Английская Википедия:Enmesharra

Шаблон:Infobox deity Enmesharra (Шаблон:Lang-sux Шаблон:Transl, "Lord of all me's") was a Mesopotamian god associated with the underworld. He was regarded as a member of an inactive old generation of deities, and as such was commonly described as a ghost or resident of the underworld. He is best known from various lists of primordial deities, such as the so-called "theogony of Enlil," which lists many generations of ancestral deities.

Various fragmentary myths describe confrontations between him and deities such as Enlil, Ninurta or Marduk. The myth Enlil and Namzitara describes him as Enlil's paternal uncle, and alludes to a belief that he was the ruler of the universe in the distant past, possibly after usurping the position of his nephew. He has been compared with Anzu, who in the corresponding myth also steals Enlil's right to declare destinities for himself.

Texts commonly mention his children, usually identified as the "Seven sons of Enmesharra," analogous to the Sebitti. Specific deities who could be identified as his children or descendants were Shuzianna and Papsukkal, among others.

Character

Enmesharra's name means "lord of all me (essences)" in Sumerian.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Henry W. F. Saggs assumes that he "had his origin in theological speculation rather than that he was an otiose deity of popular religion."Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert similarly concludes that he originated "solely from the theogony of Enlil,"Шаблон:Sfn a term he uses to refer to lists of Enlil's ancestors and other primordial deities.Шаблон:Sfn

Enmesharra is best attested as a primordial deity who was believed to be active long before the gods actively worshiped by the Mesopotamians.Шаблон:Sfn A prayer meant to be recited before the foundation of a temple refers to him as lord of the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn This title was also applied to other deities, including Ninazu, his son Ningishzida, Nergal and Nirah.Шаблон:Sfn A references to Enmesharra residing in the underworld is known from the Old Babylonian myth Death of Gilgamesh, where he is mentioned alongside the various ancestors of Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn Early Assyriologists viewed Enmesharra as "Akkadian Pluto,"Шаблон:Sfn which lead to the incorrect notion that he was one and the same as Nergal.Шаблон:Sfn

It is presumed that most sources referring to Enmesharra understand him as a deceased deity.Шаблон:Sfn For example, a text makes references to Enmesharra being burned and existing in the form of a ghost.Шаблон:Sfn One text from Nippur mentions that he was "laid to rest" after a confrontation between him and either Enlil or Ninurta occurred in Shuruppak.Шаблон:Sfn However, a single source states that Enmesharra himself avoided death, and his sons died instead: "Enmesharra (...) to save his own life, handed over his sons."Шаблон:Sfn

The myth Enmesharra's Defeat assigns a unique epithet to him, zi-mu-ú ("splendour"), and states that this quality was reassigned to Shamash after his defeat.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert considers it a possibility that Enmesharra's association with light could have stemmed from the fact that Ninmesharra, the feminine equivalent of his name, was a title of Inanna, well known as a luminous deity due to her role as a representation of Venus.Шаблон:Sfn Inanna's luminous nature is described for example in a hymn which connects her various abilities, such as providing advice to humans or seemingly complementing evil with good with the light exuded by the corresponding celestial body.Шаблон:Sfn The name Ninmesharra, "lady of all me," is best known from a composition of Enheduanna, where it refers to Inanna, though it could also be applied as an epithet to Enlil's wife Ninlil.Шаблон:Sfn Occasional references to Ninmesharra as an independent figure, a companion of Enmesharra from lists of theogonic deities, are also known.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In one case, Enmesharra and Ninmesharra are described as "father and mother of all the gods."Шаблон:Sfn

Frans Wiggermann initially assumed that Enmesharra might be understood as an abstract representation of the concept of kingship, based on a mythical episode where he passes the insignia of kingship on to Anu and Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn However, later he embraced the notion that being a primordial deity, he represented the "brainless old cosmos" predating the period of Enlil's "just rule."Шаблон:Sfn

One Babylonian text (CBS 6060), a compendium explaining which deities correspond to various building materials, associates Enmesharra with gold, though in another similar text, presumed to be older, this metal is instead associated with Enlil.Шаблон:Sfn A plant called anameru was associated with him in sources from the first millennium BCE,Шаблон:Sfn as were two birds, the cock and the šuššuru.Шаблон:Sfn

