Английская Википедия:Executive Residence
The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing. It is the most recognizable part of the complex, being the actual "house" part of the White House. This central building, first constructed from 1792 to 1800, is home to the president of the United States and the first family. The Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors: the ground floor, the state floor, the second floor, and the third floor. A two-story sub-basement with mezzanine, created during the 1948–1952 Truman reconstruction, is used for HVAC and mechanical systems, storage, and service areas.
Sub-basement and sub-basement mezzanine
This level was added during the 1948–1952 renovation,Шаблон:Sfn[1]Шаблон:Sfn and contains the air conditioning and water softening equipment.Шаблон:Sfn[2]Шаблон:Sfn The sub-basement and mezzanine also contain storage areas, the heating system, elevator machinery rooms, an incinerator, a medical clinic, a dentist's office,Шаблон:Sfn the electrical control system,Шаблон:Sfn a laundry room,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and flatware and dishware storage.Шаблон:Sfn
Ground floor
Original kitchen and ancillary spaces
The ground floor of the White House originally contained service rooms. The White House is built on a small slight hill that slopes to the south. To provide access to the north side of the ground floor, the area around the north side of the mansion and its northeast and northwest corners was excavated to provide light and air to this half of the ground floor.Шаблон:Sfn Architect James Hoban designed the ground floor so that the kitchen was directly beneath the Entrance Hall, the door to the kitchen below the North Portico. Storerooms were east of the kitchen, while a toilet and dishwashing room were to the west.Шаблон:Sfn The kitchen was relocated into the two rooms in the northwest corner of the ground floor by 1846, while the old kitchen space was transformed into an informal sitting room/reception space.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2010, this large central space, originally occupied by the kitchen in the early 1800s, had been subdivided into offices for the White House curator and the United States Secret Service.Шаблон:Sfn The kitchen, too, continues to occupy the three rooms, somewhat altered in size now, in the northwest corner of the ground floor.Шаблон:Sfn
The storeroom to the east of the kitchen became a pantry in 1809,Шаблон:Sfn a meat locker in 1825,Шаблон:Sfn and then a flight of stairs leading to the state floor by 1946.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This area remains largely unchanged as of 2010, with the exception of the narrowing of the stairs in 1952 to create an elevator shaft.Шаблон:Sfn
Library and ancillary spaces
Шаблон:Main The storeroom in the northeast corner of the ground floor remained in use as storage space only until 1809, when it became a laundry.Шаблон:Sfn In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt hired the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White to renovate the White House. They turned the room into a "gentleman's anteroom".Шаблон:Sfn This room became the White House Library in 1935.Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy radically transformed the room in 1961.Шаблон:Sfn Kennedy consulted initially with a group consisting of members of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, designers from the American Institute of Interior Designers (AIID), and historians. The AIID agreed to take on the job of refurbishing the room,Шаблон:Sfn and Kennedy worked with decorator Jeanette Becker Lenygon of the AIID on the project. Lenygon designed an early American library room in the Federal style.Шаблон:Sfn Except for minor decorative changes, the White House Library remains the same as of 2010.Шаблон:Sfn
The toilet and laundry room west of the kitchen became general-use work areas by 1809,Шаблон:Sfn and a pantry, small kitchen, and cook's office by 1825.Шаблон:Sfn By 1946, these had become general workrooms, with a narrow, winding staircase inserted into the room closest to the former kitchen.Шаблон:Sfn The 1952 renovation turned the winding staircase into a steep, straight stairs and added an elevator in this space.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2010, a pantry-sized refrigerator also occupied a portion of this space.Шаблон:Sfn
Diplomatic Reception Room
The oval space beneath what is now the Blue Room was originally a Servants' Hall,Шаблон:Sfn but was turned into a furnace room in 1837.Шаблон:Sfn During the White House's 1902 renovation, the room was turned into a sitting room. President Franklin D. Roosevelt used it for his "fireside chat" radio broadcasts in the 1930s.Шаблон:Sfn Rebuilt (along with the rest of the gutted White House) during the 1948-to-1952 renovation, the room became the Diplomatic Reception Room. It was only sparsely furnished until First Lady Mamie Eisenhower received a large donation of museum-quality antique furniture from the National Society of Interior Designers in 1960.Шаблон:Sfn Except for decorative updating, it remains unchanged as of 2010.Шаблон:Sfn
Map Room
Шаблон:Main West of the Servants' Hall, the ground floor originally contained a small bedroom and, in the two westernmost rooms, a Steward's Office. The smaller, westernmost of the two rooms in the Steward's Office became the White House vault.Шаблон:Sfn By 1825, the Housekeeper's Office had moved into the easternmost room of the Steward's Office.Шаблон:Sfn The Steward's Office and vault became general workrooms by 1946,Шаблон:Sfn but the 1902 renovation had turned the Housekeeper's Office into a ladies' powder room.Шаблон:Sfn Less than a decade later, President Woodrow Wilson turned it into a billiards room.Шаблон:Sfn At the outbreak of World War II in December 1939, President Franklin Roosevelt removed the billiards table and turned the room into a place where he could keep track of the war's progress on a wide range of maps and store top-secret communications with world leaders.Шаблон:Sfn The Map Room (as it was now called) was heavily guarded, as highly secret U.S. and allied military information was constantly updated on the maps kept in this room.Шаблон:Sfn In the early 1960s, the Map Room was transformed into a ladies' powder room again by Jacqueline Kennedy, and portraits of first ladies were hung there.Шаблон:Sfn The Map Room continued to retain its name, but in 1970 was decorated in the Chippendale style and turned into a reception room.Шаблон:Sfn It retained its name and function as of 2010.Шаблон:Sfn A small medical clinic and the office of the White House physician occupy the three rooms to the west of the Map Room as of 2010.Шаблон:Sfn
