Английская Википедия:Expressways of Vietnam
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox highway system
The Expressway network of Vietnam is a recent addition to the transport network of Vietnam. The first expressways were opened in the early-2000s, by 2020, the expressway network is expected to stretch Шаблон:Convert and plans are for over Шаблон:Convert of expressway by 2030.[1]
Development
Expressways are a rather recent addition to the Vietnamese road network, and standardization has not been fully implemented. Ownership varies by expressway, they are financed, developed, owned and operated by either state-owned or private companies on behalf of the Ministry of Transport.[2] For example, state-owned Vietnam Expressway Corporation owns and operates four expressways,[3] but toll collection is done by subcontracted companies. The companies operating the expressways have to report traffic numbers and toll revenue to the Ministry of Transport and the Directorate for Roads of Vietnam.[4] This construction has been subject of fraud investigations several times, as toll revenue was falsified by the collecting companies in order to take advantage of the difference.[5] The government has also threatened operating companies to revoke their toll collection licence after lack of maintenance caused dangerous situations on several expressways.[6] In 2019 it was reported that the Vietnam Expressway Corporation was $3.7 billion USD in debt, and earning $137 million in revenue each year.[7]
The total cost of the planned expressway network is estimated at $47.9 billion.[8] Lack of funding has been an issue throughout the development of the expressway network, with both the government and private investors having difficulty in raising the required investment costs.[9][10]
In 2019, the Ministry of Transport decided to exclude foreign investors from bidding on the North-South expressway, mainly to prevent Chinese companies from participating. Public backslash – due to strong anti-Chinese sentiment in the country – was feared if Chinese companies would collect toll fees, as well national security concerns playing a role in this decision.[11][12] However, lack of bidders has led to low competition between the bids, [13] and two out of five sections had not attracted any bids.[14]
In 2020, Minister of Planning and Investment Nguyễn Chí Dũng petitioned to the National Assembly to switch development of the remaining sections of the North–South expressway to state funding instead of build-operate-transfer contracts, in order to avoid delays in raising capital and to reduce interest amount. He noted that Chinese provinces Yunnan and Guangxi built Шаблон:Convert of expressways in three years, whereas Шаблон:Convert of planned expressway in Vietnam should have been completed decades ago. If public funding would be approved, construction on the sections Vĩnh Hảo (vi)–Phan Thiết, Mai Son (Ninh Bình)–Highway 45 (Thanh Hóa) and Phan Thiết–Dầu Giây (connection to Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway) would start in 2021.[15]
In a 2023 directive, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính instructed the Ministry of Transport to develop expressway design standards, as some of the expressways did not adhere to standards generally followed for expressways such as number of lanes, road width, operating speed and having continuous emergency lanes.[16]
A new draft plan is for Шаблон:Convert of new expressways to be completed before 2025 and an additional Шаблон:Convert for before 2030.[17]
Expressway use
Generally all cars, buses, trucks, types of tricycles (excluding motor cyclos) and motorcycles over 175cc ((usually identified as xx + (A) + (1-9), where xx is the series of provinces according to regulations) are permitted on the expressway but công nông (agricultural vehicles) and motorcycles under 175cc (usually identified as xx + (B to Z) + (1-9), where xx is the series of provinces according to regulations) are not.[18]
A minimum speed of Шаблон:Convert is generally in effect, although there are sections with a minimum speed of Шаблон:Convert in the middle and left lanes. The maximum speed anywhere is Шаблон:Convert, although sections with a lower maximum speed are common.