Iconography

On this basis of Enmesharra's apparent luminous character in the myth Enmesharra's Defeat, Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that some figures on cylinder seals with rays of light emanating on their shoulders might be depictions of Enmesharra, rather than the sun god Shamash.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, he proposed that a unique relief depicting a god stabbing a cyclops with rays emanating from his head might depict his defeat.Шаблон:Sfn Other interpretations of the figures on this artifact, originally excavated in Khafajah (ancient Tubub) have been proposed too, including Marduk killing Tiamat and Ninurta killing Asag, though neither of these found widespread support, and art historian Anthony Green showed skepticism regarding them, noting art might preserve myths not known from textual record.Шаблон:Sfn According to Andrew R. George Akkadian omen texts from Susa and from the Sealand archives appears to indicate that one-eyed creatures were known as igidalu, igidaru or igitelû, possibly a loanword from Sumerian igi dili ("one eye").Шаблон:Sfn He remarks that the only god associated with them in available sources is Nergal, who in an omen text is identified as the slayer of an igitelû.Шаблон:Sfn There is also evidence that the birth of one-eyed animals was regarded as an omen connected to Nergal.Шаблон:Sfn

Frans Wiggermann proposes that the so-called "birdman" figure from cylinder seals might represent Enmesharra.Шаблон:Sfn Unlike the better known eagle-like Anzu, the "birdman" appears to have the lower body of a water bird.Шаблон:Sfn Wiggermann argues that the scenes involving this being might indicate he was imagined as challenging the divine authority. Since the same role belongs to Enmesharra in textual sources, he proposes that the two of them are one and the same, though he admits there is no indication in any known sources that the latter was ever regarded as bird-like.Шаблон:Sfn

Associations with other deities

Ancient commentaries at times equate Enmesharra with other, usually cosmogonic, figures: Lugaldukuga, Anu, Qingu,Шаблон:Sfn Alala and otherwise largely unknown Ubnu.Шаблон:Sfn

Enmesharra belonged to the group of ancestral gods associated with Enlil, though he held a special status within it.Шаблон:Sfn Lists of ancestors of Enlil, who are matching En- and Nin- pairs much like Enlil and his wife Ninlil, could be followed by Enmesharra, listed without a spouse and not labeled as an ancestor directly.Шаблон:Sfn Enumerations of such figures start with the pair Enki-Ninki, and sometimes they were referred to simply as "Enkis and Ninkis," ^dEn-ki-e-ne ^dNin-ki-e-ne.Шаблон:Sfn Texts from Fara and Abu Salabikh from the Early Dynastic period already attest the existence of these pairs.Шаблон:Sfn References are also known from Ebla, where in one text Enki and Ninki are linked with roots of the tamarisk.Шаблон:Sfn While it is consistent that Enki and Ninki were the oldest generation of Enlil's ancestors, the rest of the family tree was not fixed, and various pairs of En- and Nin- deities appear in known sources.Шаблон:Sfn Enki, the ancestor of Enlil, is not to be confused with the god Enki/Ea, who is a distinct and unrelated figure.Шаблон:Sfn The ancestral Enki's name means "lord earth" while the meaning of the name of the god of Eridu is uncertain but not the same, as indicated by some writings including an amissable g.Шаблон:Sfn

Similar lists of ancestors of Anu are also known, but it is assumed that they were not of equal importance in Mesopotamian theology.Шаблон:Sfn

According to the myth Enlil and Namzitara, Enmesharra was Enlil's uncle,Шаблон:Sfn the brother of his father.Шаблон:Sfn Multiple traditions regarding Enlil's father are known, with Anu or Lugaldukuga being particularly commonly listed.Шаблон:Sfn The latter could also be regarded as his grandfather.Шаблон:Sfn The god list An = Anum inserts him between Enmesharra and his seven sons.Шаблон:Sfn According to Wilfred G. Lambert, while it is likely that traditions where Enmesharra himself played this role also existed, direct statements confirming this are not presently known from any texts.Шаблон:Sfn

Lugaldukuga could be associated both with Enmesharra and by extension with a group of defeated gods called "the seven conquered Enlils,"Шаблон:Sfn to which the latter belonged.Шаблон:Sfn His name points at his association with the duku, a cosmic mound from the theology of Nippur,Шаблон:Sfn which was sometimes also associated with Enmesharra according to Frans Wiggermann.Шаблон:Sfn The duku was the place where destinites were determined, and a primordial dwelling of the gods.Шаблон:Sfn The name Lugaldukuga was independently also used as an epithet of Ea, but due to absence of evidence for the view that Ea was the father or grandfather of Enlil it is assumed that these two applications of it did not overlap.Шаблон:Sfn