China Room and Vermeil Room
Шаблон:Main East of the original Servants' Hall was the Housekeeper's Office, and then a room for general work. The Housekeeper's Office was turned into general workspace in 1809, while the bedroom became a general-use servants' room.Шаблон:Sfn All rooms east of the oval Servant's Hall were turned into staff bedrooms by 1825 (with the Housekeeper's Office taking up a portion of the Steward's Office).Шаблон:Sfn In 1837, President Martin Van Buren made the bedroom that would become the China Room into quarters for a stoker, whose job was to keep the White House furnace fueled 24 hours a day, seven days a week (with summers off).Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Edith Wilson turned this room into the China Room in 1917 to display the Executive Residence's growing collection of White House china.Шаблон:Sfn Just east of the China Room, the 1902 renovation turned the staff bedroom into a sitting room known as the Social Room.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was briefly renamed the Billiard Room after the 1952 restoration,Шаблон:Sfn but became the Vermeil Room in 1957 after mining heiress Margaret Thompson Biddle bequeathed 1,575 pieces of vermeil silverware to the White House.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It remained little changed as of 2010.Шаблон:Sfn
North Lawn extension
During the 1948-to-1952 reconstruction of the White House, additional White House workspace was excavated under the North Lawn. Storage space had first been excavated here in the 1930s, but was greatly expanded and enhanced during the Truman renovation.Шаблон:Sfn The Trumans included a bowling alley in this space as wellШаблон:Sfn (it is architecturally aligned with the entrance to the Diplomatic Reception Room on the other side of the White House).Шаблон:Sfn President Dwight Eisenhower had the bowling alley moved to the Executive Office Building west of the White House,Шаблон:Sfn but President Richard Nixon (an avid bowler) had it restored to its original spot in 1969.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2010, this space continues to house the bowling alley, as well as the White House chocolatier, the office and workspace of the White House chief floral designer, a cold storage room for flowers and other perishable items, a carpentry shop, and general workrooms.Шаблон:Sfn
State floor
The state floor was unfinished when President John Adams moved into the White House on November 1, 1800. Work continued through the four remaining months of his presidency and into the first term of Thomas Jefferson to make the Executive Residence habitable. There were no floors in the East Room, the Blue Room, or the western third of the Cross HallШаблон:Sfn (which at that time extended all the way to the west, as the State Dining Room would not be extended all the way north until 1902).Шаблон:Sfn There was also no grand staircase east of the Entrance Hall, and the only way to access the second floor was via temporary stairs on the exterior of the building which led up to the top of the South Portico.Шаблон:Sfn
Entrance Hall and Grand Staircase
Шаблон:Main Until the North Portico was completed in 1829,Шаблон:Sfn providing access from the North Lawn and carriageway, the Entrance Hall was used as space to exhibit items brought back by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.Шаблон:Sfn A glass screen was placed between the columns along the Entrance Hall's south side in 1837 to reduce the hall's draftiness, effectively reducing its apparent size.Шаблон:Sfn[3] A more elaborate iron frame was added to the partition in 1853.Шаблон:Sfn The ordinary glass and frame were replaced by a red, white, and blue colored glass screen designed by Tiffany & Co. in 1882.Шаблон:Sfn The Tiffany screen was removed in the 1902 renovation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The area that now contains the Grand Staircase originally contained a much smaller, unadorned staircase to the second floor.Шаблон:Sfn The Grand Staircase was moved into this area during the 1902 renovation.Шаблон:Sfn
East Room
Шаблон:Main Although architect James Hoban included space for the East Room in his 1792 plans for the White House, it was unclear what purpose the room should fulfill.Шаблон:Sfn The room's floor was finished after President John Adams moved in, but the walls remained bare brickШаблон:Sfn and First Lady Abigail Adams famously hung her laundry to dry in it.Шаблон:Sfn
Thomas Jefferson furnished the room with some chairs during his administration,Шаблон:Sfn and had the room partitioned (using canvas and sailcloth for walls) and the southern end used for a bedroom and office for Meriwether Lewis and Lewis Harvie (both private secretary to the president).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn But it wasn't until 1807 that architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe gave the East Room its function as a site for public audiences and large social events.Шаблон:Sfn
Rebuilt after the burning of the White House in 1814, its walls remained bare brick and it was used as storage space.Шаблон:Sfn President James Monroe's daughter was married in the East Room, at which time it was temporarily furnished, but it was not until the administration of John Quincy Adams that its walls were plastered and painted.Шаблон:Sfn The East Room was finally completed in 1829 under President Andrew Jackson.Шаблон:Sfn Major redecorations have occurred, but the room continues to serve its function as a site for large social events.
