Английская Википедия:Falaki Shirvani
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox writer Muhammad Falaki (Шаблон:Lang-faШаблон:Lrm; 1107–1155), commonly known as Falaki Shirvani (Шаблон:Lang) was a poet who served at the court of the Shirvanshah Manuchihr III (Шаблон:Reign). A student of the poet Khaqani, Falaki is known to have authored a Persian Шаблон:Transliteration (collection of poems), of which 1,512 verses have survived. He played a leading role in the early development of the Шаблон:Transliteration (prison poetry), a genre in Persian literature.
Like other poets of his time, Falaki was imprisoned due to the libel spread by his rivals. It has been surmised Falaki died soon after his release as a result of the stress he had endured there.
Biography
Of Persian descent,Шаблон:Sfn Falaki Shirvani was born in 1107 in the city of Shamakhi in Shirvan,Шаблон:Sfn a region now located in present-day Azerbaijan.Шаблон:Sfn The city served as the capital of the rulers of Shirvan, the Shirvanshahs.Шаблон:Sfn In his work, Falaki calls himself "Muhammad Falaki", but some Шаблон:Transliteration (collection of biographies) refer to him by other names, such as Abu'l-Nizam Jalalu'd-Din, Afsahu'd-Din, Najmu'd-Din, or Mu'ayyidu'd-Din Uthman.Шаблон:Sfn "Falaki" was his pen name with his real name being Muhammad. Due to the former meaning "astronomer" and the poet Khaqani mentioning that Falaki was "aware of the mysteries of the nine spheres" it could be surmised that Falaki was a professional astronomer. However, this could have also been a word-play by Khaqani.Шаблон:Sfn Falaki was a student of Khaqani, despite being older.Шаблон:Sfn
According to a story reported by later biographers such as Dawlatshah Samarqandi, both Falaki and Khaqani were students of the poet Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi. Khaqani married Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi's daughter while Falaki was given 20,000 dirhams, which he was let down by. Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi told Falaki that with that money he could buy fifty Turkish handmaidens more beautiful than Khaqani's new wife.Шаблон:Sfn Iranologist Anna Livia Beelaert does not consider this story to be real, arguing that no parts of it is mentioned in Khaqani's writings, which mentions both Falaki and Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi.Шаблон:Sfn Falaki had a wife who died shortly after giving birth to their daughter. His remaining relatives (with the exception of his daughter) also died.Шаблон:Sfn Like Khaqani and Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi, Falaki served as a court poet of the Shirvanshah Manuchihr III (Шаблон:Reign).Шаблон:Sfn
Like other poets of his time (Khaqani, Mujir al-Din Baylaqani, and probably Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi), Falaki was imprisoned due to libel spread by his rivals.Шаблон:Sfn His imprisonment took place in the fortress of Shabaran, where he stayed for some time.Шаблон:Sfn After being freed, Falaki wrote an ode in which he claimed that his confinement had almost killed him and left him a "mere skeleton". It is uncertain whether Falaki was allowed back into the royal court or not. The Indian scholar Hadi Hasan, noting that Khaqani reported Falaki's death as "premature", considered it more plausible that Falaki soon died as a result of the stress he had endured during his imprisonment.Шаблон:Sfn
The death of Manuchihr III is not mentioned in Falaki's writings, which indicates that Falaki died before him.Шаблон:Sfn Based on this, the suggestion by authors such as Taqi Kashi that Falaki died in 1181/82 has been dismissed by historian Francois de Blois.Шаблон:Sfn Hadi Hasan surmised that Falaki died in Шаблон:Circa in Shirvan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to Taqi Kashi, Falaki was buried in Shamakhi.Шаблон:Sfn Khaqani dedicated an eulogy to him.Шаблон:Sfn
Works
Falaki is known to have authored a Persian Шаблон:Transliteration (collection of poems), of which 1,512 verses have survived.Шаблон:Sfn In 1929, Hadi Hasan published his collection of Falaki's poems which he had gathered from an anthology in Munich and poetry referenced in other works. In 1958, he published a updated version based on newly-found poems in a manuscript from Madras and a revised version of his previous collection.Шаблон:Sfn The only ruler that appears in Falaki's work is Manuchihr III,Шаблон:Sfn whom Falaki describes in several scenarios, such as his victory against the Alans and "Khazars" (Kipchaks), how he seized parts of Arran, how he had the cities of Kardinan and Sa'dun constructed, and how he restored the Bakilani dam.Шаблон:Sfn
Falaki is the first known Shirvani composer of the Шаблон:Transliteration (prison poetry) genre, and also played an role in its early development. There are three important words in the genre: gham (sorrow), mihnat (affliction) and ranj (suffering). These words began to set themselves apart from one another at the early stage of the development of genre. Gham communicates a gloomy resignation. Mihnat conveys enduring injustice that is connected to a universal state. Poets in Shirvan started to use the word mihnat to convey the same physical tiredness as its equivalent ranj. This lexicon was first assembled by Falaki:Шаблон:Sfn
The prison poetry genre was created by a Persian poet under the Ghaznavids, Masud Sa'd Salman,Шаблон:Sfn whom Falaki claimed to be below him in terms of style. Falaki displayed anxiety of influence, trying to make the accomplishments of Masud Sa'd Salman seem less important, whilst also using the latter's trademark genre.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Rebecca Gould considers Falaki's impact in prison poetry to pale in comparison to Masud Sa'd Salman's, but maintains that he still played an important role in the genre, contributing to its geographical and cross-generational transmission.Шаблон:Sfn
Falaki considered himself to be on the same level as Abu Nuwas (died 810) and Abu Tammam (died 846). The Czech orientalist Jan Rypka considered it "strange" that Falaki did not think of any contemporary poet who merited mention.Шаблон:Sfn Both Salman Savaji (died 1376) and Шаблон:Ill (died 1425/26) are known to have copied Falaki's style of poetry, though the former never admitted it.Шаблон:Sfn According to Gould, the works of Falaki, Khaqani, Abu'l-Ala Ganjavi and Mujir al-Din Baylaqani fully supports the claim made by academics that the Persianate Caucasus developed a distinctive literary tradition comparable to that of Bukhara, Khwarazm, and Khurasan.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Шаблон:Encyclopaedia Iranica
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:EI2
- Шаблон:Cambridge History of Iran
Further reading
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- 1107 births
- 1150s deaths
- 12th-century Persian-language writers
- 12th-century Persian-language poets
- People from Shamakhi
- 12th-century Iranian people
- Poets of the Shirvanshahs
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
