Английская Википедия:Dublin English
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Dublin English refers to the diverse varieties of Hiberno-English spoken in the metropolitan area of Dublin, the capital of the Republic of Ireland. Modern-day Dublin English largely lies on a phonological continuum between two extremes (largely, a broad versus general accent distinction). The more traditional, lower-prestige, working-class, local urban accent on the one end is known by linguist Raymond Hickey as Local Dublin English. On the other end, a more recently developing, higher-prestige, more widely regional (and even supraregional) accent exists, New Dublin English, only first emerging in the late 1980s and 1990s.[1] As of the 21st century, most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs have accent features falling variously along the entire middle as well as the newer end of the spectrum, which together form what Hickey calls Non-Local Dublin English, employed by the middle and upper class. The strict middle of the continuum is called Mainstream Dublin English, spoken by the middle class.
Mainstream Dublin English has become the basis of a standard accent of Ireland that is no longer regionally specific, becoming widespread everywhere except in the north of the country, where Ulster English persists.[2] However, the majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s (led particularly by females) have shifted towards New Dublin English, the most innovative in terms of its accent and the most extreme variety in rejecting features associated with Local Dublin English.[3] New Dublin English may be in the process of overtaking Mainstream Dublin English as the national prestige variety.[2]
Phonology
In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the rest of Ireland,[4] pronouncing:
- Шаблон:Sc2 as fronted and/or raised Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as retracted and/or centralised Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as a diphthong in the range (local to non-local) of Шаблон:IPA-all.
Local Dublin English
Local Dublin English (or Popular Dublin English) refers to a traditional, broad, working-class variety spoken in Dublin. It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history was non-rhotic; however, it is today weakly rhotic,[5][6] and it uniquely pronounces:
- Шаблон:Sc2 as raised: Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as fronted and raised: Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as lowered and unrounded: Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as diphthongal: Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Lack of the foot-strut split, with Шаблон:IPA-all used for both sets.
- Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively, as the stops Шаблон:IPA-all and Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Intervocalic or word-final Шаблон:IPA as a glottal stop Шаблон:IPA, or even Шаблон:IPA.[7]
The Local Dublin accent is also known for a phenomenon called "vowel breaking", in which Шаблон:Sc2, Шаблон:Sc2, Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 in closed syllables are "broken" into two syllables, approximating Шаблон:IPA-all, Шаблон:IPA-all, Шаблон:IPA-all, and Шаблон:IPA-all, respectively.[8]
Notable lifelong native speakers
- Damien Dempsey – "his distinctly Dublin sounds" and "a working class Dublin accent"[9]
- Conor McGregor – "his famous Dublin accent"[10]
- Becky Lynch
New Dublin English
Evolving as a fashionable outgrowth of mainstream Non-Local Dublin English,[11] New Dublin English (also, advanced Dublin English and, formerly, fashionable Dublin English) is a relatively young variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the "avant-garde" and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication".[12] New Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin, is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s.[1]
This "new mainstream" accent of Dublin's youth, rejecting traditional working-class Dublin, pronounces:
- Шаблон:Sc2 as open as Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 may be Шаблон:IPA-all, with a backer vowel than in other Irish accents, though still relatively fronted.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as high as Шаблон:IPA-all or even Шаблон:IPA-all, causing a re-split in the cot–caught merger that traditionally characterised Dublin speech.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as high as Шаблон:IPA-all or even Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 as the RP diphthong Шаблон:IPA-all.
- Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 as both possibly rounded Шаблон:IPA-all, perhaps causing a fur–fair merger.
- Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 as possibly merged, as well as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA as possibly merged, leading to potential horse–hoarse and witch–which mergers.
Notable lifelong native speakers
Шаблон:Original research section
- Saoirse Ronan – "the 'Dub' accent in which she speaks"[13]
- Andrew Scott – "his soft-as-rain Dublin accent"[14]
- Katie McGrath[15]
- Samantha Mumba - described as having a "neutral Dublin" accent[16]
- Orla Brady
- Seana Kerslake
- Fionnula Flanagan
- Elaine Cassidy
- Sarah Bolger
- Angeline Ball
- Dominique McElligott
Dublin 4 English
New Dublin English largely evolved out of an even more innovative variety, Dublin 4 English, which originated around the 1970s or 1980s from middle- or higher-class speakers in South Dublin before spreading outwards. Also known as "D4" or "DART speak" because of local associations, or, mockingly, "Dortspeak", this dialect rejected traditional, conservative, and working-class notions of Irishness, with its speakers instead regarding themselves as more trendy and sophisticated.[17] However, particular aspects of the D4 accent became quickly noticed and ridiculed as sounding affected or elitist by the 1990s, causing its defining features to fall out of fashion by the 1990s.[18] Still, it originated certain (less salient) other features that continue to be preserved in New Dublin English today. The salient defining features that are now out of fashion include pronouncing the Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 lexical sets with a back, long and rounded vowel, thus a glass in the bar like Шаблон:IPA.[18] Other sounds, however, like the raising of Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, respectively (whereas the two were traditionally merged and low in Local Dublin English), have survived from D4 English into New Dublin English.
References
Notes
Sources
Шаблон:English dialects by continent
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Hickey, Raymond (2012). "Standard Irish English". Standards of English. Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 114-115.
- ↑ Hickey, Raymond (2015). Dublin English Шаблон:Webarchive Irish English Resource Centre. University of Duisburg and Essen.
- ↑ Hickey, Raymond (2005). Dublin English: Evolution and Change. J. Benjamins Publishing Company.
- ↑ Hickey, Raymond. A Sound Atlas of Irish English, Volume 1. Walter de Gruyter: 2004, pp. 57-60.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Hickey, Raymond. "Dublin English, Broad". Universität Duisburg-Essen, June 2021.
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ Reynolds, Deirdre. "Lunch with Damien Dempsey: Ronnie Drew never watered down his accent – why should I?". Independent.ie. 2013.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Linehan, Hugh (2016). "Saoirse Ronan's accent should not be a talking point". The Irish Times.
- ↑ Allfree, Claire. "Sherlock actor Andrew Scott: Tenderness is more interesting than blatant sexuality". Metro. 2010.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Hickey, Raymond. Dublin English: Evolution and Change. John Benjamins Publishing: 2005, pp. 46-48
