Английская Википедия:Ficus religiosa
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Ficus religiosa or sacred fig is a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent[1] and Indochina[2] that belongs to Moraceae, the fig or mulberry family. It is also known as the bodhi tree,[3] peepul tree,[1] peepal tree, pipala tree or ashvattha tree (in India and Nepal).[4] The sacred fig is considered to have a religious significance in three major religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Hindu and Jain ascetics consider the species to be sacred and often meditate under it. Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment under a tree of this species. The sacred fig is the state tree of the Indian states of Odisha,[5] Bihar and Haryana.
Description
Ficus religiosa is a large dry season-deciduous or semi-evergreen tree up to Шаблон:Convert tall and with a trunk diameter of up to Шаблон:Convert. The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended drip tip; they are Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert broad, with a Шаблон:Convert petiole. The fruits are small figs Шаблон:Convert in diameter, green ripening to purple.Шаблон:Citation needed
F. religiosa has a lifespan ranging between 900 and 1,500 years. The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree in the city of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka is estimated to be more than 2,250 years old.Шаблон:Citation needed
Distribution
Ficus religiosa is native to most of the Indian subcontinent – Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India including the Assam region, Eastern Himalaya and the Nicobar Islands, as well as part of Indochina – the Andaman Islands, Thailand, Myanmar and Peninsular Malaysia. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, particularly in the rest of tropical Asia, but also in Iran, Florida and Venezuela.[6]
Ecology
Ficus religiosa suitably grows at altitudes ranging from Шаблон:Convert up to Шаблон:Convert. Due to the climatic conditions which are prevalent throughout different heat zones, it can grow at latitudes ranging from 30°N to 5°S. It can tolerate air temperatures ranging between Шаблон:Convert, beyond this upper limit its growth diminishes. It grows on a wide variety of soils but preferably needs deep, alluvial sandy loam with good drainage. It is also found on shallow soils including rock crevices.Шаблон:Citation needed
Association
Ficus religiosa is associated with Blastophaga quadriceps, an agaonid wasp which acts as its pollinator as this wasp lays its eggs only on trees of this species.Шаблон:Citation needed
Environment
Ficus religiosa is tolerant to various climate zones (Köppen climate classification categories of Af, Am, Aw/As, Cfa, Cwa and Csa) and various types of soils. In Paraguay the tree species occurs in forests at lower elevations, and in China the species has been reported growing at altitudes ranging from Шаблон:Convert. In India, being a native species, it occurs both naturally in wild as well as cultivated up to altitudes of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Citation needed
Climate
Ficus religiosa is tolerant to widely varying climatic conditions such as Tropical rainforest climate where the region receives more than Шаблон:Convert of precipitation per month, Tropical monsoon climate where average precipitation ranges from Шаблон:Convert in the driest month to Шаблон:Convert, Tropical savanna climate with dry summer where average precipitation ranges from Шаблон:Convert per month in summers to Шаблон:Convert per month in winters, Tropical savanna climate with dry winter where average precipitation ranges from to Шаблон:Convert per month in winters to Шаблон:Convert per month in summers, Warm temperate climate with dry winter where average temperature ranges from Шаблон:Convert and winters are dry, as well as Warm temperate climate with dry summer where average temperature ranges from Шаблон:Convert and summers are dry.Шаблон:Citation needed
Invasiveness
Unlike most epiphytic jungle figs, which ring the stems of dicotyledonous support trees from the outside, the epiphytic bushes of F. religiosa are not true stranglers. Their roots penetrate inside the stem of the support, eventually splitting it from within. Ficus religiosa has been listed as an "environmental weed" or "naturalised weed" by the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). It has been assigned an invasiveness high risk score of 7 in a risk assessment prepared for the species' invasiveness in Hawaii by PIER.Шаблон:Clarify Such a high score predicts it will become a major pest in suitable climate zones. The major reasons for its invasive behaviour are its fast-growing nature, tolerance to various climate zones and soil types, reported lifespan of over 3,000 years, and its suffocating growth habit as it often begins life as an epiphyte.Шаблон:Citation needed
In culture and heritage
The earliest known record of Ficus religiosa in human culture is the use of peepal leaf motifs in the pottery of the Helmand culture, found at Mundigak site, in Kandahar, Afghanistan, dating back to third millennium BCE.[7]
The Indus Valley Civilisation venerated this tree and its leaf and drew religious art of it.[8]
