Английская Википедия:Ethnic flag

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-move An ethnic flag is a flag that symbolizes a certain ethnic group. Ethnic flags are often introduced to the ethnic community through the respective cultural or political ethnic movements. They are popular among diasporas, ethnic minorities, and some ethnic majorities, especially in multiethnic countries.

History

Like the concept of a state's national flag itself, that of an "ethnic flag" is modern, first arising in the late 19th century; strictly speaking, the national flags of nation states are themselves "ethnic flags", and often so used by ethnic minorities in neighbouring states, especially in the context of irredentism (e.g. the flag of the Republic of Albania used as an "ethnic Albanian flag" by Kosovar Albanians).

Ethnic flags are often used in irredentism, representing the "national flag" of a proposed or unrecognized state. The first such flags were designed at the end of the 19th century, such as the Basque flag (1894) or the "Flag of Zion" used to symbolize Zionism from 1898, which became the national flag of Israel 50 years later.

Most early ethnic flags imply a connection with an unrecognized state claimed by the respective ethnicities, such as the flag of Kurdistan which originates as the flag of the Republic of Ararat (1927). A flag of the Hispanic People was designed in 1932.[1]

Alternatively, an "ethnic flag" may represent a Pan-nationalism, such as the Pan-Arab flag which originates as the flag of the Arab Revolt during World War I,[2] the proposed flag of Pan-Slavism (1848),[3] Pan-Iranism or Pan-Turkism.

The concept of using ethnic flags to symbolize ethnic groups within a multiethnic state, not necessarily connected with irredentism, became popular in the later 20th century, such as the Australian Aboriginal flag (1971), the Assyrian flag (1971),[4] the flag of the Romani people (1971), the Berber flag (1970s), the Sami flag (1986) or the national Māori flag (1990). Designing ethnic or tribal flags has become very popular since the 1990s, especially for online use, and mostly do not have any kind of "official" status and must be judged based on de facto use.Шаблон:Citation needed In many cases, the national flag of a sovereign state is often seen and used as a de facto ethnic flag by its people.[5][6]

