Английская Википедия:East Asia

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East Asia is a region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms.[1][2] The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.[3][4][5][6] Hong Kong and Macau, two small coastal cities located in the south of China, are autonomous regions under Chinese sovereignty. The economies of Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau are some of the world's largest and most prosperous economies.[7] East Asia borders Siberia and the Russian Far East to the north, Southeast Asia to the south, South Asia to the southwest, and Central Asia to the west. To the east is the Pacific Ocean and to the southeast is Micronesia (a Pacific Ocean island group that is classified as part of Oceania).

East Asia, especially Chinese civilization, is regarded as one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Other ancient civilizations in East Asia that still exist as independent countries in the present day include the Japanese, Korean and Mongolian civilizations. Various other civilizations existed as independent polities in East Asia in the past but have since been absorbed into neighbouring civilizations in the present day, such as Tibet, Baiyue, Khitan, Manchuria, Ryukyu (Okinawa) and Ainu, among many others. Taiwan has a relatively young history in the region after the prehistoric era; originally, it was a major site of Austronesian civilization prior to colonisation by European colonial powers and China from the 17th century onward. For thousands of years, China was the leading civilization in the region, exerting influence on its neighbours.[8][9][10] Historically, societies in East Asia have fallen within the Chinese sphere of influence, and East Asian vocabularies and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. The Chinese calendar serves as the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.

Major religions in East Asia include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana),[11] Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism, Taoism,[12] ancestral worship, and Chinese folk religion in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, and Christianity, and Musok in Korea.[13][14][15] Tengerism and Tibetan Buddhism are prevalent among Mongols and Tibetans while other religions such as Shamanism are widespread among the indigenous populations of northeastern China such as the Manchus.[16] Major languages in East Asia include Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Major ethnic groups of East Asia include the Han (mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan), Yamato (Japan) and Koreans (North Korea, South Korea). Mongols, although not as populous as the previous three ethnic groups, constitute the majority of Mongolia's population. There are 76 officially-recognized minority or indigenous ethnic groups in East Asia; 55 native to mainland China (including Hui, Manchus, Chinese Mongols, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang in the frontier regions), 16 native to the island of Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples), one native to the major Japanese island of Hokkaido (the Ainu) and four native to Mongolia (Turkic peoples). Ryukyuan people are an unrecognized ethnic group indigenous to the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan, which stretch from Kyushu Island (Japan) to Taiwan. There are also several unrecognized indigenous ethnic groups in mainland China and Taiwan.

East Asian people comprise around Ошибка выражения: неопознанный символ пунктуации «[» billion people, making up about 33% of the population in Continental Asia and 20% of the global population.[17][18][19]Шаблон:Update inline The region is home to major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Taipei and Tokyo. Although the coastal and riparian areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is Шаблон:Convert, about three times the world average of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:WhenШаблон:Citation needed

History

Шаблон:Main China was the first region settled in East Asia and was undoubtedly the core of East Asian civilization from where other parts of East Asia were formed.[20] The various other regions in East Asia were selective in the Chinese influences they adopted into their local customs. Historian Ping-ti Ho famously labeled Chinese civilization as the "Cradle of Eastern Civilization", in parallel with the "Cradle of Middle Eastern Civilization" along the Fertile Crescent encompassing Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt[21] as well as the Cradle of Western Civilization encompassing Ancient GreeceШаблон:Efn and Ancient Rome.Шаблон:Efn

Map of Asia
Map showing the boundary of the 13th century Mongol Empire compared to today's Mongols
Файл:Carte Generale de l'Empire Chinois et du Japon.png
The Qing conquest of the Ming and expansion of the empire
Файл:East Asia and Oceania 1914-en.svg
Colonies and influence zones in East Asia and Oceania, circa 1914

Chinese civilization existed for about 1,500 years before other East Asian civilizations emerged into history, Imperial China would exert much of its cultural, economic, technological, and political muscle onto its neighbours.[22][23][24][25] Succeeding Chinese dynasties exerted enormous influence across East Asia culturally, economically, politically and militarily for over two millennia.[25][26][27] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's history for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural influence over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[28][29][24] Imperial China's cultural preeminence not only led the country to become East Asia's first literate nation in the entire region, it also supplied Japan and Korea with Chinese loanwords and linguistic influences rooted in their writing systems.[30]