The peepal tree is considered sacred by the followers of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna says, "I am the Peepal tree among the trees, Narada among the Deva Rishi (Divine sages), Bhrigu among the Saptha-Maharishis, Chitraratha among the Gandharvas, And sage Kapila among the Siddhas."[9] In India, the medal for the highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, is modelled on the leaf of a Peepal tree.[10]
Buddhism
Шаблон:Main Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment (bodhi) while meditating underneath a Ficus religiosa. The site is in present-day Bodh Gaya in Bihar, India. The original tree was destroyed, and has been replaced several times. A branch of the original tree was rooted in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka in 288 BCE and is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi; it is the oldest living human-planted flowering plant (angiosperm) in the world.[11]
In Theravada Buddhist Southeast Asia, the tree's massive trunk is often the site of Buddhist or animist shrines. Not all Ficus religiosa are ordinarily called a Bodhi Tree. A true Bodhi Tree is traditionally considered a tree that has as its parent another Bodhi Tree, and so on, until the first Bodhi Tree, which is the tree under which Gautama is said to have gained enlightenment.[12]
Hinduism
Sadhus (Hindu ascetics) meditate beneath sacred fig trees, and Hindus do pradakshina (circumambulation, or meditative pacing) around the sacred fig tree as a mark of worship. Usually seven pradakshinas are done around the tree in the morning time chanting "vriksha rajaya namah", meaning "salutation to the king of trees". It is claimed that the 27 stars (constellations) constituting 12 houses (rasis) and 9 planets are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees—one for each star. The Bodhi Tree is said to represent Pushya (Western star name γ, δ and θ Cancri in the Cancer constellation).Шаблон:Citation needed
Plaksa is a possible Sanskrit term for Ficus religiosa. However, according to Macdonell and Keith (1912), it denotes the wavy-leaved fig tree (Ficus infectoria) instead. In Hindu texts, the Plaksa tree is associated with the source of the Sarasvati River. The Skanda Purana states that the Sarasvati originates from the water pot of Brahma flows from Plaksa on the Himalayas. According to Vamana Purana 32.1–4, the Sarasvati was rising from the Plaksa tree (Pipal tree).[13] Plaksa Pra-sravana denotes the place where the Sarasvati appears.[14] In the Rigveda Sutras, Plaksa Pra-sravana refers to the source of the Sarasvati.[15]
Cultivation
Ficus religiosa is grown by specialty tree plant nurseries for use as an ornamental tree, in gardens and parks in tropical and subtropical climates. Peepul trees are native to Indian subcontinent and thrive in hot, humid weather. They prefer full sunlight and can grow in all soil types, though loam is the best. When planting, use soil with a pH of 7 or below. While it is possible for the plant to grow indoors in a pot, it grows best outside. Young peepul needs proper nourishment. It requires full sunlight and proper watering. Sacred fig occurs naturally in submontane forest regions.Шаблон:Citation needed As with many Ficus trees, these are well suited for Bonsai training.
In the Middle East, it is preferably planted as an avenue or road verge tree. In the Philippines and in Nicaragua the species is cultivated in parks and along roadsides and pavements, while in Paraguay it occurs in forests at lower elevations.[16]
In Thailand โพ or "Pho" trees grow everywhere, but in the Wats (temples) they are revered, and usually are several hundred years old, with trunks up to Шаблон:Convert wide. As with all sacred trees in Thailand, they have a saffron cloth wrapped around the base. A yearly ritual involving the Bo Trees at wats is the purchasing of "mai kam sii" ไม้คำ้ศริ, which are "supports" that look like crutches and are placed under the spreading branches as if holding them up. The purchase money helps fund the wat, a central part of Thai life.Шаблон:Cn
Uses
Ficus religiosa is used in traditional medicine for about fifty types of disorders including asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric problems, inflammatory disorders, infectious and sexual disorders.[17]
The trunk of this tree is used by farmers as a soil leveller. After seed harvesting, the rectangular trunk is connected to tractors and levels the soil.[18]
See also
Notes
References
- Keith and Macdonell. 1912. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
- Plaksa description
External links
Шаблон:Commons and category Шаблон:Wikispecies Шаблон:EB1911 poster
Шаблон:Worship in Hinduism Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ Шаблон:GRIN
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 1014
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Sher, S. and Hameed, A., Comparative Analysis of the Gandharan Floral Motifs from Butkara (I and III) and Takht-i-Bahi. Sindh Antiquities 2020 Vol-06, No 1, pp. 128–145.Шаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ D.S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B.P. and Merh, S.S. (editors): Vedic Sarasvati, 1999, p. 35–44
- ↑ Pancavimsa Brahmana, Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana, Katyayana Srauta Sutra, Latyayana Srauta; Macdonell and Keith 1912
- ↑ Asvalayana Srauta Sutra, Sankhayana Srauta Sutra; Macdonell and Keith 1912, II:55
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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