Individual flags

Шаблон:Further information Шаблон:Self reference

image name group world region linguistic phylum introduction notes
Файл:Flag of Scotland.svg Flag of Scotland Scottish Europe, North Indo-European, Germanic, Anglic, Scottish Gaelic 1385 The saltire appears to have become the official national flag in 1385 when the Parliament of Scotland agreed that Scottish soldiers should wear the white cross as a distinguishing mark.
Файл:Ancient mapuche flag.svg Файл:Flag of the Mapuches.svg Flag of the Mapuches Mapuche people America, South Araucanian, Mapudungun 1506; 1991 Original adopted during the Arauco War between the Mapuche and the Spaniards; a simple blue field with a white Guñelve (Mapudungun: Wünelfe) star centered, representing the Morning Star. The modern rendition approved by Aukiñ Wallmapu Ngulam, also known as Council of All Lands, in 1991. It was chosen in a contest of 500 entries, and is called Wenufoye (in Mapudungun "The Heaven's Winter's Bark"); however, instead of the Guñelve star, a Kultrum (Mapuche drum) is centered.
Файл:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg Bhagwa Dhwaj Hindu Nationalism/Hindutva and Marathi Indian subcontinent Indo-Aryan, Dravidian 1674 Specific design was first used by the Maratha Empire, and currently used by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Similar saffron-coloured designs also used by the Sikh Khalsa.
Файл:Flag of Corsica.svg A bandera Corsa Corsicans Europe, West Indo-European, Romance, Corsican 1755 From an older tradition, but with uncertain origins, this banner was officially adopted by the Corsican Republic of Pasquale Paoli.
Файл:Metis Blue.svg Métis flag Métis people America, North mixed; Michif 1814 Received from Alexander Macdonnell of the North West Company in 1814 and used by the Canadian Métis resistance in the Battle of Seven Oaks (1816).[7]
Файл:Flag of Adygea.svg Circassian Flag Circassians Europe, Caucasus Northwest Caucasian, Adyghe 1830; 1992 Used by Circassians since the 19th century and Adygea since 1992.
Файл:Flag of Hawaii.svg Flag of Hawaii Native Hawaiians Polynesia Austronesian, Hawaiian 1845 Adopted by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and continued to be used by the protectorate, republic, and territory before statehood. The flag was last modified in 1898, and is noteworthy as still being used after the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
Файл:Flag of Ireland.svg Flag of Ireland Irish Europe, North Indo-European, Celtic, Irish Gaelic 1848 Thomas Francis Meagher commented in 1848: "The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood." It was confirmed as the National Flag in 1937.[8]
Файл:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg Pan-Slavic colours Slavs Europe, Eastern Indo-European, Slavic 1848 Adopted by the Prague Slavic Congress, 1848, used as the ethnic flag of Sorbs, Moravians, and other Slavic-speaking minorities.
Файл:Flag of the Choctaw Brigade.svgФайл:Choctaw flag.svg Flag of the Choctaw Nation Choctaw people America, North Muskogean, Western 1860; 1970s First flag adopted in 1860 before the United States Civil War, becoming the first Native American Tribe to adopt a flag; the second form was approved by the Tribal Council in the 1970s and altered in the late 1980s to present form.
Файл:Flag of Tonga.svg Flag of Tonga Tongans Polynesia Austronesian, Tongan 1875 The only ethnically Polynesian nation to never relinquish its sovereignty to any foreign power. The constitution states the flag can never be changed.
Файл:Flag of Acadia.svg Flag of Acadia Acadians America, North Indo-European, Romance, French 1884 Adopted at the Second Acadian National Convention held in Miscouche, Prince Edward Island, on 15 August 1884.
Файл:Flag of the Basque Country.svg Ikurriña Basque people Europe, West Basque 1895 Designed in 1894 for the province of Biscay, adopted in 1895 by "Euzkeldun Batzokija" (predecessor of the Basque Nationalist Party), adopted it as the flag of the Basque Autonomous Region in 1936, prohibited in Francoist Spain 1938–1977, official adoption as the flag of the Basque Country in 1978.
Файл:Flag of Israel.svg Flag of Zion Jews Asia, Western Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Hebrew 1898 Introduced as the flag of Zionism at the Second Zionist Congress held in Switzerland in 1898; adopted as the state flag of Israel in 1948.
Файл:Flag of Tibet.svg Flag of Tibet Tibetans Asia Tibetic 1916
Файл:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg Flag of the Arab Revolt Arabs Asia, Western Africa, Northern Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic 1917 Introduced as the flag of the Arab nationalist revolt against the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1917. It became the basis of a number of flags using the Pan-Arab colors later in the 20th century.Шаблон:Or
Файл:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg Crimean Tatar flag Crimean Tatars Europe, Eastern Turkic, Crimean Tatar 1917 Introduced under the Crimean People's Republic (November 1917), now used as ethnic flag.[9]
Файл:Flag of Armenia.svg Flag of Armenia Armenians Europe, Western Asia Indo-European 1918 The Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted the current flag on 24 August 1990. On 15 June 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia, governing its usage, was passed by the National Assembly of Armenia.