Under Emperor Wu of Han, the Han dynasty made China the regional power in East Asia, projecting much of its imperial power on its neighbours.[25][31] Han China hosted the largest unified population in East Asia, the most literate and urbanised as well as being the most economically developed, as well as the most technologically and culturally advanced civilization in the region at the time.[32][33] Cultural and religious interaction between the Chinese and other regional East Asian dynasties and kingdoms occurred. China's impact and influence on Korea began with the Han dynasty's northeastern expansion in 108 BC when the Han Chinese conquered the northern part of the Korean peninsula and established a province called Lelang. Chinese influences were transmitted and soon took root in Korea through the inclusion of the Chinese writing system, monetary system, rice culture, philosophical schools of thought, and Confucian political institutions.[34] Jomon society in ancient Japan incorporated wet-rice cultivation and metallurgy through its contact with Korea. Starting from the fourth century AD, Japan incorporated the Chinese writing system which evolved into Kanji by the fifth century AD and has become a significant part of the Japanese writing system.[35] Utilizing the Chinese writing system allowed the Japanese to conduct their daily activities, maintain historical records and give form to various ideas, thoughts, and philosophies.[36] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[37][38] The establishment of the medieval Tang dynasty rekindled the impetus of Chinese expansionism across the geopolitical confines of East Asia. Similar to its Han predecessor, Tang China reasserted itself as the center of East Asian geopolitical influence during the early medieval period which spearheaded and marked another golden age in Chinese history.[39] During the Tang dynasty, China exerted its greatest influence on East Asia as various aspects of Chinese culture spread to Japan and Korea.[37][38] In addition, Tang China also managed to maintain control over northern Vietnam and Korea.[40]

As full-fledged medieval East Asian states were established, Korea by the fourth century AD and Japan by the seventh century AD, Japan and Korea actively began to incorporate Chinese influences such as Confucianism, the use of written Han characters, Chinese style architecture, state institutions, political philosophies, religion, urban planning, and various scientific and technological methods into their culture and society through direct contacts with Tang China and succeeding Chinese dynasties.[37][38][41] Drawing inspiration from the Tang political system, Prince Naka no oe launched the Taika Reform in 645 AD where he radically transformed Japan's political bureaucracy into a more centralised bureaucratic empire.[42] The Japanese also adopted Mahayana Buddhism, Chinese style architecture, and the imperial court's rituals and ceremonies, including the orchestral music and state dances had Tang influences. Written Chinese gained prestige and aspects of Tang culture such as poetry, calligraphy, and landscape painting became widespread.[42] During the Nara period, Japan began to aggressively import Chinese culture and styles of government which included Confucian protocol that served as a foundation for Japanese culture as well as political and social philosophy.[43][44] The Japanese also created laws adopted from the Chinese legal system that was used to govern in addition to the kimono, which was inspired from the Chinese robe (hanfu) during the eighth century AD.[45] For many centuries, most notably from the 7th to the 14th centuries, China stood as East Asia's most advanced civilization and foremost military and economic power, exerting its influence as the transmission of advanced Chinese cultural practices and ways of thinking greatly shaped the region up until the nineteenth century.[46][47][48][49]