Green, Blue, and Red Rooms
Шаблон:Main James Hoban designated what is today the Green Room as a Common Dining Room, and Thomas Jefferson's family took their meals there.Шаблон:Sfn A rectangular ceiling fresco with small circles and trapezoids, designed by Thomas Ustick Walter, was added in 1853.Шаблон:Sfn In the 1902 renovation of the White House, a second door, south of the existing door, was cut from the Green Room to the Blue Room.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, a new, southern door was cut from the Green Room to the East Room.Шаблон:Sfn
Hoban's original plans for the White House created an oval-shaped Drawing Room (now the Blue Room) in the center of the south part of the executive mansion.Шаблон:Sfn Since its inception, the Blue Room has remained the centerpiece of the Executive Residence, serving as the formal reception space for heads of state, ambassadors, and other important people.Шаблон:Sfn Since its creation in 1801, it has been redecorated more times (18) than any other room in the White House.Шаблон:Sfn Originally, a door in the center of the western wall led to the Yellow Room.Шаблон:Sfn A fireplace was set in the eastern wall opposite the door.Шаблон:Sfn Originally, niches to either side of the door in the north wall mirrored the three windows in the south wall.Шаблон:Sfn The reconstruction of 1817 radically changed the Blue Room. Doors replaced the northern niches, and the western door to the Red Room was sealed.Шаблон:Sfn On the Red Room side of the wall, a false door was cut into the wall south of the now-sealed central door, and the false door north of the now-sealed door also concealed.Шаблон:Sfn An oval ceiling fresco with curved trapezoids, designed Thomas Ustick Walter, was added in 1853.Шаблон:Sfn A jib (or disguised) door was cut through the false door to the Red Room in 1891, and a second jib door cut through to the Green Room south of the fireplace in 1902.Шаблон:Sfn The ceiling medallion and cornice moldings were altered by architect Edward Vason Jones during the Nixon administration to more closely resemble early 1800s styles.Шаблон:Sfn
To the west of this room was the President's Antechamber (later known as the Red Room).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This room originally had two doors, set close together, leading into the Blue Room. (The one on the north was false.)Шаблон:Sfn Beginning in 1809, it became the music room for the White House.Шаблон:Sfn During the 1817 rebuilding of the White House, the President's Antechamber was turned into a Yellow Parlor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It was sometimes called the Washington Parlor, as the Gilbert Stuart painting of George Washington hung in this room after the Burning of Washington.Шаблон:Sfn At this time, the two doors were rebuilt further apart. (Now the south door became a false door.)Шаблон:Sfn In 1845, the Yellow Parlor was redecorated in crimson, and took its current name as the Red Room.Шаблон:Sfn A rectangular ceiling fresco with a small central circle, curved trapezoids, and half-moons, designed Thomas Ustick Walter, was added in 1853.Шаблон:Sfn The false door was cut through in 1891, and has remained open to the present.Шаблон:Sfn
State Dining Room
Шаблон:Main The northern third of what is now the State Dining Room was originally the western part of the Cross Hall. Two flights of stairs (one against the north wall, one against the south wall) led from the state floor to the second floor. A single, central stair then led up to the third floor.Шаблон:Sfn Not completed when the White House was occupied in 1800, the Grand Stairs were probably finished by architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 or shortly thereafter.Шаблон:Sfn An extensive chimney breast was added to the fireplace in the room's west wall when it was reconstructed in 1817.Шаблон:Sfn
A large greenhouse was added to the west side of the White House in 1857, replacing one on the east side which had been torn down that year to make way for expansion of the Treasury Building.Шаблон:Sfn The greenhouse burned down in 1867, and in 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant built a larger, higher greenhouse in its place.Шаблон:Sfn Later presidents expanded the greenhouse, until it occupied most of what is now the West Wing.Шаблон:Sfn Grant built a billiards room atop and to the south of the breezeway leading from the west end of the ground floor of the White House,Шаблон:Sfn but this became a Palm Court in 1877 during the Rutherford B. Hayes administration.Шаблон:Sfn Hayes authorized new doors cut through the stone of the mansion's walls to provide access between the Palm Court and State Dining Room.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant rebuilt the Grand Stair. Now, only a single staircase against the north wall led to the second floor, while a second stair on the south wall of the second floor led to the third floor.Шаблон:Sfn (The new space created on the second floor became the West Sitting Hall.)Шаблон:Sfn
To the south of the Grand Stair was a smaller room, to be used as a Cabinet Room or President's Library.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The 1817 reconstructionШаблон:Sfn of the White House saw the Cabinet Room/Presidential Library turned into the State Dining Room.Шаблон:Sfn The White House was extensively renovated in 1902, during which the Grand Stair was demolished and a new Grand Staircase was built east of the Entrance Hall. The State Dining Room expanded northward into the space formerly occupied by the Grand Stair.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The small fireplaces in the east and west walls of the State Dining Room were removed, and the northern door to the Palm Court sealed. (Another door to the Palm Court, beneath the former Grand Stairs, was also sealed.) Where the old Palm Court door existed, a new, massive stone fireplace and oversize mantel (the famous "Buffalo mantel")Шаблон:Sfn were added, to match the enlarged room's size and grandeur.Шаблон:Sfn The great Venetian window which formerly spanned the width of the Cross Hall in the mansion's west wall was reduced in size to the width of a standard First Floor window. A French door in the lower half of this window now led to the breezeway. The room was paneled in English oak in a Renaissance Revival style, and the furnishings replaced to turn the room into a Beaux-Arts baronial hall (complete with tapestries, cooking racks over the fireplace, and stuffed animal heads).Шаблон:Sfn