Файл:Estelada blava.svg Senyera Catalans Europe, West Indo-European, Romance, Catalan 1918 The flag was designed in 1918 by Vicenç Albert Ballester i Camps.[10] It came from combining the traditional four red stripes over a yellow field of the Catalan Senyera with a blue triangle at the hoist containing a five-pointed white star, inspired by the flags of Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico; the lone star motif symbolizes Catalan independence.
Файл:Flag of Silesians.svg Flag of Upper Silesia Silesians Europe, Central Silesian 1919 Similar to the former flag of the Province of Upper Silesia. A popular symbol of the Movement for Silesian Autonomy.
Файл:Flag of the UNIA.svg Pan-African flag Black People Black diaspora — 1920 Adopted in 1920 by the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, now used in black nationalism and Pan-Africanism.
Файл:Flag of Swedish-speaking Finns.svg Flag of the Swedish-speaking Finns Finland-Swedes Europe, Northern Indo-European, Germanic, Swedish 1922 Used by the Swedish People's Party of Finland from 1922, based on a 1917 design.[11]
Файл:Flag of Livonia.svg Flag of Livonians Livonians Europe, Northern Finnic, Livonian 1923 Used by Livonian Society (Līvõd Īt) in 1923.
Файл:Flag of New Mexico.svg Flag of New Mexico Neomexicanos America, North Indo-European, Romance, Spanish 1925
Файл:Flag of Oklahoma.svg Flag of Oklahoma Okies America, North Indo-European, Germanic, English 1925
Файл:Flag of Kurdistan.svg Flag of the Kurds Kurds, Kurdish nationalism Asia, Western Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Kurdish 1927 Used by the Republic of Ararat in 1927, based on earlier designs used in the 1890s revolt.
Файл:Flag of the Korean National Association.svg Flag of the Korean National Association Koreans Asia, Eastern Korean 1928 Designed by Yong-man Park. Due to the inherently ethnic nature of Korean nationalism, the South Korean flag is also seen and used as a de facto pan-Korean ethnic flag by many South Koreans.[6][5]
Файл:Flag of the race.svg Hispanic flag Hispanidad, La Raza Americas Indo-European, Romance, Spanish 1932 Winning entry in a contest organized by Juana de Ibarbourou in 1932.
Файл:Flag of the Romani people.svg Flag of the Romani people Romani people Europe Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Romani 1933 Introduced by the General Union of the Roma of Romania in 1933, adopted at the First World Romani Congress in 1971.
Файл:Kokbayraq flag.svg Flag of East Turkestan Uyghurs Asia Turkic 1934
Файл:Malay tricolour.svg Malay tricolour Malay people, Malayness Asia, Southeast Austronesian, Malay 1946 Introduced by the United Malays National Organisation (1946).
Файл:Flag of Quebec.svg Fleurdelisé Québécois people America, North Indo-European, Romance, French, Quebec French 1948 Adopted by the government of Quebec during the administration of Maurice Duplessis.
Файл:Flag of Druze.svg Druze flag Druze Levant, West Asia Semitic 1948 Adopted by the Druze Mental Chiefdom based on "Five Limits Star Druze Star.
Файл:Flag of Danube Swabians.svg Flag of the Danube Swabians Шаблон:Nowrap Europe Germanic 1950 A coat of arms designed in 1950 by Hans Diplich has been adopted by many Danube Swabian cultural organizations.[12][13] Its blazon is "Parti per fess wavy 1 Or, an eagle displayed couped Sable langued Gules; 2 parti per fess Argent and Vert, a fortress Argent roofed and turreted Gules surmounted with Sun and Crescent waning Or; chief wavy Azure".
Файл:Flag of Somalia.svg Flag of Somalia Somalis Africa, Horn Somali 1954 Used by the Somali Republic after independence from the UK and Italy, Blue field with the Star of Unity
Файл:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg Naga National Flag Nagas Asia, South Sino-Tibetan 1956 The flag was first hoisted on 22 March 1956 at Parashen, Rengma Region by proclaiming the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN).[14]
Файл:Flag of Occitania (with star).svg Flag of Occitania Occitans Europe, West Indo-European, Romance, Occitan 1959 Inspired by the historic flag of the County of Toulouse, the modern rendition which included the seven-point star was designed by the Occitan Nationalist Party.
Файл:Pine Ridge Flag.svg Flag of the Oglala Sioux Nation Oglala Lakota America, North Siouan, Teton Sioux 1961 The circle of eight teepees on the flag represent the nine districts of the reservation: Porcupine, Wakpamni, Medicine Root, Pass Creek, Eagle Nest, White Clay, LaCreek, Wounded Knee, and Pine Ridge. The red field represents the blood shed by the tribe in defense of their lands.
Файл:Flag of Northern Cheyenne.svg Flag of Tsėhéstáno Notameohmésêhese America, North Algic, Plains Algonquian 1964 The decorative glyph of the Morning Star, a traditional icon of Cheyenne art, centered on a light blue field, represents the Northern Cheyenne.
Файл:Black-American Heritage Flag.png
 Black american heritage flag African-Americans, Soulaan/Soulaanî people America, North English, Ebonics, Tutnese, Gullah 1967 The flag was created in 1967 by Melvin Charles and Gleason T. Jackson.[15] The idea to create the flag came about when Charles realized that every other group of people had a flag at parades except Black Americans. He designed the flag alongside Jackson and they would later travel the country to visit various churches, schools, and public events to promote the flag.[16]