As East Asia's connections with Europe and the Western world strengthened during the late nineteenth century, China's power began to decline.[22][50] By the mid-nineteenth century, the weakening Qing dynasty became fraught with political corruption, obstacles and stagnation that was incapable of rejuvenating itself as a world power in contrast to the industrializing Imperial European colonial powers and a rapidly modernizing Japan.[51][52] The U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry would open Japan to Western ways, and the country would expand in earnest after the 1860s.[53][54][55] Around the same time, Japan with its rush to modernity transformed itself from an isolated feudal samurai state into East Asia's first industrialised nation in the modern era.[56][57][54] The modern and militarily powerful Japan would galvanise its position in the Orient as East Asia's greatest power with a global mission poised to advance to lead the entire world.[56][58] By the early 1900s, the Japanese empire succeeded in asserting itself as East Asia's most dominant power.[58] With its newly found international status, Japan would begin to challenge the European colonial powers and inextricably took on a more active geopolitical position in East Asia and world affairs at large.[59] Flexing its nascent political and military might, Japan soundly defeated the stagnant Qing dynasty during the First Sino-Japanese War as well as vanquishing imperial rival Russia in 1905; the first major military victory in the modern era of an East Asian power over a European one.[60][61][62][63][53] Its hegemony was the heart of an empire that would include Taiwan and Korea.[56] During World War II, Japanese expansionism with its imperialist aspirations through the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere would incorporate Korea, Taiwan, much of eastern China and Manchuria, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia under its control establishing itself as a maritime colonial power in East Asia.[64] After a century of exploitation by the European and Japanese colonialists, post-colonial East Asia saw the defeat and occupation of Japan by the victorious Allies as well as the division of China and Korea during the Cold War. The Korean peninsula became independent but then it was divided into two rival states, while Taiwan became the main territory of de facto state Republic of China after the latter lost Mainland China to the People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War. During the latter half of the twentieth century, the region would see the post war economic miracle of Japan, which ushered in three decades of unprecedented growth, only to experience an economic slowdown during the 1990s, but nonetheless Japan continues to remain a global economic power. East Asia would also see the economic rise of Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, in addition to the respective handovers of Hong Kong and Macau near the turn of the twentieth century. The onset of the 21st-century in East Asia led to the integration of Mainland China into the global economy through its entry in the World Trade Organization while also enhancing its emerging international status as a potential world power reinforced with its aim of restoring its historical established significance and enduring international prominence in the world economy.[3][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] Despite the absence of armed conflicts in East Asia for decades, the stability of the region remains delicate due to the presence of North Korea's nuclear program and Chinese geopolitical encroachment and provocations occurring in Taiwanese waters. These tensions have emerged from the contentious relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan, as the former seeks to reunify with Mainland China while the latter strives to maintain its sovereign independence and preserve the prevailing geopolitical order.

Definitions

Файл:Central Asia borders4.png
Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region that overlap with conceptions of East Asia

In common usage, the term "East Asia" typically refers to a region including Greater China, Japan, Korea and Mongolia.[66][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81]

China, Japan, and Korea represent the three core countries and civilizations of traditional East Asia - as they once shared a common written language, culture, as well as sharing Confucian philosophical tenets and the Confucian societal value system once instituted by Imperial China.[82][83][84][85][86] Other usages define Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan as countries that constitute East Asia based on their geographic proximity as well as historical and modern cultural and economic ties, particularly with Japan and Korea having strong cultural influences that originated from China.[82][86][87][88][89][90] Some scholars include Vietnam as part of East Asia as it has been considered part of the greater Chinese sphere of influence. Though Confucianism continues to play an important role in Vietnamese culture, Chinese characters are no longer used in its written language and many scholarly organizations classify Vietnam as a Southeast Asian country.[91][92][93] Mongolia is geographically north of Mainland China yet Confucianism and the Chinese writing system and culture had limited impact on Mongolian society. Thus, Mongolia is sometimes grouped with Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan.[91][92] Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and Tibet are sometimes seen as part of Central Asia.[94][95][96]

Broader and looser definitions by international agencies and organisations such as the World Bank refer to East Asia as the "three major Northeast Asian economies, i.e. Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea", as well as Mongolia, North Korea, the Russian Far East, and Siberia.[97] The Council on Foreign Relations includes the Russia Far East, Mongolia, and Nepal.[98] The World Bank also acknowledges the roles of Chinese special administrative regions Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan, a country with limited recognition. The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia defines the region as "China, Japan, the Koreas, Nepal, Mongolia, and eastern regions of the Russian Federation".[99]

Файл:Map of East Asia.png
The countries of East Asia also form the core of Northeast Asia, which itself is a broader region.
Файл:East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.svg
East Asia map of Köppen climate classification
Файл:UN Asia Geoscheme.png
The UN's Statistics Division (UNSD) geoscheme for Asia works with subregions defined in terms of UN political geography statistics.[100] The UNSD geoscheme is based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[101] Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[101] but others commonly use the same definition of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.[1][102]