During the 1948-to-1952 reconstruction of the White House, the State Dining Room was radically redecorated. The "Buffalo mantel" was not reused, and instead given to President Truman (who had it installed in his presidential library).Шаблон:Sfn The oak paneling, heavily damaged during its removal, was reinstalled and given a coat of bright celadon green to hide the flaws.Шаблон:Sfn (Some of the frieze had to be recarved where it had been sanded down to accommodate the stuffed animal heads.)Шаблон:Sfn The painting scheme proved too much. Jacqueline Kennedy had the room painted bone white in 1961, but that proved too bright. The room was painted antique white in 1971 and again in 1981, and then off-white with an umber glaze in 1985.Шаблон:Sfn
Family Dining Room and Chief Usher's Office
Шаблон:Main As originally constructed, north of the Cross Hall was a Public Dining Room,Шаблон:Sfn a Porter's Lodge between the dining room and entrance hall,Шаблон:Sfn and a narrow, winding Private Stair.Шаблон:Sfn When the White House was rebuilt in 1817, the Public Dining Room became the Private Dining Room. The room was partitioned to make it smaller, and the western third of the room turned into a pantry.Шаблон:Sfn President James Monroe gave State Dinners in the Private Dining Room from 1817 to 1825, and subsequent presidents used it as a formal dining room for the first family or as a space for official but small events.Шаблон:Sfn By 1849 it was used primarily as a ladies' receiving room,Шаблон:Sfn a function it retained as late as 1865.Шаблон:Sfn
During the White House's 1902 renovation, the pantry received a mezzanine to increase its utility.Шаблон:Sfn To the Family Dining Room were added a vaulted ceiling, faux paneling, and a frieze featuring Neoclassical designs.Шаблон:Sfn The frieze was broken by the high windows in the north wall, but the windows were lowered in 1961 and the frieze allowed to continue unbroken around the entire room.Шаблон:Sfn The faux paneling was also removed at this time,Шаблон:Sfn and the walls painted yellow.Шаблон:Sfn The Family Dining Room underwent its first significant renovation since the Kennedy years in 2015. First Lady Michelle Obama had the room painted a light grey, and the decor, furniture, rug, and artwork now reflect a mid-20th century modern look.[4]
The area immediately to the east of the Family Dining Room, tucked against the Entrance Hall, was originally service space. A porter's "lodge" (work and storage space) occupied the northern two-thirds of the space, while a narrow, sharping winding back stairs allowed servants to access the second floor.Шаблон:Sfn By 1801, the porter's space had become a generic workroom.Шаблон:Sfn It was made into a porter's lodge again in 1825.Шаблон:Sfn It retained this use as late as 1865.Шаблон:Sfn The renovation of 1902 moved the servants' staircase into the center of this area, creating a corridor on the north and west sides and a small closet to the south.Шаблон:Sfn After the 1948-to-1952 gutting and restoration of the White House, the northern space became the chief usher's office.Шаблон:Sfn It continued to retain this layout as of 2010.Шаблон:Sfn
Second floor
The second floor contains the private living apartments of the first family, as well as a kitchen. Some of these rooms are used for official entertaining, but most are reserved for private use. Rooms found on the second floor include the Center Hall, East Sitting Hall, Lincoln Bedroom, Lincoln Sitting Room, President's Dining Room, Queens' Bedroom, Queens' Sitting Room, Treaty Room, West Sitting Hall, and Yellow Oval Room. The Truman Balcony is accessed from this floor.
The second floor contains only seven historic rooms: the Lincoln Bedroom, the Lincoln Sitting Room, the Queens' Bedroom, the Queens' Sitting Room, the Treaty Room, the East Sitting Hall, and the Yellow Oval Room.Шаблон:Sfn The western half of the second floor contains family rooms, a kitchen, and the President's Dining Room,Шаблон:Sfn all of which may be redecorated or undergo architectural revision at the whim of the president.Шаблон:Sfn
When the White House was occupied in 1801, the eastern half of the second floor remained unfinished. What would later be the Queens' Suite, Lincoln Suite, East Sitting Hall, Grand Stair, and Grand Stair Landing did not exist.Шаблон:Sfn Also unfinished was the West Sitting Hall,Шаблон:Sfn which was not intended to be a sitting hall at all but rather a "Grand Staircase" leading up from the ground floor.Шаблон:Sfn The second floor was completed by 1809.Шаблон:Sfn Before the Theodore Roosevelt renovation of 1902, the executive offices of the president were located at the east end of the second floorШаблон:Sfn and the public had full and free access to these areas.Шаблон:Sfn
Center Hall, East Sitting Hall, and Grand Stair
Шаблон:Main Originally known as the Great Passage,Шаблон:Sfn the Center Hall has always been part of the design of the White House. But it has not always had the same structural design. Today, load-bearing walls outside the Treaty Room define the western side of the Stair Landing. But these walls did not exist when the White House was occupied in 1801. Today, the Center Hall, Stair Landing, and East Sitting Room are all on the same level. But in 1801, three small steps just outside the Treaty Room led up from the Great Passage to the East Sitting Room. Additionally, there was no Grand Stair north of the Stair Landing. When the White House opened, a simple, narrow private stair led from the ground floor up to the second floor where the Grand Stair is today.Шаблон:Sfn
The Center Hall has always been used as a large drawing room and a waiting area for guests about to be shown into the Yellow Oval Room. Except for the addition of the Stair Landing, little has changed in the Center Hall. Only minor decorative elements have been altered, such as the addition of a cornice molding and bookshelves during the 1952 reconstruction.Шаблон:Sfn
The East Sitting Hall is one of the seven historic spaces on the second floor. In the first half of the 1800s, the White House was treated as a government office building rather than a residence, and members of the public expected nearly complete access to it. Anyone who wanted to see the President would ascend to the second floor using the private steps and wait in the East Sitting Hall. James Hoban, the original architect of the White House, planned and built a double-arched Venetian window here to provide as much light as possible to this area. After 1902, the public no longer had access to the second floor, and the area has been used as a small parlor.Шаблон:Sfn
The East Sitting Hall was more distinctively set off from the Center Hall by the 1952 reconstruction. The steps leading from the Center Hall to the East Hall Room were removed, and small storage spaces added on the north and south side of the passage. This roughly halved the width of the hall here, which created a more private East Sitting Room. A very narrow servants stair was added in the north storage area to provide additional access to the third floor.Шаблон:Sfn
Access to the Center Hall was originally provided by a Grand Staircase on the west end of the building. On the east end, a narrower set of stairs with a single return gave access. These plain stairs were replaced by the modern Grand Staircase.Шаблон:Sfn