List of expressways
Expressways Network planning in 2023
North–South Expressway
| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:CT 01, VNM.svg CT.01 | North–South Expressway East | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4–10 | Completed many expressway sections |
| Файл:CT 02, VNM.svg CT.02 | North–South Expressway West | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4–6 | Completed many expressway sections |
Northern Regional Expressway
| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Hanoi–Hoa Binh–Son La–Dien Bien Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4–6 | Completed Hoa Lac-Hoa Binh expressway first stage Completed Thang Long Boulevard expressway section |
| Файл:CT 04, VNM.svg CT.04 | Hanoi–Haiphong Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Fully opened; formerly National Route 5B |
| Файл:CT 05, VNM.svg CT.05 | Hanoi–Lao Cai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Fully opened. Connects to China's G8011 by Kim Thanh International Border Gate. |
| Файл:CT 06, VNM.svg CT.06 | Haiphong–Ha Long–Van Don–Mong Cai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Fully opened. Connects to China's G7511 by Bac Luan 2 Border Gate. |
| Файл:CT 07, VNM.svg CT.07 | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen–Bac Kan–Cao Bang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4–6 | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen section complete |
| Файл:CT 08, VNM.svg CT.08 | Ninh Binh–Haiphong Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Under construction |
| Файл:CT 09, VNM.svg CT.09 | Noi Bai–Bac Ninh–Ha Long Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Noi Bai–Bac Ninh section complete |
| Файл:CT 10, VNM.svg CT.10 | Tien Yen–Lang Son–Cao Bang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Tan Thanh–Phúc Sen section under construction; Phúc Sen–Trà Lĩnh to begin construction after phase one is complete. Will connect to China's G69 by Tra Linh Border Gate. |
| Файл:CT 11, VNM.svg CT.11 | Phu Ly–Nam Dinh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 12, VNM.svg CT.12 | Yen Bai–Ha Giang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 13, VNM.svg CT.13 | Bao Ha–Lai Chau Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 14, VNM.svg CT.14 | Cho Ben–Yen My Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 15, VNM.svg CT.15 | Tuyen Quang–Ha Giang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Under construction. Will connect to China's G5615 by Thanh Thuy Border Gate. |
| Файл:CT 16, VNM.svg CT.16 | Hung Yen–Thai Binh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
Central Regional Expressway
| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:CT 17, VNM.svg CT.17 | Vinh–Thanh Thuy Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 18, VNM.svg CT.18 | Vung Ang–Cha Lo Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 19, VNM.svg CT.19 | Cam Lo–Lao Bao Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Funding phase Was CT.11 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 20, VNM.svg CT.20 | Quy Nhon–Pleiku–Le Thanh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 21, VNM.svg CT.21 | Da Nang–Thach My–Ngoc Hoi–Bo Y Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 22, VNM.svg CT.22 | Quang Nam–Quang Ngai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert [19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 23, VNM.svg CT.23 | Phu Yen–Dak Lak Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 24, VNM.svg CT.24 | Khanh Hoa–Buon Ma Thuot Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Under construction |
| Файл:CT 25, VNM.svg CT.25 | Nha Trang–Lien Khuong Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 26, VNM.svg CT.26 | Lien Khuong–Buon Ma Thuot Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 42, VNM.png CT.42 | Quang Ngai - Kon Tum Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | 4 | Planned |
Southern Regional Expressway
| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Dau Giay–Dalat Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Completed between Lien Khuong and Pass Prenn (Da Lat); was CT.14 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 28, VNM.svg CT.28 | Bien Hoa–Vung Tau Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6–8 | Funding phase; was CT.13 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 29, VNM.svg CT.29 | Ho Chi Minh City–Long Thanh–Dau Giay Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6–10 | Fully opened |
| Файл:CT 30, VNM.svg CT.30 | Ho Chi Minh–Chon Thanh–Hoa Lu Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Proposed; was CT.15 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 31, VNM.svg CT.31 | Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[20] | 6 | Will connect to Cambodia's E1 Phnom Penh–Bavet Expressway, parallels QL 22, Funding phase; was CT.16 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 32, VNM.svg CT.32 | Go Dau–Xa Mat Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 33, VNM.svg CT.33 | Ho Chi Minh City–Tien Giang–Ben Tre–Tra Vinh–Soc Trang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 34, VNM.svg CT.34 | Chau Doc–Can Tho–Soc Trang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Funding phase; was CT.17 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 35, VNM.svg CT.35 | Ha Tien–Rach Gia–Bac Lieu Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