Certain Japanese islands are associated with Oceania due to non-continental geology, distance from mainland Asia or biogeographical similarities with Micronesia.[103][104] Some groups, such as the World Health Organization, categorize China, Japan and Korea with Australia and the rest of Oceania. The World Health Organization label this region the "Western Pacific", with East Asia not being used in their concept of major world regions. Their definition of this region further includes Mongolia and the adjacent area of Cambodia, as well as the countries of the South East Asia Archipelago (excluding East Timor and Indonesia).[105]

Alternative definitions

In business and economics, "East Asia" is sometimes used to refer to the geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, Greater China, Japan and Korea. However, in this context, the term "Far East" is used by the Europeans to cover ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.Шаблон:Citation needed On rare occasion, the term is also sometimes taken to include India and other South Asian countries not within the bounds of the Pacific, although the term Indo-Pacific is more commonly used for such a definition.[106]

Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[107][108][109] The Council on Foreign Relations of the United States defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[98]

Economy

Шаблон:Main

Customs territory GDP nominal
billions of USD (2023)[110] 		GDP nominal per capita
USD (2023)[110] 		GDP PPP
billions of USD (2023)[110] 		GDP PPP per capita
USD (2023)[110]
Шаблон:PRC 17,700,899 12,541 32,897,929 23,309
Шаблон:HKGШаблон:Efn 385,546 51,168 548,999 72,861
Шаблон:MACШаблон:Efn 38,480 54,296 69,565 98,157
Шаблон:JPN 4,230,862 33,950 6,495,214 52,120
Шаблон:MNG 18,782 5,348 52,989 15,088
Шаблон:PRK N/A N/A N/A N/A
Шаблон:KOR 1,709,232 33,147 2,924,189 56,709
Шаблон:TWNШаблон:Efn 751,930 32,339 1,685,358 72,485
East Asia $24,835,731 $15,068 $44,674,243 $27,104

Territorial and regional data

China, North Korea, South Korea and Taiwan are all unrecognised by at least one other East Asian state because of severe ongoing political tensions in the region, specifically the division of Korea and the political status of Taiwan.

Etymology

Flag Common Name Official name ISO 3166 Country Codes[111]
Exonym Endonym Exonym Endonym ISO Short Name Alpha-2 Code Alpha-3 Code Numeric
Шаблон:Flagdeco China Шаблон:Lang People's Republic of China Шаблон:Lang China CN CHN 156
Шаблон:Flagdeco Hong Kong Шаблон:Lang Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China		 Шаблон:Lang Hong Kong HK HKG 344
Шаблон:Flagdeco Macau Шаблон:Lang Macao Special Administrative Region
of the People's Republic of China		 Шаблон:Lang Macao MO MAC 446
Шаблон:Flagdeco Japan Шаблон:Lang Japan Шаблон:Lang Japan JP JPN 392
Шаблон:Flagdeco Mongolia Шаблон:Lang Mongolia Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:MongolUnicode) Mongolia MN MNG 496
Шаблон:Flagdeco North Korea Шаблон:Lang Democratic People's Republic of Korea Шаблон:Lang Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) KP PRK 408
Шаблон:Flagdeco South Korea Шаблон:Lang Republic of Korea Шаблон:Lang Korea (the Republic of) KR KOR 410
Шаблон:Flagdeco TaiwanШаблон:Efn Шаблон:Lang Republic of China Шаблон:Lang Taiwan[111] TW TWN 158

Demographics

Файл:Eastern Asia population pyramid 2023.svg
Population pyramid of East Asia in 2023
Файл:China ethnolinguistic 1967.jpg
Historical distribution map of linguistic groups in China
State/Territory Area km2 Population in

thousands (2023)Шаблон:UN Population

% of East Asia % of World Population density
per km2 		HDI[112] Capital/Administrative Centre
Шаблон:Flag 9,640,011Шаблон:Efn 1,425,671Шаблон:Efn 85.76% 17.72% 138 0.768 Beijing
Шаблон:HKG 1,104 7,492 0.45% 0.093% 6,390 0.952 Hong Kong
Шаблон:MAC 30 704 0.042% 0.0087% 18,662 0.922 Macao
Шаблон:JPN 377,930 123,295 7.42% 1.53% 337 0.925 Tokyo
Шаблон:MNG 1,564,100 3,447 0.2% 0.042% 2 0.739 Ulaanbaatar
Шаблон:PRK 120,538 26,161 1.57% 0.33% 198 0.733Шаблон:Citation needed PyongyangШаблон:Efn
Шаблон:KOR 100,210 51,784 3.11% 0.64% 500 0.925 Seoul
Шаблон:TWN 36,197 23,923 1.44% 0.297% 639 0.926 TaipeiШаблон:Efn
East Asia 11,840,000 1,662,477 100% 20.66% 141 Шаблон:Increase0.861 (very high)