Lincoln Bedroom and Sitting Room
Шаблон:Main The Lincoln Bedroom and the Lincoln Sitting Room are located in the southeast corner of the second floor. As originally designed and completed in 1809, this space contained two very narrow, north–south running bedchambers with a toilet room between them.Шаблон:Sfn By 1825, the toilet had been removed and the space joined to the west bedchamber to form the president's office.Шаблон:Sfn This area was used for the president's office over the next several decades. Abraham Lincoln used it as both an office and a Cabinet room, and signed the Emancipation Proclamation in the Lincoln Bedroom in 1863.Шаблон:Sfn The Lincoln Sitting Room was used as an office for presidential aides, although President John Tyler used it as part of his office from 1841 to 1845.Шаблон:Sfn
The next major reconfiguration of this space occurred during the 1952 reconstruction of the White House, when a full bath and toilet were built in the northeast corner of the Lincoln Sitting Room.Шаблон:Sfn
President Truman was the individual who conceived of dedicating the space to Lincoln. The desk in the bedroom was Lincoln's, and the Шаблон:Convert long, Шаблон:Convert wide rosewood bed is probably the one Willie Lincoln died in. The portrait of President Andrew Jackson that hangs in the room is one which Abraham Lincoln admired, and the Lincoln Bedroom has the only known copy of the Gettysburg Address signed, dated, and titled by Lincoln himself. The sitting room furnishings were all purchased by First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln. They include four mahogany chairs, a chest in the late Empire style, and red and gold rugs and drapes. The small mahogany desk in the sitting room was constructed by James Hoban himself.Шаблон:Sfn The Lincoln Bedroom and Sitting Room were redecorated by First Lady Laura Bush, who changed the decor so it more accurately reflected tastes common during the American Civil War.Шаблон:Sfn The Lincoln Bedroom is usually used to house close friends of the president who are visiting the White House.Шаблон:Sfn
Queens' Bedroom and Sitting Room
The Queens' Bedroom and Queens' Sitting Room occupy the northeast corner of the second floor. When this space was completed in 1809, it was a mirror of the Lincoln Suite to the south: two very narrow bedrooms with a toilet between them.Шаблон:Sfn And like the Lincoln Suite, the toilet was removed by 1825 and the toilet space joined with the western bedchamber. Instead of office space, however, the western two-thirds of this space was partitioned to create storage areas.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining bedroom became known as the Rose Bedroom or Pink Bedroom, after the color of its decorating scheme. It was reserved as a guest bedroom, and was most frequently used by the president's private secretaries—all of whom were male, and many of them sons of presidents.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By 1865, the western storage space had been converted into a clerk's office.Шаблон:Sfn The first woman to regularly occupy the bedroom probably was Anna Roosevelt, who moved into the White House in 1944.Шаблон:Sfn The 1952 White House reconstruction created a full bath and toilet in the northeast corner of the sitting room.Шаблон:Sfn
The name of the suite of rooms is taken from the number of female royalty who have stayed in the room: Elizabeth, queen consort of King George VI; Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom; Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands; and Queen Juliana of the Netherlands.Шаблон:Sfn This bedroom is also where Winston Churchill stayed on his regular visits to confer with Franklin Roosevelt, and Harry Truman, during and after World War II.[5]
Treaty Room
Шаблон:Main The Treaty Room is located between the Lincoln Suite and the Yellow Oval Room, on the south side of the east wing of the Executive Residence. When completed in 1809, it was intended to be a bedroom.Шаблон:Sfn By 1825, its function had changed so that it was now an audience chamber where people could meet with the president (whose office was next door to the east).Шаблон:Sfn By 1865, the room had been partitioned. A passage taking up the southern third of the room was created, to permit individuals to pass unobserved from the president's office directly into the White House Library (then occupying the Yellow Oval Room).Шаблон:Sfn What remained of the room was used for Cabinet meetings from 1865 to 1902.Шаблон:Sfn The space was then used as a sitting room from 1902 to 1961.Шаблон:Sfn The 1952 White House reconstruction removed the passage. A new door was opened in the southwest corner of the room to permit direct access to the Yellow Oval Room.Шаблон:Sfn
The space became known as the Treaty Room after President John F. Kennedy signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in the room in 1963. It's been used for important treaty signings ever since. President Richard Nixon signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in the room in 1972, and President Jimmy Carter signed the Camp David Accords in the room in 1978.Шаблон:Sfn
The room has undergone some changes in the past 25 years. First Lady Barbara Bush converted it into a private sitting room for the president. President George W. Bush had the room's historic paneling and its vibrant red, gold, and blue fabrics removed to alter it more to his own personal taste. President Barack Obama had the room redecorated in shades of beige,Шаблон:Sfn and continued its use as a private presidential study.Шаблон:Sfn
A half-bathroom in the northwest corner of the Treaty Room remains as of 2015 almost untouched since its creation in 1952. It has green and white floor tile in a checkerboard pattern, and the plumbing pipes are exposed.[6]
Yellow Oval Room
Шаблон:Main The Yellow Oval Room is the topmost of the Executive Residence's three oval rooms. Not yet furnished when the White House was first occupied, President John Adams used it as a levée room for New Year's Day celebrations on January 1, 1801. The room received its name after First Lady Dolley Madison decorated the room in yellow damask in 1809.Шаблон:Sfn The room served as a ladies' drawing room from 1809 to 1829,Шаблон:Sfn when it was turned into a ladies' toilet room under Andrew Jackson. It continued to be used as a ladies' toilet until about 1845.Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Abigail Fillmore turned it into a library about 1851.Шаблон:Sfn
