Английская Википедия:E (Indic)
E is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, E is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad e.svg. As an Indic vowel, E comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.
Āryabhaṭa numeration
Шаблон:Further Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The े sign was used to modify a consonant's value Шаблон:E, but the vowel letter ए did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]
Historic Ē
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. E as found in standard Brahmi, E was a simple geometric shape, and remained basically unchanged all the way through the generally more flowing Gupta as E. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian E E has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including E are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.
Brahmi Ē
The Brahmi letter E E, is probably derived from the Aramaic Ayin Файл:Ayin.svg, and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi E can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
| Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE) |
Girnar (~150 BCE) |
Kushana (~150-250 CE) |
Gujarat (~250 CE) |
Gupta (~350 CE) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:Brahmi e.svg | Файл:Gupta girnar e.svg | Файл:Gupta ashoka e.svg | Файл:Gupta gujarat e.svg | Файл:Gupta allahabad e.svg |
Tocharian Ē
The Tocharian letter E is derived from the Brahmi E. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.
Kharoṣṭhī E
The Kharoṣṭhī letter E is indicated with the vowel mark E. As an independent vowel, E is indicated by adding the vowel mark to the independent vowel letter A A.
Devanagari Ē
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Multiple image Ē (ए) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ē, after having gone through the Gupta letter Ē. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter એ, and the Modi letter 𑘊.
Devanagari Using Languages
The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ए is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-hi. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Bengali Ē
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Multiple image Ē (এ) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter Ē, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ए.
Bengali Script Using Languages
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, এ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-bn. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.
Gujarati Ē
Шаблон:Multiple image Ē (એ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ē e, and ultimately the Brahmi letter e.
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, એ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-gu. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Gujarati Candra E
Шаблон:Multiple image Candra E (ઍ short E) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Candra E, and ultimately the Brahmi letter e.
Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઍ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-gu. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.
Javanese E
Telugu E
Шаблон:Multiple image E (ఎ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter E. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಎ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.
Telugu Ē
Шаблон:Multiple image In addition, Telugu also contains a second E vowel, Ē (ఏ). It is also derived from the Brahmi letter Файл:Brahmi e.svg. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಏ. The long Ē vowel sign interacts with base consonants the same as the short E.
Malayalam E
Шаблон:Multiple image E (എ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter E, via the Grantha letter E e. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Malayalam Ē
Шаблон:Multiple image Ē (ഏ, Long E) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It is ultimately a derivation of a predecessor to Malayalam short "E" that arose after Grantha. Like other Malayalam vowels, Ē has two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Vowels
Шаблон:Canadian Syllabics sidebar ᐁ, ᐃ, ᐅ and ᐊ are the bare vowel characters in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. ᐞ is derived from the vowel series, and has the value of a glottal stop. Unlike the bare-consonant forms of most Canadian syllabic letters that are a small version of the A-series letter, ᐞ is a small version of the I-series ᐃ. The base character ᐁ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ए.[4][5] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.
| Variant | E-series | I-series | O-series | A-series | Other | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bare vowels | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | - | |||||||
| E | I | O | A | - | ||||||||
| Small | - | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | - | - | Шаблон:Huge | |||||
| - | ʔ | Eastern W | Western W | - | - | Ai | ||||||
| Long vowels | - | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | |||||||
| - | Ī | Ō | Cree Ō | Ā | ||||||||
| W- vowels | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | - | |||
| We | Cree We | Wi | Cree Wi | Wo | Cree Wo | Wa | Cree Wa | - | ||||
| W- long vowels | - | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | - | ||
| - | Wī | Cree Wī | Wō | Cree Wō | Naskapi Wō | Wā | Cree Wā | Naskapi Wā | - | |||
| Carrier vowels | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | - | - | - | |||||||
| Ē | I | - | - | - | ||||||||
| Vowels with ring diacritic | - | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | - | |||||
| - | Āi | Oy | Ay | Āy | Way | - | ||||||
Odia E
E (ଏ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter E, via the Siddhaṃ letter E e. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.
Kaithi E
Шаблон:Multiple image E (𑂉) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter E, via the Siddhaṃ letter E E. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.
Comparison of E
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including E, are related as well. Шаблон:Indic glyph
Character encodings of E
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter E in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. E from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Шаблон:Indic encoding
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Devanagari abugida
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
- ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
- ↑ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
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