Английская Википедия:Esther 3

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Bible chapter Esther 3 is the third chapter of the Book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.Шаблон:Sfn The author of the book is unknown and modern scholars have established that the final stage of the Hebrew text would have been formed by the second century BCE.Шаблон:Sfn Chapters 3 to 8 contain the nine scenes that form the complication in the book.Шаблон:Sfn This chapter introduces Haman the Agagite, who is linked by his genealogy to King Agag, the enemy of Israel's King Saul, from whose father, Kish, Mordecai was descended (Шаблон:Bibleverse).Шаблон:Sfn The king Ahasuerus elevated Haman to a high position in the court, and ordered everyone to bow down to him, but Mordecai refuses to do so to Haman (Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb), which is connected to Mordecai's Jewish identity (as Jews would only bow down to worship their own God (cf. Daniel 3); this indirectly introduced the religious dimension of the story.Шаблон:Sfn Haman reacted by a vast plan to destroy not simply Mordecai, but his entire people (Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb), getting the approval from the king to arrange for a particular date of genocide, selected by casting a lot, or pur (one reason for the festival of Purim; Шаблон:Bibleverse) to fall on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, Adar (Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb, Шаблон:Bibleverse).Шаблон:Sfn The chapter ends with the confused reaction of the whole city of Susa due to the decree (Шаблон:Bibleverse).Шаблон:Sfn

Text

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 15 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>A; 5th century).Шаблон:Sfn

Haman's promotion and Mordecai's refusal to honor him (3:1–6)

Shifting the focus from Esther and Mordecai, this section describes Haman the Agagite which would be "the enemy of the Jews".Шаблон:Sfn Haman's displeasure of Mordecai's refusal to bow down to him turns into an evil design to wipe out the whole people of Mordecai.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse 1

After these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, and advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes that were with him.[1]
  • "Did… promote": or from Hebrew "made great"; NAB "raised…to high rank"; NIV “honored.” The promotion of Haman here has a striking irony to the contribution of Mordecai to saving the king's life (recorded in Шаблон:Bibleverse-nb), which goes unnoticed.[2]

Verse 4

Now it came to pass, when they spake daily unto him, and he hearkened not unto them, that they told Haman, to see whether Mordecai's matters would stand: for he had told them that he was a Jew.[3]
  • "Mordecai": a name that reflects the name of the Babylonian deity Marduk; a possible common custom of many Jews at that time to have 'two names: one for secular use and the other for use especially within the Jewish community', but there is no record of Mordecai's Jewish name in the biblical text.[4]

Verse 6

But he disdained to lay hands on Mordecai alone. So, as they had made known to him the people of Mordecai, Haman sought to destroy all the Jews, the people of Mordecai, throughout the whole kingdom of Ahasuerus.[5]
  • "Disdained": Hebrew: "disdained in his eyes".[6]
  • "Destroy": or "annihilate".[7]

Haman's plot against the Jews gains the king's consent (3:7–15)

Haman carried out his design by first casting lots to choose the suitable day for execution and then persuading the king to issue a decree to assure the implementation of it.Шаблон:Sfn

Verse 7

In the first month, that is, the month Nisan, in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to day, and from month to month, to the twelfth month, that is, the month Adar.[8]

Verse 9

[Haman said:] "If it please the king, let it be decreed that they be destroyed, and I will pay 10,000 talents of silver into the hands of those who have charge of the king's business, that they may put it into the king's treasuries."[11]
  • "Talent": Each was about 75 pounds or 34 kilograms.[12] By comparing the value of 10,000 talents of silver to the annual income of the Persian empire, which according to Herodotus (Histories 3.95) was "14,500 Euboic talents", it seems that Haman is offering the king a bribe equal to two-thirds of the royal income.[13] Doubtless this huge sum of money would come from the anticipated confiscation of Jewish property and assets once the Jews had been annihilated.[13] The mentioned large sum of money may indicate 'something of the economic standing of the Jewish population in the empire of King Ahasuerus'.[13]

Verse 12

Then the king’s scribes were summoned on the thirteenth day of the first month, and a decree was written just as Haman had commanded to the king’s satraps and to the governors over each province and to the officials of all peoples and to every province according to its own script, and to every people in their language. It was written in the name of King Ahasuerus and sealed with the king’s signet ring.[14]

Verse 13

And the letters were sent by couriers into all the king’s provinces, to destroy, to kill, and to annihilate all the Jews, both young and old, little children and women, in one day, on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is the month of Adar, and to plunder their possessions.[16]

This first edict can be compared and contrasted to the second one as recorded in Esther 8:11:Шаблон:Sfn

Esther 3:13 Esther 8:11
First edict Second edict
Order to

to destroy, kill, and annihilate

Permission to

to destroy, kill, and annihilate

Undisguised aggression Self-defense
Violence against

general Jewish population

Violence in response to

"any armed force ...that might attack" the Jewish population

Verse 15

Файл:Susa map.jpg
Archaeological map of ancient Susa (Shushan) — now in Khuzestan Province, western Iran — indicating the location of the main palace ("Palast des Darius"; citadel) and the city ("Königsstadt").
Файл:History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria (1903) (14584070300).jpg
Reconstruction drawing of "Apadana" (the king's palace) in Susa, by Marcel Dieulafoy (1903).
The couriers went out, hastened by the king’s command; and the decree was proclaimed in Shushan the citadel. So the king and Haman sat down to drink, but the city of Shushan was perplexed.[17]

This verse can be compared and contrasted to Esther 8:17:Шаблон:Sfn

Bible verse Esther 3:15 Esther 8:17
After the issue of First edict Second edict
Celebration The king and Haman sat down to drink The Jews had ... a feast and a good day
Confusion The city of Susa was in uproar Many people of the land became Jews

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Turner, L. A. (2013). Desperately Seeking YHWH: Finding God in Esther's "Acrostics". Interested Readers. Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honor of David J. A. Clines, 183–193.

External links

Шаблон:Book of Esther

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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse KJV
  2. ↑ Note [b] on Esther 3:1 in NET
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse KJV
  4. ↑ Note [a] on Esther 2:5 in NET.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse ESV
  6. ↑ Note [a] on Esther 3:6 in ESV
  7. ↑ Note [b] on Esther 3:6 in ESV
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse KJV
  9. ↑ Note [a] on Esther 3:7 in NET.
  10. ↑ Note [b] on Esther 3:7 in NET.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 ESV
  12. ↑ Note [a] on Esther 3:9 in ESV.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Note [a] on Esther 3:9 in NET Bible.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 MEV
  15. ↑ Note of Esther 3:7 in Berean Standard Bible
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 NKJV
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Bibleref2 NKJV
  18. ↑ Note [a] on Esther 3:15 in NET
  19. ↑ Note [a] on Esther 3:15 in NKJV
  20. ↑ Note [b] on Esther 3:15 in NKJV
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Note [c] on Esther 3:15 in NKJV
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