By 1865, the first major architectural change was made to the room when a doorway was cut into the room's southeast corner to provide access to the passage leading behind the Treaty Room to the Presidential Office in the southeast corner of the second floor.Шаблон:Sfn The Yellow Oval Room was turned into a family room and private presidential study by Abraham Lincoln, and it remained that way until 1952.Шаблон:Sfn President Franklin D. Roosevelt and President Harry S. Truman referred to it informally as the "oval study", and used it as an informal working and meeting space.Шаблон:Sfn
The White House reconstruction of 1952 saw additional major architectural changes to the room. The 1865 passage was removed, but the door to the Treaty Room remained. To balance the door aesthetically, a closet was created in the northeast corner of the Yellow Oval Room and an identical door used to close it off. In the west wall of the room, a door was cut to provide access to the presidential bedroom suite.Шаблон:Sfn
President Dwight D. Eisenhower began the practice of using the Yellow Oval Room as a formal reception room.Шаблон:Sfn More recently, the space has served as a formal drawing room for the first family, and as a reception room where presidents greet dignitaries before lunches and dinners.Шаблон:Sfn
Presidential Bedroom Suite: The small bedroom/living room
The non-historic rooms of the second floor constitute the first family's private residence. As non-historic space, they may be reconfigured and redecorated in any way.Шаблон:Sfn
From east to west, leading away from the Yellow Oval Room on the south side, are a small bedroom (with full bath), a large bedroom, and a dressing room (with full bath).Шаблон:Sfn The small bedroom west of the Yellow Oval Room was originally used as an "extra bedroom"Шаблон:Efn beginning with President James Madison and concluding with the administration of President Franklin Pierce.Шаблон:Sfn Abraham Lincoln slept in this room, and not the Lincoln Bedroom as is commonly assumed (due to its name).Шаблон:Sfn Other occupants of the room included Mary Johnson Stover (daughter of Andrew Jackson) and her three children; May and Jessie McElroy (nieces of President Chester Arthur), Russell Harrison (President Benjamin Harrison's adult son); Mary Harrison McKee (adult daughter of President Benjamin Harrison) and her two children; Quentin and Archie Roosevelt (sons of President Theodore Roosevelt); President Woodrow Wilson and his second wife, Edith Wilson; President Warren G. Harding; President Franklin D. Roosevelt; and President Harry S. Truman.Шаблон:Sfn
During the 1952 renovation, a dressing room was built which straddled the wall between this room and the large bedroom to the west.Шаблон:Sfn This dressing room could only be accessed from the small bedroom. A full bath was also created in the northeast corner of the room.Шаблон:Sfn The space continued to be used as a bedroom by President Dwight D. Eisenhower; President John F. Kennedy; and President Richard Nixon—all of whom slept in the room. The room was turned into a living room and study by President Gerald Ford,Шаблон:Sfn and it has remained a study and living room into 2013.Шаблон:Sfn
Presidential Bedroom Suite: The large bedroom
To the west of this space is the large bedroom, which has usually been used by the president and first lady as their private bedroom. Sometimes a president and first lady sleep in the same room, but often they do not due to the president's early and late hours, and personal idiosyncrasies.Шаблон:Efn
When this room was completed in 1809, it was intended to be used as the president's bedroom. A tiny entry foyer was partitioned off at the north door, and the western part of the northern third of the room was occupied by a narrow hallway. This hallway connected to the north–south running dressing room on the western wall of the White House. A small toilet occupied the southern end of the dressing room.Шаблон:Sfn In this configuration, the large bedroom was occupied by President James Madison and his wife, Dolley; President Thomas Jefferson; President John Adams and his wife, Abigail; and President James Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
The entry foyer and north passage were removed by 1825.Шаблон:Sfn The large bedroom was subsequently occupied by President John Quincy Adams and his wife, Louisa; President Andrew Jackson;Шаблон:Efn President Van Buren;Шаблон:Efn President John Tyler and his wives Letitia Christian Tyler and Julia Gardiner Tyler;Шаблон:Efn and President James K. Polk and his wife, Sarah.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn
A full bath was added to the dressing room by 1849.Шаблон:Sfn The large bedroom was then used by President Zachary Taylor and his wife, Margaret; President Millard Fillmore and his wife, Abigail;Шаблон:Efn President Franklin Pierce and his wife, Jane; President James Buchanan;Шаблон:Efn and First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln.Шаблон:Sfn The northern passage (this time extending across the length of the room) was restored by 1865. An open doorframe in the south wall provided access to the bedroom to the south.Шаблон:Sfn The 1865 configuration was occupied by Senator David T. Patterson and his wife, Martha (daughter of President Andrew Johnson); President Ulysses S. Grant and his wife, Julia; President Rutherford B. Hayes and his wife, Lucy; President James Garfield and his wife, Lucretia; Mary Arthur McElroy, sister of widowed president Chester Arthur; Ruth, Esther, and Marion Cleveland, young daughters of President Grover Cleveland; President Benjamin Harrison and his wife, Caroline; President Theodore Roosevelt and his wife, Edith; President William Howard Taft and his wife, Helen; President Woodrow Wilson and his first wife, Ellen Axson Wilson;Шаблон:Efn President Warren G. Harding and his wife, Florence; President Calvin Coolidge and his wife, Grace; and President Herbert Hoover and his wife, Lou.Шаблон:Sfn It was used as a sitting room by first ladies Eleanor Roosevelt and Bess Truman.Шаблон:Sfn
The room underwent a major architectural change in 1952. The northeast corner of the room was intruded upon by a dressing room which extended from the small bedroom to the east. Another closet extended from the west into the northwest corner of the room. To accommodate these spaces, the northern wall of the large bedroom was made convex.Шаблон:Sfn It continued to be used as a sitting room by Bess Truman,Шаблон:Sfn but reverted to bedroom space in 1953. It has remained in its 1952 configuration ever since, and has been occupied by First Lady Mamie Eisenhower; First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy; First Lady Lady Bird Johnson; First Lady Pat Nixon; President Gerald R. Ford and his wife, Betty; President Jimmy Carter and his wife, Rosalynn; President Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy; President George H. W. Bush and his wife, Barbara; President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary;Шаблон:Sfn and President Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle.Шаблон:Sfn
Presidential Bedroom Suite: The dressing room