Enmesharra was usually believed to have seven sons, though exceptions are known.Шаблон:Sfn A source from Kish mentions eight,Шаблон:Sfn while a single incantation references fifteen of them.Шаблон:Sfn In a neo-Babylonian inventory of divine statues, the Sebitti are identified as seven of the fifteen sons of Enmesharra.Шаблон:Sfn The seven sons and Sebitti often functioned as synonyms, though the latter were also equated with other groups of seven deities, for example the so-called "Divine Seven of Elam," a Mesopotamian grouping of Elamite gods.Шаблон:Sfn Different identities of the Sebitti could be sometimes merged, for example the Elamite goddess Narunde, in Mesopotamia identified as a sister of the Divine Seven of Elam, in at least one ritual appears alongside Sebitti labeled as "sons of Enmesharra."Шаблон:Sfn This term could also denote the asakku demons, though they were called "sons of Anu" as well.Шаблон:Sfn While the suggestions that seven sons of Enmesharra can be identified as the seven apkallu were present in early scholarship, this theory is not considered credible today.Шаблон:Sfn

Frans Wiggermann proposes that a single text commenting on magical formulas meant to protect a house from supernatural invaders confuses Enmesharra with the goddess Ishara, as it identifies Sebitti as her children, an otherwise unknown genealogy.Шаблон:Sfn

Shuzianna, a goddess associated with Enlil sometimes identified as his concubine or as the nurse of his son Sin appears in enumerations of the seven children of Enmesharra.Шаблон:Sfn In this context she appears in a ritual text from Hellenistic Uruk.Шаблон:Sfn

A prayer to the messenger god Papsukkal calls him "supreme vizier, offspring of Enmesharra."Шаблон:Sfn In one case, Papsukkal is listed right behind Enmesharra in a list of defeated gods.Шаблон:Sfn

Alfonso Archi considers it possible that the name of Namšara, one of the so-called "primordial gods," divine ancestors inhabiting the underworld in Hurrian mythology, was derived from Enmesharra.Шаблон:Sfn

Mythology

The myth Enlil and Namzitara refers directly to confrontation between Enlil and Enmesharra,Шаблон:Sfn which is sometimes referred to as the "Enmesharra myth" in scholarship.Шаблон:Sfn It states that at one point Enmesharra took over "Enlilship" in order to "know the fates like a lord.:Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert presumes that based on the wording used the myth refers to unlawful seizure of Enlil's right to declare destinies, denoted by the term "Enlilship."Шаблон:Sfn A few known copies of this text do not add the dingir sign, used to indicate divinity, to Enmesharra s name.Шаблон:Sfn

A brief mythical account present in an Akkadian incantation states that Enmesharra passed on the insignia of kingship to Anu and Enlil, though the wording used makes it impossible to determine if the action was voluntary.Шаблон:Sfn Frans Wiggermann notes that the text appears to allude to Enmesharra possessing "higher aspirations" despite being referred to as the lord of the underworld.Шаблон:Sfn He also assumes that the fact one of the objects in mention was a staff might be why Papsukkal was described on one occasion as "son of Anu, offspring of Enmesharra."Шаблон:Sfn A staff was commonly understood as a badge of office received from a higher power in Mesopotamian texts: kings were said to receive staffs from the head gods of the pantheon, like Enlil or Inanna, and sukkals (attendant deities), such as Ninshubur, Papsukkal or Nuska, were believed to carry staffs bestowed upon them by their masters, treated as their attribute.Шаблон:Sfn

Another fragment describes Enmesharra as imprisoned on the orders of Dagan (according to Wilfred G. Lambert treated as a synonym of Enlil in this context), and watched over by a group described as "standing gods," led by either Sin or Nabu.Шаблон:Sfn

