Английская Википедия:Eriophorum angustifolium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Speciesbox
Eriophorum angustifolium, commonly known as common cottongrass or common cottonsedge, is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae. Native to North America, North Asia, and Europe, it grows on peat or acidic soils, in open wetland, heath or moorland. It begins to flower in April or May and, after fertilisation in early summer, the small, unremarkable brown and green flowers develop distinctive white bristle-like seed-heads that resemble tufts of cotton; combined with its ecological suitability to bog, these characteristics give rise to the plant's alternative name, bog cotton.
Eriophorum angustifolium is a hardy, herbaceous, rhizomatous, perennial sedge, able to endure in a variety of environments in the temperate, subarctic and arctic regions of Earth. Unlike Gossypium, the genus from which cotton is derived, the bristles which grow on E. angustifolium are unsuited to textile manufacturing. Nevertheless, in Northern Europe, they were used as a substitute in the production of paper, pillows, candle-wicks, and wound-dressings. The indigenous peoples of North America use the plant in cooking and in the treatment of digestive problems. Following a vote in 2002, Plantlife International designated E. angustifolium the County Flower of Greater Manchester, as part of its British County Flowers campaign.
Description
In the wild, Eriophorum angustifolium is a creeping rhizomatous perennial sedge,Шаблон:Sfn with an abundance of unbranched, translucent pink roots.Шаблон:Sfn Fully grown, it has a tall, erect stem shaped like a narrow cylinder or triangular prism; it is smooth in texture and green in colour. Reports of the plant's height vary; estimates include up to Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Convert,[1] and up to Шаблон:Convert.[2] E. angustifolium has "stiff grass-like foliage" consisting of long, narrow solidly dark green leaves, which have a single central groove, and narrow from their Шаблон:Convert wide base to a triangular tip.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Up to seven green and brown aerial peduncles and chaffs, roughly Шаблон:Convert in size, protrude from umbels at the top of the stem from which achenes are produced after fertilisation, each with a single pappus; these combine to form a distinctive white perianth around Шаблон:Convert long.Шаблон:Sfn[3]
Eriophorum angustifolium is described as "a rather dull plant" in winter and spring,Шаблон:Sfn but "simply breathtaking" in summer and autumn,Шаблон:Sfn when 1–7 conspicuous inflorescences – composed of hundreds of white pappi comparable to cotton,Шаблон:Sfn hair,Шаблон:Sfn tassels,Шаблон:Sfn and/or bristlesШаблон:Sfn – stand out against naturally drab surroundings.Шаблон:Sfn
Eriophorum angustifolium differs from other species within the genus Eriophorum in its habitat and morphology.[3] Its multiple flower heads and growth from rhizomes distinguish it from E. vaginatum, which has a single flower head and grows from dense tussocks.[3] Although E. latifolium has 2–12 flower heads, it has laxly caespitose (tufted) growth, and its pappi are forked.[3] The smooth peduncles and preference for acidic soil pH distinguishes E. angustifolium from E. gracile, which grows in swamp with a neutral pH and has scabrid (rough) peduncles.[3]
Distribution and ecology
Distribution
Eriophorum angustifolium is native to the Northern Hemisphere, and distributed across Eurasia, North America and the British Isles,Шаблон:Sfn where there is open bog, heath, wetland and moorland, with standing water and calcareous peat or acidic soil.Шаблон:Sfn It can survive in the Subarctic and Arctic, and is found in Alaska, Finland and Greenland as far north as 83° N.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The British botanist William Turner Thiselton-Dyer recorded E. angustifolium in the South African Republic in 1898.[4]
In North America, Eriophorum angustifolium is found in the north from Alaska through Manitoba and the Canadian Prairies to Newfoundland and Labrador, down the Pacific Northwest and the state of Washington, across the Midwestern United States through Michigan and Iowa, down the Eastern Seaboard as far south-east as New York and New Jersey, and reaching as far south-west as New Mexico.[5]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Eurasia, E. angustifolium is distributed throughout the Caucasus, European Russia and North Asia, including Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula, and south-east to Manchuria and Korea.[4] It grows throughout continental Europe, with the exception of those parts within the Mediterranean Basin,Шаблон:Sfn[4] growing in Scandinavia in the north, and as far south as the Norte Region of Portugal and the Pierian Mountains of Greece.[4]Шаблон:Sfn
Eriophorum angustifolium is the most common of the four native species of Eriophorum in the British Isles,Шаблон:Sfn and has been recorded as having existed in all vice-counties,[4] thriving particularly well in Ireland and northern and western regions of Great Britain, but less so in southern and eastern areas.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the mires of Northern Ireland and the South Pennines, it considered a ruderal, pioneer and keystone species, because it can quickly colonise and repair damaged or eroded peat, encourage the re-vegetation of its surroundings, and retain sediment and its landscape to serve as a carbon sink.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In central and southern counties of England, the species is rare or absent,Шаблон:Sfn and was "completely destroyed" in Cambridgeshire, The Broads, The Fens and other parts of the East of England by human activities such as land reclamation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Within the British Isles, E. angustifolium thrives at a range of altitudes from sea-level fens and lowland meadows, to exposed upland moors when provided with a habitat of acid bog or waterlogged heath.[4] It has an altitudinal limit of Шаблон:Convert above sea level,Шаблон:Sfn reaching Шаблон:Convert in the Wicklow Mountains of Ireland, and Шаблон:Convert in the Scottish Highlands.[4]
Ecology