Ethnic groups

Шаблон:Main

Ethnicity Native name Population Language(s) Writing system(s) Major states/territories* Traditional attire
Han/Chinese Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang 1,313,345,856[113] Chinese (Mandarin, Min, Wu, Yue, Jin, Gan, Hakka, Xiang, Huizhou, Pinghua, etc.) Simplified Han characters, Traditional Han characters Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Hanfu Man and lady.jpg
Yamato/Japanese Шаблон:Lang 125,117,000[114] Japanese Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Shinto married couple.jpg
Korean Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang 		84,790,105[115][116][117] Korean Hangul, Han characters (Hanja) Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Hanbok (female and male).jpg
Bai Шаблон:Lang 2,091,543[118] Bai, Southwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters, Latin script Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Bai 5.JPG
Hui Шаблон:Lang 11,377,914[118] Northwestern Mandarin, other Chinese Dialects, Huihui language, etc. Simplified Han charactersШаблон:Efn Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:HuiChineseMuslim3.jpg
Mongols Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:MongolUnicode
Монгол/Шаблон:MongolUnicode 		8,942,528 Mongolian Mongol script, Cyrillic script Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Mongolian Musician.jpg
Zhuang Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang 19,568,546[118] Zhuang, Southwestern Mandarin, etc. Simplified Han characters, Latin script Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Zhuang's beautiful maiden in Chongzuo Fusui.jpg
Uyghurs Шаблон:Lang/ئۇيغۇر 11,774,538[118] Uyghur Arabic alphabet, Latin script Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Efn Файл:Uyghur-elders-sunday-market-Kashgar.jpg
Manchus Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:ManchuSibeUnicode 10,423,303[118] Northeastern Mandarin, Manchu language Simplified Han characters, Mongol script Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Файл:Akšan.jpg
Hmong/Miao Шаблон:Lang/Ghaob Xongb/Hmub/Mongb 11,067,929[118] Hmong/Miao, Southwestern Mandarin Latin script, Simplified Han characters Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:贵州黔东南苗族女性（a Miao woman in Qiandongnan，Guizhou）.jpg
Tibetans Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Bo-textonly 7,060,731[118] Tibetan, Rgyal Rong, Rgu, etc. Tibetan script Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:People of Tibet46.jpg
Yi Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang 9,830,327[118] Various Loloish, Southwestern Mandarin Yi script, Simplified Han characters Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Ethnic Yi China Costume.jpg
Tujia Шаблон:Lang 9,587,732[118] Northern Tujia, Southern Tujia Simplified Han characters Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Tujia women.jpg
Kam Шаблон:Lang/Gaeml 3,495,993[118] Gaeml Simplified Han characters, Latin script Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Ethic Dong Liping Guizhou China.jpg
Tu Шаблон:Lang/Monguor 289,565 Tu, Northwestern Mandarin Simplified Han characters Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Nadun Picture 1.jpg
Daur Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:MongolUnicode 131,992 Daur, Northeastern Mandarin Mongol script, Simplified Han characters Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Daur woman smiling.jpg
Indigenous Taiwanese Peoples Шаблон:Lang/ Шаблон:Lang/ Шаблон:Lang/ Шаблон:Lang/ Шаблон:Lang 533,600 Austronesian languages (Amis, Yami), etc. Latin script, Traditional Han characters Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon

Файл:Tao1.jpg

Ryukyuan Шаблон:Lang 1,900,000 Japanese
Ryukyuan 		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:Five men wearing Ryukyuan Dress.JPG
Ainu Шаблон:Lang/ Шаблон:Lang/ Шаблон:Lang 200,000 Japanese
Ainu[119] 		Han characters (Kanji), Katakana, Hiragana Шаблон:Flagicon Файл:AinuSan.jpg
  • Note: The order of states/territories follows the population ranking of each ethnicity, within East Asia only.