The Presidential Bedroom Suite dressing room was part of the Executive Residence when it was completed in 1809.Шаблон:Sfn A full bath was added to it some time before 1849.Шаблон:Sfn The bath was expanded to take up half the dressing room's space in the 1952 reconstruction.Шаблон:Sfn
The dressing room has not always served as a dressing room, however. It served as a small bedroom for Susanna Adams, daughter of President John Adams; Louisa Smith, niece of First Lady Abigail Adams; Tad Lincoln, son of President Abraham Lincoln; Robert Johnson, son of President Andrew Johnson; Anne Thompson, nursemaid to the young children of President Grover Cleveland; First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt; and First Lady Bess Truman. It was used as a private study by first ladies Lucy Webb Hayes and Lou Henry Hoover, and as a private dining room by President Woodrow Wilson and his second wife, Edith. First Lady Florence Harding used it as a dress storage room. It also served as a combination dressing room/sitting room/office to first ladies Mamie Eisenhower, Jacqueline Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush, and Hillary Rodham Clinton.Шаблон:Sfn Michelle Obama used it as a dressing room.Шаблон:Sfn
West Sitting Hall
Шаблон:Main West Sitting Hall did not exist when the White House was completed in 1809. James Hoban's original design for the White House had a flight of stairs, one against the north wall and one against the south wall, on the ground floor. These rose to a landing, and then a single flight of stairs rose to the second floor.Шаблон:Sfn This left only a small area north and south of the staircase, which by 1865 was being called the West Hall.Шаблон:Sfn In 1869, President Grant rebuilt the stairs so that the single staircase rose against the south wall. This left what space there was in a single rather than divided area, making it more useful.Шаблон:Sfn The new space created on the second floor became the West Sitting Hall.Шаблон:Sfn Considered part of the first family's private space, the West Sitting Hall has undergone redecoration with every new presidency and is not considered a historic room.Шаблон:Sfn
Family Kitchen and President's Dining Room
Шаблон:See also The Family Kitchen and the President's Dining Room are located in the northwest corner of the second floor. The large bedroom which originally existed here was known as the "Prince of Wales Room", after Albert, Prince of Wales stayed in the room in 1860.Шаблон:Sfn
When this part of the Executive Residence was completed in 1809, a bedroom suite occupied this space. What is now the private stairs and Cosmetology Room were the eastern chamber and closet of the suite,Шаблон:Efn a bedroom and toilet occupied what is now the President's Dining Room, and a lady's dressing room was in the space currently occupied by the Family Kitchen, the kitchen storage space, and the pantry.Шаблон:Sfn
This space was little changed by 1825. Since the private stairs from the ground floor were now complete, the closet in the eastern chamber was removed and a landing for the stairs inserted in the middle of the room. This effectively created an open storage area in the southern third of the chamber.Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Louisa Adams and her niece, Mary Hellen, used the bedroom and dressing room as a bedroom suite (but did not occupy the eastern chamber).Шаблон:Sfn From March 1829 to the summer of 1830, all three rooms were occupied by Jack and Emily Donelson and their four children.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn President William Henry Harrison used the larger bedroom as his personal bedroom during his 32-day presidency in 1841.Шаблон:Sfn Robert Tyler (son of President John Tyler), his wife, and daughter used all three rooms from April 1841 to March 1845.Шаблон:Sfn From 1845 to 1849, the bedroom, dressing room, and eastern chamber were used by Augusta Tabb Walker and her two small children.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
A full bath was added to the eastern chamber by 1865. To accommodate the bathroom, the stairs were moved from the middle to the southern part of the room, and the storage space eliminated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In this configuration, the bedroom was used by Willie Lincoln (who died in it).Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Eliza Johnson used the small eastern chamber as her bedroom, while the first family used the larger bedroom as a living room.Шаблон:Sfn The large room was later used as a bedroom by Nellie Grant (daughter of President Ulysses S. Grant);Шаблон:Efn Fanny Hayes (daughter of President Rutherford B. Hayes);Шаблон:Efn Mary "Mollie" Garfield (daughter of President James Garfield);Шаблон:Efn Ellen "Nell" Arthur (daughter of President Chester Arthur);Шаблон:Efn President Grover Cleveland and First Lady Frances Cleveland;Шаблон:Efn James Robert and Mary Harrison McKee and their two small children;Шаблон:Efn President William McKinley and his wife, Ida; Alice Roosevelt (daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt) from September 1901 to February 1906;Шаблон:Efn Ethel Roosevelt (daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt);Шаблон:Efn First Lady Helen Taft; Eleanor Wilson (daughter of President Woodrow Wilson);Шаблон:Efn Calvin Coolidge, Jr.;Шаблон:Efn Lorena Hickok (journalist and aide to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt);Шаблон:Efn and Margaret Truman (daughter of President Harry S. Truman).Шаблон:Sfn
Major architectural changes to these spaces came in 1952. In the eastern chamber, the bathroom was removed, the stairs were widened, and the stairs moved back into the middle of the space. This created a new (and at last, enclosed) storage space south of the stairs. The passage from the eastern chamber to the bedroom was closed as well. The 1952 reconstruction turned the bedroom into a mirror image of the president's bedroom across the Center Hall. The bedroom's south wall was made convex, which created a walled-off dead space in the room's southeast corner. The southwest corner now became storage space accessible from the dressing room.Шаблон:Sfn After the reconstruction, Margaret Truman continued to use it as her bedroom. In 1953, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower turned it from a bedroom into a sitting room for her mother, Elivera "Minnie" Doud.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1961, the bedroom suite was torn out. Jacqueline Kennedy thought the Family Dining Room on the state floor was too cavernous and impersonal to raise a family in, and decided that a smaller, more intimate dining room (now the President's Dining Room) should be created on the second floor. A small kitchen took over the space which was once a dressing room, with a pantry and storage space occupying the southern half of the space.Шаблон:Efn (The storage closet created in the now-convex room to the east was accessed from the new pantry.) The bedroom became the new President's Dining Room.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Cosmetology Room