The myth Enmesharra's Defeat, only known from a single, heavily damaged tablet from the Seleucid or Parthian period, based on the colophon assumed to only be the ending of the narrative, describes a conflict between Enmesharra and Marduk, as well as its aftermath.Шаблон:Sfn It also features Nergal as the warden of the eponymous antagonist and his seven sons, here identified as the Sebitti.Шаблон:Sfn In the surviving fragments, Enmesharra unsuccessfully pleads to be spared, and is subsequently escorted to Marduk's dwelling alongside the Sebitti.Шаблон:Sfn After reminding him of his unknown crime, Marduk deprives Enmesharra of his luminosity, which is subsequently given to Shamash, and presumably executes him, though the line clarifying his fate is not preserved.Шаблон:Sfn The rest of the narrative deals with assigning new domains to various gods,Шаблон:Sfn and in addition to Marduk and Nergal also features Nabu, Shamash,Шаблон:Sfn Zababa, Sin, Adad, Enlil, Urash Шаблон:Sfn and Erimbinatuku, possibly an otherwise unknown epithet of Pabilsag.Шаблон:Sfn Marduk, Nergal and Nabu end up sharing lordship over the universe, which seemingly originally belonged to Anu in this composition.Шаблон:Sfn Wilfred G. Lambert notes these gods were the 3 most prominent deities in the neo-Babylonian state pantheon,Шаблон:Sfn and that certain aspects of the work, like Marduk appearing in roles normally assigned to Enlil, might indicate it was a work of "Babylonian chauvinism" or that it was composed during a period of Nippur's irrelevance.Шаблон:Sfn

It has been proposed that an unknown myth about a battle between Marduk and an Enmesharra-like figure who unjustly seized the tablets of destiny was one of the sources used to form the narrative of Enuma Elish, especially the role Qingu plays in it.Шаблон:Sfn However, direct references to a conflict between Enmesharra and Marduk are rare, one exception (other than Enmesharra's Defeat) being the so-called Bird Call Text, which refers to Marduk under the variant name Tutu: Шаблон:Quotation

Another myth dealing with the defeat of Enmesharra, of which only eighteen lines survive, has been tentatively titled The Defeat of Enutila, Enmesharra and Qingu by Wilfred G. Lambert.Шаблон:Sfn The surviving fragment describes the aftermath of a conflict between gods, which seemingly takes place in Babylon, with direct references to temples known from historical sources, such as Eturkalama.Шаблон:Sfn Due to the large number of deities involved (in addition to Enmesharra: his seven sons, Tiamat, Apsu, Nabu, Ninurta, Enutila, Ishtar of Babylon, Qingu, Marduk and Ninzaginna) it is possible that the text was a scholarly compilation consisting of elements of formerly independent narratives, possibly including Enuma Elish, rather than a myth which arose organically.Шаблон:Sfn One of the surviving lines directly refers to Enmesharra being "taken by the sword."Шаблон:Sfn Enutila, mentioned in this myth, was another figure who like Enmesharra could be listed in texts dealing with theogony alongside ancestors of Enlil, but did not necessarily play the role of one of them.Шаблон:Sfn

Worship

The worship of Enmesharra is attested as early as in the Ur III period.Шаблон:Sfn He appears in a long list of offerings from Puzrish-Dagan, according to which a "grain-fed ox" was scarified to him in Nippur.Шаблон:Sfn He continued to be associated with Nippur through the second and first millennia BCE.Шаблон:Sfn In the Esagil temple complex in Babylon, a seat was dedicated jointly to him and Enbilulu.Шаблон:Sfn It bore the name du₆.ki.sikil, "mound, pure place."Шаблон:Sfn

Multiple references to mourning rites connected to Enmesharra are known.Шаблон:Sfn They took part in the month Tebetu.Шаблон:Sfn According to one text, they were believed to be originally established by the goddess Gula.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Another mentions the mourning rites of Enmesharra, Lugaldukuga and Tammuz side by side, stating that each of these festivals took place in a different month.Шаблон:Sfn A late theological commentary from Assur states that during a ritual the corpse of Enmesharra was transported in the chariot of Ninurta, drawn by the ghost of Anzu.Шаблон:Sfn The connection between Anzu and Enmesharra most likely developed due to both of them playing a similar role in mythology, namely challenging Enlil's rule by taking over his position as the god declaring the fates.Шаблон:Sfn Further associations between Enmesharra and chariots are known, for example another late Assyrian text states that his dwelling place was "the chariot house of Enlil,"Шаблон:Sfn according to Andrew R. George the name of a seat in the Esharra temple in Assur.Шаблон:Sfn

Another late explanatory text mentions a "taboo of Enmesharra" described as "waking up the sleeper."Шаблон:Sfn It has been proposed that it was a euphemism pertaining to disturbing the dead.Шаблон:Sfn However, it is also possible that it should be understood literally.Шаблон:Sfn In another case, cats are described as "taboo of Enmesharra," based on an unspecified connection with a mythical episode describing his defeat.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

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Шаблон:Refend

External links

Enlil and Namzitara in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

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Английская Википедия:Enmesharra

Содержание

Character

Iconography

Associations with other deities

Mythology

Worship

References

Bibliography

External links

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