East Asian culture

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Main category

Overview

The culture of East Asia has largely been influenced by China, as it was the civilization that had the most dominant influence in the region throughout the ages that ultimately laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[120] The vast knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. Imperial China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar system, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasised a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and cultural value systems, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[121][25][122][123][124][125][126][127][86] The Imperial Chinese tributary system was the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries, which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras. Through the tributary system, the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order.[128] The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia's foreign policy and trade for over two millennia due to Imperial China's economic and cultural dominance over the region, and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular.[29][128] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[125][123][128][121]

Religions

Шаблон:Main

Шаблон:Pie chart

Religion Native name Creator/Current Leader Founded Time Main Denomination Major book Type Est. Followers Ethnic groups States/territories
Chinese folk religion Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period Salvationist, Wuism, Nuo Chinese classics, Huangdi Sijing, precious scrolls, etc. Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism ~900,000,000[129][130] Han, Hmong, Qiang, Tujia (worship of the same ancestor-gods) Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Taoism Шаблон:Lang All religions originating in East Asia have been heavily influenced by Taoism and the Tao Te Ching.[12]

Zhang Daoling, was considered the founder of Taoism by Taoists. He founded Zhengyi, the earliest denomination of Taoism. Zhang Daoling reformed the Chinese folk religion from Sichuan, into a real, organised, and regulated religion, in 125 AD.

Wang Chongyang founded the Quanzhen Denomination. Tale says Wang Chongyang met two Gods, Lü Dongbin and Han Zhongli, during Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in 1159. He then get started to study Taoism himself. Three years later, he finished his studying, and founded Quanzhen. The new leader of Zhengyi need to be the son or paternal nephew of the previous leader, confirmed by the court of Zhengyi, in Mount Longhu, Jiangxi. Also beginning from the Song dynasty, the leaders of Zhengyi get started to be confirmed and titled by the Emperor of China. In 1949, the 63rd leader, Zhang Enfu, fled to Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Kuomintang, died in 1969 in Taipei. The Kuomintang Authority titled his cousin Zhang Yuanxian as the 64th leader, while the Court of Zhengyi back in Jiangxi argued that the oracle already foreseen the leadership will end at the 63rd generation. Zhang Yuanxian died in 2008, only left a daughter as heir. Meanwhile, the Kuomintang Authority did not confirmed the next leader. On the other hand, in Mainland China, Zhang Enfu's second daughter's son, Lu Jintao, changes his surname to Zhang, and get in charge of the Court of Zhengyi currently. For the leader of Quanzhen, the last (18th) leader (1335-1362) was Wanyan Deming, titled by the Emperor of Yuan dynasty. Wanyan Deming was a Jurchen Taoist, the Wanyan family was the imperial house of Jin dynasty. There is no official leader of Quanzhen after Wanyan Deming anymore.Шаблон:Citation needed

125 AD Eastern Han dynastyШаблон:Citation needed Zhengyi, Quanzhen Tao Te Ching Pantheism, polytheism ~20,000,000[130] Han, Zhuang, Hmong, Yao, Qiang, Tujia Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
East Asian Buddhism/Chinese Buddhism Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang The Emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty, Liu Zhuang, made a dream about the Buddha occasionally, then sent people to the Western Regions to Introduce Buddhism to the Capital, Chang'an, in 67 AD. In 384 AD, during the Eastern Jin dynasty, Indian Mālānanda introduced the Chinese Buddhism to Baekje. In 552 AD, King Seong of Baekje offered Buddhism to the Emperor Kinmei of Japan.Шаблон:Citation needed 67 AD Eastern Han dynasty Mahayana Diamond Sutra Non-God, Dualism. ~300,000,000 Han, Koreans, Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Tibetan Buddhism Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Bo-textonly Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche, Prince of the Ancient Xang Xung Kingdom. 1800 years ago Mahayana, Bon Anuttarayoga Tantra Non-God ~10,000,000 Tibetans, Manchus, Mongols Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
ShamanismШаблон:Efn Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Spontaneous formation Prehistoric period N/A Prehistoric, polytheism, and pantheism N/A Manchus, Mongols, Oroqens Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Shinto Шаблон:Lang Spontaneous formation Yayoi period[131] Shinto sects Kojiki, Nihon Shoki Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism N/A Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon
Musok/Muism Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Spontaneous formation 900 years agoШаблон:Citation needed Musok sects N/A Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism N/A Koreans Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Ryukyuan religion Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Spontaneous formation N/A N/A N/A Prehistoric, pantheism, and polytheism N/A Ryukyuans Шаблон:Flagicon (Шаблон:Flagicon)