What is known today as the Cosmetology Room was originally a series of small rooms used as work and storage space. It was turned into a bathroom by 1865.Шаблон:Sfn At some point before 1933, the bath in this space was removed and the area converted into a small office.Шаблон:Sfn First ladies Eleanor Roosevelt and Bess Truman used the space as their personal office. President Dwight Eisenhower used it as an art room, where he would paint. The Kennedys used it as a nursery for their two small children, and First Daughter Luci Johnson used it as a study. During the Nixon administration, the room was turned into a beauty salon and named the Cosmetology Room.Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Rosalynn Carter planned to renovate the Cosmetology Room, but left the job to First Lady Nancy Reagan. In 1981, the National Hairdressers and Cosmetologists Association paid for an $8,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) refurbishment of the Cosmetology Room. Added to the room were a $400 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) salmon-colored Louis XV lounge chair, $720 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) white leather side chair, $230 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) manicurist's stool, $346 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) enamel shampoo bowl, $1,200 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) pair of hair dryers, $1,800 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) in wallpaper featuring a pattern consisting of a minute Chinese-style medallion, $3,000 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) coral-colored handmade wool rug, white Lucite make-up center, green and red drapes, and dotted white batiste curtains from Switzerland.[7] The space remained a beauty parlor into 2013.Шаблон:Sfn
West Room, North Hall, and East Room
The West Room, North Hall, and East Room occupy the center section of the north wall of the Executive Residence. When this area of the mansion was completed in 1809, a single large storeroom occupied this space.Шаблон:Sfn The western wall of the East Room was in place by 1825. Two small storerooms had also been created in what would later be the North Hall by constructing short, non-load bearing walls. These walls projected west, dividing the room into thirds.Шаблон:Sfn The North Hall as it exists today was created by 1865 when the storage partitions in the West Room were removed.Шаблон:Sfn
The West Room served, at various times, as a bedroom for Willie Lincoln, President Andrew Johnson, Andrew Johnson Jr. (President Johnson's son), Robert and Charles Taft (sons of President Taft),Шаблон:Efn Joseph P. Lash (a close friend of First lady Eleanor Roosevelt), Reathel Odum (private secretary First Lady Bess Truman), John F. Kennedy Jr.; and Chuck and Lynda Bird Johnson Robb and their daughter. The room was converted into a playroom for First Daughter Amy Carter in 1977, and President Ronald Reagan had it set up as a fitness room.Шаблон:Sfn
The North Hall was where President Abraham Lincoln stood as he delivered speeches to crowds on the North Lawn. It was used as a schoolroom for Fanny and Scott Hayes, youngest children of President Rutherford B. Hayes. This served as a maid's room during the two terms of President Theodore Roosevelt, as a bedroom for Maude Shaw (nursemaid for Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr.), and as a clothing storage space for first ladies Lady Bird Johnson and Nancy Reagan.Шаблон:Sfn
The East Room's first documented use was as a bedroom for Frederick Dent (the father of First Lady Julia Grant). It later served as a bedroom for President Chester Arthur, Mary Dimmick (First Lady Caroline Harrison's niece and private secretary), John Witherspoon Scott (father of First Lady Caroline Harrison), Kermit Roosevelt, Madge Wallace (mother of First Lady Bess Truman), Caroline Kennedy, Pat and Luci Nugent (she was the daughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson), Tricia Nixon, Susan Ford (daughter of President Gerald Ford), and Amy Carter. It was converted into an office for First Lady Nancy Reagan, but turned back into a bedroom for use by Chelsea Clinton (daughter of President Bill Clinton).Шаблон:Sfn
Scott Hayes (young son of President Rutherford B. Hayes), Birchard Hayes (teenage son of President Rutherford B. Hayes), Irvin Garfield (young son of President James Garfield), Abram Garfield (young son of President James Garfield), also used either the West Room or East Room as a bedroom, but records are not clear which.Шаблон:Sfn
Third floor
During a 1927 renovation the White House attic was rebuilt into a third floor. It was further expanded with the Truman Reconstruction and currently contains 20 rooms, nine bathrooms, and a main hall. This floor was once used for staff bedrooms, but no staff currently live in the White House.Шаблон:Sfn Jacqueline Kennedy extensively decorated these rooms with her favorite White House antiques, with her best known room being the "Empire Guest Room" (finished in First French Empire style).Шаблон:Sfn President Jimmy Carter had one room paneled with wood panels taken from an old family barn in Georgia.Шаблон:Sfn First Lady Hillary Clinton turned one of the rooms into a soundproof music room where President Bill Clinton could play his saxophone without disturbing others, turned a guest room into an exercise room, and created an "Eleanor Roosevelt Room" for her own use.Шаблон:Sfn When Marian Robinson moved to the White House alongside her daughter Michelle Obama's family in 2009, she took a bedroom and sitting area on the third floor as her private quarters.[8] When Donald Trump became president, his and First Lady Melania Trump's son Barron took a bedroom on the third floor.[9]
Other notable features on the third floor include a sunroom with wet bar (atop the south portico), billiards room, and outdoor rooftop promenade.Шаблон:Sfn Visiting dignitaries are normally housed in the second floor state bedrooms and foreign heads of state and government customarily stay at Blair House.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
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Further reading
External links
- White House Historical Association – an official virtual museum of the White House, with floor plans, photographs, and extensive descriptions of both historical and current furnishings.
- Страницы с нечисловыми аргументами formatnum
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- White House
- White House Executive Residence Operations
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
