Английская Википедия:Enchanted Rock
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Enchanted Rock is a pink granite mountain located in the Llano Uplift about Шаблон:Convert north of Fredericksburg, Texas and Шаблон:Convert south of Llano, Texas, United States. Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, which includes Enchanted Rock and surrounding land, spans the border between Gillespie and Llano counties, south of the Llano River. Enchanted Rock covers roughly Шаблон:Convert and rises around Шаблон:Convert above the surrounding terrain to an elevation of Шаблон:Convert above sea level. It is the largest pink granite monadnock in the United States. Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, a part of the Texas state park system, includes Шаблон:Convert.[1] In 1936, the area was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.[2] In 1971, Enchanted Rock was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.[3]
Enchanted Rock was rated in 2017 as the best campsite in Texas in a 50-state survey.[4] The State Natural Area had 307,686 visitors in 2022.[5]
Geology
The prominent granite dome is visible for many miles in the surrounding basin of the Llano Uplift. The weathered dome, standing above the surrounding plain, is known to geologists as a monadnock. The rock is actually the visible above-ground part of a segmented ridge, the surface expression of a large igneous batholith, called the Town Mountain Granite[6] of middle Precambrian (Шаблон:Ma)[7] material that intruded into earlier metamorphic schist, called the Packsaddle Schist.[6] The intrusive granite of the rock mass, or pluton, was exposed by extensive erosion of the surrounding sedimentary rock, primarily the Cretaceous Edwards limestone, which is exposed a few miles to the south of Enchanted Rock.[6]
Enchanted Rock State Natural Area and Conservation
Park activities include caving,[8] hiking, primitive backpack camping, rock climbing and picnicking. The Summit Trail[9] is the most popular hiking path.
The Granite Gripper is an annual rock climbing competition that acts as a fundraiser for park conservation through the Friends of Enchanted Rock.[10] Emphasis is placed on activity safety and ecological preservation. Visitors are asked to keep human incursion at a minimum by not disturbing plants, animals, or artifacts.[11] Federal and state statutes, regulations, and rules governing archeological and historic sites apply.[12] The state Game Warden as a commissioned peace officer is authorized to inspect natural resources and take any necessary action for the preservation of the resources.[13] As of March 1, 2016, dogs are not allowed on the summit trail anymore.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department partners with Friends of Enchanted Rock,[14] a volunteer-based nonprofit organization that works for the improvement and preservation of Enchanted Rock State Natural Area. Scheduled Summit Trail tours are the third Saturday of the month starting April, May, September, October, November, and December. Private tours are available for groups at other times.
Nature
Fauna
Wildlife at Enchanted Rock includes white-tailed deer, ringtail, nine-banded armadillo, rock and fox squirrel, rabbit, and red harvester ants. A wide variety of lizards, including the Texas horned lizard, also makes the Enchanted Rock area their home. Vernal pools on the rock contain fragile invertebrate fairy shrimp.
Designated a key bird watching site,[15] bird enthusiasts can observe many species including wild turkey, greater roadrunner, golden-fronted woodpecker, Woodhouse's scrub jay, canyon towhee, rufous-crowned sparrow, black-throated sparrow, lesser goldfinch, common poorwill, chuck-will's-widow, black-chinned hummingbird, vermilion flycatcher, scissor-tailed flycatcher, Bell's vireo, yellow-throated vireo, blue grosbeak, painted bunting, orchard oriole, vesper sparrow, fox sparrow, Harris's sparrow, northern cardinal, canyon wren, and lark sparrow.
Flora
More than 500 species of plants,[16] from four chief plant communities — open oak woodland, mesquite grassland, floodplain, and granite rock community — inhabit the rock. Specific species include plateau live oak, Texas beargrass, prickly pear cactus, and sideoats grama.
History
| Timeline of Enchanted Rock History [17][18] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Date | Event | |
| 1838 |
| |
| 1841 |
| |
| 1844 |
| |
| 1880–1881 |
| |
| 1886 |
| |
| 1895 |
| |
| 1927 |
| |
| 1946 |
| |
| 1970 |
| |
| 1978 |
| |
| 1984 |
| |
Archaeological evidence indicates human visitation at the rock going back at least 11,000 years.