Festivals

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

Festival Native Name Other name Calendar Date Gregorian date Activity Religious practices Food Major ethnicities Major states/territories
Chinese New Year Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang Spring Festival Chinese Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks Worship the King of Gods Nian gao Han, Manchus etc. Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Korean New Year Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Seollal Korean Month 1 Day 1 21 Jan–20 Feb Ancestors Worship, Family Reunion, Tomb Sweeping N/A Tteokguk Koreans Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Losar or Tsagaan Sar Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Bo-textonly or Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang White Moon Tibetan, Mongolian Month 1 Day 1 25 Jan – 2 Mar Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Fireworks N/A Chhaang or Buuz Tibetans, Mongols, Tu etc. Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
New Year Шаблон:Lang Yuan Dan Gregorian 1 Jan 1 Jan Fireworks N/A N/A N/A Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Lantern Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Upper Yuan Festival (Шаблон:Lang) Chinese Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Lanterns Expo, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Sky-officer Yuanxiao Han Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Daeboreum Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Great Full Moon Korean Month 1 Day 15 4 Feb – 6 Mar Greeting of the moon, kite-flying, Jwibulnori, eating nuts (Bureom) Bonfires (daljip taeugi) Ogok-bap, namul, nuts Korean Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Hanshi Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Cold Food Festival Solar term Traditionally, on the 105th day after the Winter solstice. Revised to 1 day before the Qingming Festival by Johann Adam Schall von Bell (Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi) during the Qing dynasty. April 3–5 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, No cooking hot meal/setting fire, Cold food only. Cuju, etc. (People used to mix this one with the Qingming Festival due to their close dates) In Memory of a loyal Ancient named Jie Zhitui (Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi), ordered by the Monarch of the Jin (Chinese state), Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi) Cold Food, e.g. Qingtuan Han, Koreans, Mongols Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Qingming Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or Ханш нээх Tomb Sweeping Day Solar term 15th day after the Vernal Equinox. Just 1 day after the Hanshi Festival, but in much higher repute. April 4-6th Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Excursion, Planting trees, Flying kites, Tug of war, Cuju, etc. (Almost the same with the Hanshi Festival's, due to their close dates) Burning Hell money for deceased family members. Planting willow branches to keep ghosts away from houses. Boiled eggs Han, Koreans, Mongols Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:FlagiconШаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Dragon Boat Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Duanwu Festival / Dano (Surit-nal) Chinese / Korean Month 5 Day 5 Driving poisons & plague away. (China - Dragon Boat Race, Wearing coloured lines, Hanging felon herb on the front door.) / (Korea - Washing hair with iris water, ssireum) Worship various Gods Zongzi / Surichwitteok (rice cake with herbs) Han, Koreans, Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Ghost Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Mid Yuan Festival Chinese Month 7 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Earth-officer Han, Koreans, Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Mid-Autumn Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Chinese Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Goddess Mooncake Han Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Chuseok Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Hangawi Korean Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping, Enjoying Moon view N/A Songpyeon, Torantang (Taro soup) Koreans Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Tsukimi Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Tsukimi or Otsukimi Gregorian Month 8 Day 15 Family Reunion, Enjoying Moon view Worship the Moon Tsukimi Dango, Sweet Potato Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon *
Double Ninth Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Double Positive Festival Chinese Month 9 Day 09 Climbing Mountain, Taking care of elderly, Wearing Cornus. Worship various Gods Han, Korean, Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon*
Lower Yuan Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang N/A Chinese Month 10 Day 15 Ancestors Worship, Tomb Sweeping Birthdate of the God of Water-officer Ciba Han Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Dongzhi Festival Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang N/A Gregorian Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Between Dec 21 and Dec 23 Ancestors Worship, Rites to dispel bad spirits N/A Tangyuan, Patjuk, Zenzai, Kabocha Han, Koreans, Yamato Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Small New Year Шаблон:Lang Jizao (Шаблон:Lang) Chinese Month 12 Day 23 Cleaning Houses Worship the God of Hearth tanggua Han, Mongols Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon

*Japan switched the date to the Gregorian calendar after the Meiji Restoration.
*Not always on that Gregorian date, sometimes April 4.

