the faith, emperor of India). The word Шаблон:Lang (short for Шаблон:Lang, meaning "of all"), was added after Шаблон:Small in recognition of the empire's assistance during the Boer War; these words last appeared on British coinage in 1953.Шаблон:Sfn Struck in both uncirculated and proof conditions, the double sovereign was only issued during Edward's reign in 1902. It was struck then also at Sydney in very small numbers.Шаблон:Sfn
Double sovereigns dated 1911 were struck as part of the coronation proof sets that year for George V (Шаблон:Reign), but for uncertain reasons, no ordinary, non-proof specimens were coined. This was the only issuance of double sovereigns during that reign. These coins featured a bust of King George by Bertram Mackennal, Pistrucci's reverse and a legend that was unaltered except to substitute the name of the king, rendered as Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Multiple image Following the death of King George in 1936, preparations began for the coinage of his son and successor, Edward VIII (Шаблон:Reign). The new king wanted his profile to face left on the new coinage, the same way as his father, which would break a tradition to reverse the direction on the commencement of a new reign which dated back to 1660. Following extensive correspondence between the king and the chancellor of the exchequer, Neville Chamberlain, Edward got his way, and pattern coins bearing a left-facing bust of the king by Thomas Humphrey Paget were struck. The Pistrucci reverse was used for the double sovereign, but the king's abdication in December 1936 ended the preparations. Edward later requested a set of the pattern coins prepared for him, but was refused by his brother and successor, George VI (Шаблон:Reign).[2] The legend on Edward's double sovereign was identical to that of the previous reign but for the name and date; a similar change was made for George VI, whose double sovereign features a left-facing bust by Paget and the Pistrucci reverse. This was only struck in 1937, with a plain edge, as part of the coronation proof sets.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Elizabeth II and Charles III
The reign of Queen Elizabeth II (Шаблон:Reign) saw a departure from the normal practice in issuing gold coinage. A small number of gold £2 pieces, with an obverse by Mary Gillick, were struck in 1953 in order to provide continuity of the series, but the coins were not released to the public, and were placed only in museums and in the Royal Collection.Шаблон:Sfn No further £2 gold pieces were struck until 1980.Шаблон:Sfn The 1953 strikings bore an obverse legend of Шаблон:Lang (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen of all the Britains, defender of the faith) but this was changed after 1953, removing Шаблон:Lang (of all the Britains) and modifying the abbreviations.Шаблон:Sfn The omission was made to acknowledge the evolving British Commonwealth, which by then contained some republics.Шаблон:Sfn
The Royal Mint realised there was a market for sovereign coins, and began to sell them to collectors at well over face or bullion value.Шаблон:Sfn Since 1980, the double sovereign has been issued in most years. Coins from 1980 to 1983 (none were issued in 1981 or 1984) used the Arnold Machin effigy of Elizabeth, while the 1985–1996 coins used the Raphael Maklouf effigy and coins from 1998 to 2015 use the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy, mostly paired with Pistrucci's reverse, which was restored in 2009 to show additional detail of the dragon.Шаблон:Sfn No double sovereigns were issued in 1986, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999 or 2001, years in which the coin's place in the gold proof set was taken by a gold version of a commemorative £2 piece issued that year. In 1989, the usual designs were replaced with a commemorative evoking the design of the original English sovereign of 1489, by Bernard Sindall.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The special designs for the reverse which were substituted for Pistrucci's included one for Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee in 2002 (by Timothy Noad, depicting a crowned shield within a wreath), in 2005 (a more modern interpretation of the George and Dragon, also by Noad) and in 2012 for Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee (another modern interpretation of the George and Dragon, by Paul Day).Шаблон:Sfn Beginning with some 2015 issues, an obverse portrait of Elizabeth by Jody Clark was used, though in 2016, some coins bore a different portrait of the queen by James Butler. In 2017, a version with the original, 1817 sovereign design was struck. This was for the 200th anniversary of the modern sovereign.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 2022, the Royal Mint struck double sovereigns with a reverse design by Noad showing an interpretation of the Royal Arms. This design, used for the sovereign and its multiples and fractions, was to mark the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.[3][4] Later in the year, following the death of Elizabeth II, the Royal Mint issued memorial coins in the sovereign range, including the double sovereign, featuring an interpretation of the Royal Arms by Clark as the reverse, and for the obverse, the first coinage portrait of Elizabeth's successor, Charles III (Шаблон:Reign), by Martin Jennings. In addition to a left-facing bust of Charles, the obverse carried the wording Шаблон:Lang (Charles III by the grace of God king, defender of the faith).[5] In 2023, a double sovereign commemorating the coronation of Charles III was struck, with the obverse a crowned portrait of the king by Jennings and the reverse the Pistrucci George and Dragon.[6] For 2024, Jennings' uncrowned portrait of Charles was paired with Pistrucci's reverse on each of the five sovereign denominations struck in proof, from the quarter sovereign to the five-pound piece.[7]
References
Bibliography
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