According to the book [20] The Enchanted Rock published in 1999 by Ira Kennedy [21][22]
These hunter-gatherers had flint-tipped spears, fire, and stories. With these resources, some 12,000 years ago, the first Texans became the wellspring of Plains Indian culture. On the basis of archaeological evidence, human habitation at Enchanted Rock can be traced back at least 10,000 years. Paleo-Indian projectile points, or arrowheads, 11–12,000 years old, have been found in the area upstream and downstream from the rock. The oldest authenticated projectile point found within the present-day park is a Plainview point type, dating back 10,000 years.
The rock has been the subject of numerous geological surveys and paintings.
Vandalism
In 2016, two citizens of San Marcos, Texas, were arrested for vandalizing the "south face of the summit at Enchanted Rock State Park". The summit was vandalized with graffiti again in 2018 and no arrests have been made in that case. The vandalism is a state felony in Texas, carrying "a penalty of up to two years in state jail and a $10,000 fine if convicted".[23][24]
Legends
Folklore of local Tonkawa, Apache and Comanche tribes ascribes magical and spiritual powers to the rock (hence the name Enchanted Rock). While attempting to hide from Anglo settlers in the area, the natives would hide on the top two tiers of the rock, where they were invisible from the ground below. The first European to visit the area was probably Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1536. The Tonkawa, who inhabited the area in the 16th century, believed that ghost fires flickered at the top of the dome. In particular, they heard unexplained creaking and groaning, which geologists attribute to night-time contraction of the rock after being heated by the sun during the day. The name "Enchanted Rock" derives from Spanish and Anglo-Texan interpretations of such legends and related folklore; the name "Crying Rock" has also been given to the formation.
A plaque formerly embedded in Enchanted Rock near the top, but now removed to a kiosk below, reads:[25]
Other legends associated with Enchanted Rock are:
- Haunted by a Native American princess who threw herself off the rock after witnessing the slaughter of her people[26]
- Alleged sacrifices at the rock by both Comanche and Tonkawa tribes[26]
- Believed to be a lost silver, gold or iron mine[26]
- Footprint indentations on the rock of Native American chief who sacrificed his daughter, condemned to walk Enchanted Rock forever[26]
- Woman's screams at night are of a white woman who took refuge on Enchanted Rock after escaping a kidnapping by Native Americans[26]
- Spanish soldier Don Jesús Navarro's Enchanted Rock rescue of native maiden Rosa, daughter of Chief Tehuan, after her kidnap by Comanches intent on sacrificing her on the rock[26]
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See also
- Albert, Texas
- Cherry Springs Dance Hall
- Doss, Texas
- Easter Fire
- Harper, Texas
- List of National Natural Landmarks in Texas
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Gillespie County, Texas
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Llano County, Texas
- Spy Rock
- Stonewall, Texas
- Texas Hill Country
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References
Further reading
External links
- Enchanted Rock State Natural Area
- Texas Parks official web page
- Шаблон:Handbook of Texas
- E-Rock: Virtual Trip to Enchanted Rock
- Technical rock climbing at Enchanted Rock
- Home movie of Enchanted Rock, The Steve Gomez Collection, no. 1 - Hiking Enchanted Rock, Texas Archive of the Moving Image
Шаблон:NRHP Gillespie County, Texas Шаблон:NRHP Llano County, Texas Шаблон:NRHP in Texas Шаблон:Greater Austin Шаблон:Protected areas of Texas
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Barnes, V.E., Hartmann, Barbara and Scranton, D.F., 1992, Geologic map of Texas: University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, scale 1:500000. [1]
- ↑ Walker, Nicholas, Middle Proterozoic geologic evolution of Llano uplift, Texas: Evidence from U-Pb zircon geochronometry, Geological Society of America Bulletin 1992;104;494–504
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore Morning Star Productions
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Barron, Robert
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Trails.com
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Enchanted Rock State Natural Area
- ↑ Шаблон:Handbook of Texas Texas State Historical Association
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web National Park Service
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web TexFiles
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web TexFiles
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web TexFiles
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 26,5 Шаблон:Handbook of Texas Texas State Historical Association
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