Collaboration

East Asian Youth Games

Шаблон:Unreferenced section Шаблон:Main Formerly the East Asian Games, it is a multi-sport event organized by the East Asian Games Association (EAGA) and held every four years since 2019 among athletes from East Asian countries and territories of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), as well as the Pacific island of Guam, which is a member of the Oceania National Olympic Committees.

It is one of five Regional Games of the OCA. The others are the Central Asian Games, the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games), the South Asian Games and the West Asian Games.

Free trade agreements

Шаблон:Unreferenced section

Name of agreement Parties Leaders at the time Negotiation begins Signing date Starting time Current status
China–South Korea FTA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Xi Jinping, Park Geun-hye May, 2012 Jun 01, 2015 Dec 30, 2015 Enforced
China–Japan–South Korea FTA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Xi Jinping, Shinzō Abe, Park Geun-hye Mar 26, 2013 N/A N/A 10 round negotiation
Japan-Mongolia EPA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Shinzō Abe, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj - Feb 10, 2015 - Enforced
China-Mongolia FTA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Xi Jinping, Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj N/A N/A N/A Officially proposed
China-HK CEPA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Jiang Zemin, Tung Chee-hwa - Jun 29, 2003 - Enforced
China-Macau CEPA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Jiang Zemin, Edmund Ho Hau-wah - Oct 18, 2003 - Enforced
Hong Kong-Macau CEPA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Carrie Lam, Fernando Chui Oct 09, 2015 N/A N/A Negotiating
ECFA Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Jan 26, 2010 Jun 29, 2010 Aug 17, 2010 Enforced
CSSTA (Based on ECFA) Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou Mar, 2011 Jun 21, 2013 N/A Abolished
CSGTA (Based on ECFA) Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon Hu Jintao, Ma Ying-jeou Feb 22, 2011 N/A N/A Suspended

Military alliances

Name Parties within the region
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon
Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea Шаблон:Flagicon Шаблон:Flagicon

Major cities

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Largest population centres

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Church, Peter. A short history of South-East Asia (John Wiley & Sons, 2017).
  • Chung, Eunbin. Pride, Not Prejudice: National Identity as a Pacifying Force in East Asia (University of Michigan Press, 2022) online reviews by six scholars
  • Clyde, Paul H., and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975) online 3rd edition 1958
  • Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online free to borrow
  • Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia (1922) online free
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall. East Asia: A cultural, social, and political history (Cengage Learning, 2013).
  • Embree, Ainslie T., ed. Encyclopedia of Asian history (1988)
  • Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online free to borrow, famous textbook.
  • Flynn, Matthew J. China Contested: Western Powers in East Asia (2006), for secondary schools
  • Gelber, Harry. The dragon and the foreign devils: China and the world, 1100 BC to the present (2011).
  • Green, Michael J. By more than providence: grand strategy and American power in the Asia Pacific since 1783 (2017) a major scholarly survey excerpt
  • Hall, D.G.E. History of South East Asia (Macmillan International Higher Education, 1981).
  • Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia (2d ed. Cambridge UP, 2017). excerpt
  • Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
  • Jensen, Richard, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2003), 304 pp online review
  • Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online free to borrow
  • Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen, eds. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. (6 vol. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002).
  • Mackerras, Colin. Eastern Asia: an introductory history (Melbourne: Longman Cheshire, 1992).
  • Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
  • Miller, David Y. Modern East Asia: An Introductory History (Routledge, 2007)
  • Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia: A New History (1996)
  • Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
  • Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
  • Prescott, Anne. East Asia in the World: An Introduction (Routledge, 2015)
  • Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
  • Szpilman, Christopher W. A., Sven Saaler. "Japan and Asia" in Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History (2017) online
  • Steiger, G. Nye. A history of the Far East (1936).
  • Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
  • Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
  • Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wiktionary Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Asia topics Шаблон:East Asian topics Шаблон:Geographic location Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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