The color red represents the blood shed by African Americans for freedom and equality in America. The color black represents pride in the black race. The color gold represents intellect, prosperity, and peace.[15]

Файл:Flag of Biafra.svg Flag of Biafra Igbo people Africa, West Niger-Congo, Igbo 1967 Flag of the irredentist Republic of Biafra, after 1970 used as ethnic flag.[17]
Файл:Navajo flag.svg Flag of the Navajo Nation Navajo people America, North Southern Athabaskan 1968 The black, white, turquoise, and yellow colors of the four sacred mountains come from the Navajo creation story, while the overall flag recalls sand painting, and a rainbow symbolizing Navajo sovereignty. In 1995 the Navajo flag became the first Native American tribal flag in space when Bernard Harris carried it aboard the space shuttle Discovery.
Файл:Flag of Assyria.svg Assyrian flag Assyrian people (Syriac Christians) Asia, Western Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic 1971 A 1968 design adopted by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1971.
Файл:Australian Aboriginal Flag.svg Australian Aboriginal Flag Aboriginal Australians Australia Australian 1971 Designed in 1971, given official recognition by the Australian authorities in 1995.
Файл:Flag of Haida.svg Dáayaangwaa Haida Gwaii Haida people America, North Haida 1974 Adopted in 1974 by the Council of the Haida Nation. A red field with an eagle and raven headed bird, surrounded by a circlet, charged in the centre, all in traditional Northwest Coast artform.
Файл:Flag of Acadiana.svg Flag of Acadiana Cajuns America, North — 1974
Файл:Pawnee flag.svg Flag of the Pawnee Nation Pawnee people America, North Caddoan, Pawnee 1977 A wolf's head above a crossed tomahawk and peace pipe, which recalls the tribe's name. Below are six arrowheads for the six wars in which Pawnee have fought in the service of the United States.
Файл:Flag of the Cherokee Nation.svg Flag of the Cherokee Nation Cherokee people America, North Iroquoian 1978 The seven-pointed stars represent the seven clans of the Cherokees, while the black star represents those lost on the Trail of Tears.
Файл:Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy.svg Flag of Haudenosaunee Iroquois America, North Iroquoian 1980s Based on the Hiawatha Belt, the four squares and one tree represent the original five nations of the Confederacy, and the tree also represents the Tree of Peace.
Файл:Flag of the Syriac-Aramaic People.svg Aramean-Syriac flag Aramaeans (Syriac Christians) Asia, Western Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic 1980 Used by the Bahro Suryoyo journal in 1980.
Файл:Sami flag.svg Sami flag Sami people Europe, Northern Finnic, Sami 1986 Adopted by the 13th Nordic Sami Conference on 15 August 1986.
Файл:Louisiana Creole Flag.svg Louisiana Creole flag Louisiana Creoles America, North Afro-Creole 1987
Файл:Flag of Greenland.svg Flag of Greenland Greenlandic Inuit Arctic Greenlandic 1989 The only national flag of a Nordic country or territory without a Nordic Cross.
Файл:Tino Rangatiratanga Maori sovereignty movement flag.svg National Māori flag Māori people Oceania, New Zealand Austronesian, Maori 1990 Designed in 1990 and made the subject of an activist campaign until its official recognition by New Zealand authorities in 2009.
Файл:Flag of Artsakh.svg Flag of Artsakh Artsakhi Armenians Europe, Western Asia Indo-European 1992 The tricolor design comes from the original Armenian flag, while the white pattern represents the mountains of Artsakh, and also forms an arrow pointing westward to symbolize the aspiration for eventual union with Armenia.
Файл:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Bosanski Ljiljan Bosniaks[18] Europe, South Serbo-Croatian 1992 Formerly the national flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1998.[19]
Flag of Torres Strait Islands Torres Strait Islanders Australia Creole, Torres Strait Island 1992 Recognised by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission in June 1992, granted official status Australia in 1995.