Eriophorum angustifolium is a hardy, herbaceous, rhizomatous, perennial plant,[4] meaning that it is resilient to cold and freezing climatic conditions, dies back at the end of its growing season, has creeping rootstalks, and lives for over two years. It grows vigorously from seed over a period of 2–5 years,[6] and thrives particularly well in freshly disturbed, cut or eroded peat.Шаблон:Sfn E. angustifolium is protogynous.[4]
Sexual reproduction in Eriophorum angustifolium begins with flowering in spring or early summer (in or around May), when groups of 3–5 brown flowers are produced.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Fertilisation usually takes place in May or June, via anemophily (wind-pollination),[7] and the white bristle-like perianth, composed of achenes with pappi (seeds with hairs) then grows outwards to appear like short tufts of cotton thread. These pappi endure well into summer,Шаблон:Sfn lasting from around June to September.Шаблон:Sfn Like the pappus of Taraxacum (dandelions), this aids in wind-dispersal, and also serves as thermal insulation, conserving the temperature of the plant's reproductive organs by trapping solar radiation.Шаблон:Sfn
It is a known host to the fungal species Myriosclerotinia ciborium, Hysteronaevia advena, Lachnum imbecille and Lophodermium caricinum.[8]
Conservation
Eriophorum angustifolium has a NatureServe conservation status of G5, meaning that the species is considered to be ecologically secure by NatureServe, lacking any threats to its global abundance.[5]
In human culture
Eriophorum angustifolium seeds and stems are edible and are used in traditional Native American cuisineШаблон:Sfn by Alaska Natives,Шаблон:Sfn Inuit and Inupiat people.Шаблон:Sfn The leaves and roots of E. angustifolium are also edible and, because of their astringent properties,Шаблон:Sfn used by the Yupik peoples for medicinal purposes, through a process of decoction, infusion or poultice, to treat ailments of the human gastrointestinal tract,Шаблон:Sfn and in the Old World for the treatment of diarrhoea.Шаблон:Sfn In abundance, E. angustifolium can grow with enough density to disguise wetland and bog.Шаблон:Sfn Consequently, it may be used as a natural indicator of areas which are hazardous and to avoid travelling through.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Attempts to make a cotton-like thread from the hairs of the plant's seed-heads have been thwarted by its brittleness,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but it has been used in the production of paper and candle wicks in Germany,[7]Шаблон:Sfn and was used as a feather substitute in pillow stuffing in SwedenШаблон:Sfn and Sussex, England.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Scotland, during World War I, it was used to dress wounds.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2002, the County Flowers campaign of Plantlife International, which asked members of the public to nominate and vote for a wildflower emblem for each of the counties and metropolitan areas of the United Kingdom,[9] resulted in Eriophorum angustifolium being announced as the County Flower of Greater Manchester.[10][11]
Taxonomy
The species was named Eriophorum angustifolium in 1782 by the German botanist Gerhard August Honckeny.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The German botanist Albrecht Wilhelm Roth published this name in 1788,[12] referring to Honckeny's work,Шаблон:Sfn and is sometimes erroneously considered the author of the species name.[4] The genus name Eriophorum consists of two Ancient Greek roots – Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, "wool") and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, "-bearing")Шаблон:Sfn – referring to the fibrous seed-heads of the genus, which resemble tufts of thread.Шаблон:Sfn The specific epithet Шаблон:Lang is composed of the Latin words Шаблон:Lang ("narrow") and Шаблон:Lang ("leaf").Шаблон:Sfn The Linnaean name Eriophorum polystachion is a Шаблон:Lang,[2] being based on a mixed batch of specimens. Scirpus angustifolius is a later combination published by the Japanese botanist Tetsuo Koyama in 1958, but this generic assignment is not widely accepted.[13]
Two subspecies are recognised within E. angustifolium.[2] The autonymous subspecies, E. angustifolium subsp. angustifolium, is found in more southerly sites, while E. angustifolium subsp. triste has an overlapping distribution centred further north.[2] The two also differ in height and the roughness of the peduncles, with E. a. subsp. angustifolium being up to Шаблон:Convert tall and having smooth-surfaced peduncles, while E. a. subsp. triste has rough peduncles and only reaches Шаблон:Convert tall.[2]
In English, E. angustifolium is known by a variety of common names (with various spellings), including common cottongrass,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn common cotton-grass,[6] common cottonsedge,[6] tassel cotton grass,[6] many-headed cotton-grass,Шаблон:Sfn thin-scale cotton-grass,Шаблон:Sfn tall cotton-grass,[5]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn downy ling[6] and bog cotton.Шаблон:Sfn
Cultivation
Although "difficult to grow under cultivation",Шаблон:Sfn The Royal Horticultural Society states Eriophorum angustifolium can be cultivated as a low-maintenance wildflower, suitable for meadows, ponds margins or bog gardens.[6] This may be done in sheltered or exposed terrain, but best accomplished with full sun at a south- or west-facing aspect, in water up to Шаблон:Convert deep.[6] Poorly-drained peat, sand, clay or loam with an acidic soil pH is required.[6] Division in spring is the recommended form of propagation for the species, and regular deadheading is the recommended method of pruning.[6] Narthecium ossifragum and Myrica gale are suitable for companion planting with E. angustifolium.Шаблон:Sfn Eriophorum angustifolium is "generally pest free".[6] As a seedling and young plant it is eaten by sheep and cattle,Шаблон:Sfn and a variety of goose species.[14] It is tolerant to chalybeate (iron-enriched) water,Шаблон:Sfn but may succumb to powdery mildews.[6]
References
Bibliography
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- Шаблон:Cite journal
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External links
- ↑ Jermy et al., 2007
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,8 4,9 Шаблон:Harvnb
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I – smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I – Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Fox et al., 1990