| Файл:CT 36, VNM.svg CT.36 | Hong Ngu–Tra Vinh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 4 | Proposed |
Hanoi Ring Road
| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:CT 37, VNM.svg CT.37 | Hanoi Ring Road 3 | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Fully completed; was CT.20 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 38, VNM.svg CT.38 | Hanoi Ring Road 4 | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Funding phase; was CT.21 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 39, VNM.svg CT.39 | Hanoi Ring Road 5 | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 6 | Proposed |
Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road
| Number | Name | Length | Lanes | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:CT 40, VNM.svg CT.40 | Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 3 | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 8 | Completed many expressway sections; was CT.22 before 2021 |
| Файл:CT 41, VNM.svg CT.41 | Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 4 | Шаблон:Convert[19] | 8 | Funding phase |
Expressways Network planning in 2015
| Number | Name | Length | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Файл:CT 01, VNM.svg CT.01 | North–South Expressway East | Шаблон:Convert | Completed many expressway sections |
| Файл:CT 02, VNM.svg CT.02 | North–South Expressway West | Шаблон:Convert | Some sections under construction |
| Шаблон:Nowrap | Hanoi–Cao Bang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Completed Hanoi-Chi Lang (Lang Son) section Hanoi–Chi Lang now part of the CT.01 and Tien Yen–Lang Son–Cao Bang split off to CT.10 |
| Файл:CT 04, VNM.svg CT.04 | Hanoi–Haiphong Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Fully opened |
| Файл:CT 05, VNM.svg CT.05 | Hanoi–Lao Cai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Yen Bai-Lao Cai: phase 1 completed |
| Файл:CT 06, VNM.svg CT.06 | Noi Bai–Ha Long–Mong Cai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Hanoi-Bac Ninh and Ha Long-Mong Cai sections completed Now part of CT.09 |
| Файл:CT 07, VNM.svg CT.07 | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Hanoi–Thai Nguyen–Cho Moi section complete; Cho Moi–Bac Kan section to begin construction in September 2022 |
| Thai Nguyen–Bac Kan–Cao Bang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | ||
| Файл:CT 08, VNM.svg CT.08 | Hanoi–Hoa Binh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Lang–Hoa Lac complete Hoa Lac–Hoa Binh: phase 1 completed In 2022, lengthened to Dien Bien and renumbered to CT.03 |
| Файл:CT 09, VNM.svg CT.09 | Ninh Binh–Haiphong–Quang Ninh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Haiphong–Ha Long section completed In 2022, shortened to Haiphong and renumbered to CT.08; Haiphong–Quang Ninh section split off to CT.06 |
| Файл:CT 10, VNM.svg CT.10 | Hong Linh–Huong Son Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Файл:CT 11, VNM.svg CT.11 | Cam Lo–Lao Bao Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Renumbered to CT.19 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 12, VNM.svg CT.12 | Quy Nhon–Pleiku Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Now part of the CT.20 |
| Файл:CT 13, VNM.svg CT.13 | Bien Hoa–Vung Tau Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Under construction Renumbered to CT.28 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 14, VNM.svg CT.14 | Dau Giay–Dalat Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Lien Khuong–Pass Prenn (Dalat) complete Dau Giay–Lien Khuong: Investing in building only 4 lanes in September 2023 Renumbered to CT.27 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 15, VNM.svg CT.15 | Ho Chi Minh City–Thu Dau Mot–Chon Thanh Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Renumbered to CT.30 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 16, VNM.svg CT.16 | Ho Chi Minh City–Moc Bai Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Renumbered to CT.31 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 17, VNM.svg CT.17 | Chau Doc–Can Tho–Soc Trang Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Under construction Renumbered to CT.34 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 18, VNM.svg CT.18 | Ha Tien–Rach Gia–Bac Lieu Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Renumbered to CT.35 |
| Файл:CT 19, VNM.svg CT.19 | Can Tho–Ca Mau Expressway | Шаблон:Convert | Under construction Merged into the CT.01 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 20, VNM.svg CT.20 | Hanoi Ring Road 3 | Шаблон:Convert | Renumbered to CT.37 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 21, VNM.svg CT.21 | Hanoi Ring Road 4 | Шаблон:Convert | Under construction Renumbered to CT.38 in 2022 |
| Файл:CT 22, VNM.svg CT.22 | Ho Chi Minh City Ring Road 3 | Шаблон:Convert | Under construction Renumbered to CT.40 in 2022 |
See also
Notes
References
External links
Website of the Ministry of Transport Шаблон:Highways in Vietnam Шаблон:Transport in Vietnam Шаблон:Motorways in Asia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 19,00 19,01 19,02 19,03 19,04 19,05 19,06 19,07 19,08 19,09 19,10 19,11 19,12 19,13 19,14 19,15 19,16 19,17 19,18 19,19 19,20 19,21 19,22 19,23 19,24 19,25 19,26 19,27 19,28 19,29 19,30 19,31 19,32 19,33 19,34 19,35 19,36 19,37 19,38 19,39 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