Файл:Flag of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg Flag of the West Herzegovina Canton Bosnian Croats[20] Europe, South Serbo-Croatian 1992 Formerly the flag of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia from 1992 to 1996.
Файл:Flag of the Merina people.svg Flag of Merina people Merina people Africa, Madagascar Austronesian, Malagasy 1997 Since 1997.[21]
Файл:Berber flag.svg Berber flag Berbers Africa, North Afro-Asiatic, Berber 1998 Adopted by the World Amazigh Congress based on 1970s proposals by the Berber Academy.
Файл:Chaldean flag.svg Chaldean Flag Chaldean Christians Asia, Western Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic 1999 Approved by the International Chaldean Association of Professional Visual Artists and various other Chaldean organisations.[22] Designed by Amer Fatuhi.
Файл:Flag of the Hopi Reservation.svg Flag of the Hopi Tribe Hopi people America, North Uto-Aztecan 2002 [23]
Файл:Flag of Serbian national minority in Croatia.svg Flag of Serbs of Croatia Serbs of Croatia Europe Serbo-Croatian 2005 (1997 in eastern Croatia) Adopted by the Serb National Council (2005) and the Joint Council of Municipalities (1997)
Файл:Flag of Rapa Nui, Chile.svg Flag of Rapa Nui Rapa Nui people Polynesia Austronesian, Rapanui 2006 A similar flag was used from the 13th century until 1899 during its period of independence.
Файл:Flag of Tornedalians (2007).svg Tornedalians Flag Tornedalians Europe, Northern Finnic 2007
Файл:Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen Front.svg Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen Шаблон:NowrapTurkmeneli Asia Turkic 2007 This flag, with a white star and crescent and two white horizontal stripes on a light blue background, was first adopted as Flag of Iraqi National Turkmen Party in 2007,[24] a constituent political party of the Iraqi Turkmen Front.
Файл:Banner of the Qulla Suyu.svg Andean Wiphala Aymara people (Indigenous Bolivians) America, South Aymaran
Quechuan		 2009 Article 6, section II of the Constitution of Bolivia established the southern Qullasuyu Wiphala as the dual flag of Bolivia.[25][26]
Файл:Aromanian flag.svg Flag of the Aromanians Aromanians Europe, Balkans Indo-European, Romance Unknown Variations of this flag exist according to the country in which the Aromanians are located.[27]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Ethnicity

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Abū Khaldūn Sati' al-Husri, The days of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs, Sidney Glauser Trans. (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1966), 46.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ "The Origins and Description of the Assyrian Flag" by Homer Ashurian, Assyrian Universal Alliance, 03-1999 Шаблон:Webarchive
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Jaume Olle', Crimea: The Tatars (Ukraine), Flags of the World — (10 July 2000). "adopted November 1917, abolished January 1918" (Jaumé Olle, Historical Flags, 1998).
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. Шаблон:ISBN.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Mario Jareb: Hrvatski nacionalni simboli, Alfa, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb, 2010.
  21. ↑ Merina local flag (Madagascar). Flags of the World (2015-05-20). Retrieved on 2017-10-17.
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Donald T. Healy, Peter J. Orenski, Native American Flags University of Oklahoma Press (2003), 92–94.
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ "Bandera indígena boliviana es incluida como símbolo patrio en nueva Constitución", October 21, 2008, United Press International.
  26. ↑ Republic of Bolivia, [Text of the proposed] Nueva Constitución Política del Estado, 2007.
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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