Английская Википедия:Flat (music)
Шаблон:Short description In music, flat means lower in pitch. It may either be used generically, meaning any lowering of pitch, or refer to a particular size: lowering pitch by a chromatic semitone. A flat is the opposite of a sharp (Шаблон:Music) which raises pitch by the same amount that a flat lowers it.
The flat symbol (Шаблон:Music) is used in two ways: It is placed in key signatures to mark lines whose notes are flattened throughout that section of music; it may also be an "accidental" that precedes an individual note and indicates that the note should be lowered temporarily, until the following bar line.
Pitch change
The flat symbol is Шаблон:Music is a stylised lowercase Шаблон:Mvar , derived from Italian be molle for "soft B" and German blatt for "planar, dull". It indicates that the note to which it is applied is played one semitone lower, or in modern tuning exactly 100 cents.[1][2]
In traditional and modern microtonal temperaments the size of sharps or flats (chromatic semitones) is normally a smaller than the size of the diatonic semitones found between E and F or B and C. In those tuning systems, the size of the shift made by the Шаблон:Music symbol usually conforms to the smaller-sized lowering of pitch;Шаблон:Efn however, for some tuning systems it may instead be replaced by a different symbol for raising and lowering pitch, depending on the author's preference and the intricacy of any microtuning involved.Шаблон:Efn
Flats used in key signatures
Order of flats in key signatures Number
of flatsMajor key Flat notes Relative
minor key0 C major — none — A minor 1 F major BШаблон:Music D minor 2 [[B-flat major|BШаблон:Music major]] BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music G minor 3 [[E-flat major|EШаблон:Music major]] BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music C minor 4 [[A-flat major|AШаблон:Music major]] BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music, DШаблон:Music F minor 5 [[D-flat major|DШаблон:Music major]] BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music, DШаблон:Music, GШаблон:Music [[B-flat minor|BШаблон:Music minor]] 6 [[G-flat major|GШаблон:Music major]] BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music, DШаблон:Music, GШаблон:Music, Шаблон:Fontcolor [[E-flat minor|EШаблон:Music minor]] 7 [[C-flat major|CШаблон:Music major]] BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music, DШаблон:Music, GШаблон:Music, Шаблон:Fontcolor, Шаблон:Fontcolor [[A-flat minor|AШаблон:Music minor]] Шаблон:Smalldiv The order of flats added onto the key signature is
- BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music, DШаблон:Music, GШаблон:Music, CШаблон:Music, FШаблон:Music.
The corresponding order of keys is off by one:
- FШаблон:Music, BШаблон:Music, EШаблон:Music, AШаблон:Music, DШаблон:Music, GШаблон:Music, CШаблон:Music.
Starting with no sharps or flats (C major), adding the first flat (BШаблон:Music) indicates F major; adding the next (EШаблон:Music) indicates BШаблон:Music major, and so on, backwards through the circle of fifths.
Some keys (such as CШаблон:Music major with seven flats) may be written as an enharmonically equivalent key (B major with five sharps in this case). In rare cases, the flat keys may be extended further:
- FШаблон:Music → BШаблон:Music → EШаблон:Music → AШаблон:Music → DШаблон:Music → GШаблон:Music → CШаблон:Music
requiring double flats in the key signature. These are called theoretical key signatures, based on the impracticality of their use, rather than the simpler, equivalent key in 12 Шаблон:Sc. This principle applies similarly to the sharp keys.
Key signature example
The staff below shows a key signature with three flats ([[E flat major|EШаблон:Music major]] or its relative minor C minor), followed by a note with a flat preceding it: The flat symbol placed on the note indicates that it is a DШаблон:Music.
- <score>{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c { \key es \major des1 } }</score>
In 12 tone equal temperament ( 12 Шаблон:Sc )Шаблон:Efn lowering a note's pitch by a semitone results in a note that is enharmonically equivalent to the adjacent named note. In this system, BШаблон:Music and AШаблон:Music are considered to be equivalent. In most tuning systems, however, this is not the case.
Flats applied to a note as an accidental
When used as an temporany accidental sign, the flat symbol is placed to the left of the note head.<score> { \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c { bes1 } }</score> Temporary accidentals apply to the note on which they are placed, and to all subsequent similar notes in the same measure. In modern notation they do not apply to notes in other octaves, but this was not always the convention. To cancel an accidental signature later in the same measure, another accidental signature may be used.
Related symbols
A double flat (Шаблон:Music) lowers a note by two semitones, or a whole step.
- <score>{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c { beses1 } }</score>
A quarter-tone flat, half flat, or demiflat indicates the use of quarter tones; it may be marked with various symbols including a flat with a slash (Шаблон:Music) or a reversed flat sign (Шаблон:Music). A three-quarter-tone flat, flat and a half or sesquiflat, is represented by a demiflat and a whole flat (Шаблон:Music).
The symbols Шаблон:Music, Шаблон:Music, Шаблон:Music, among others, represent comma flat or eighth-tone flat, or a quarter of a flat (not to be confused with the larger quarter tone).Шаблон:Efn
- <score>{ \omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c { ceh1 deseh } }</score>
Although very rarely used, a triple flat (Шаблон:Music) can sometimes be found.[3] It lowers a note three semitones, or a whole tone and a semitone.
- <score> {
\omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c {
\tweak Accidental.stencil #ly:text-interface::print \tweak Accidental.text \markup { \concat { \flat \doubleflat }}beses1} } </score> The symbol of a quadruple flat,Шаблон:Efn or beyond, could be used but would be extremely rare in ordinary temperament.[4]
- <score>{
\omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c {
\tweak Accidental.stencil #ly:text-interface::print \tweak Accidental.text \markup { \concat { \doubleflat \doubleflat }}beses1} }</score>
Unicode
The Unicode character ♭ (U+266D) can be found in the block Miscellaneous Symbols; its HTML entity is Шаблон:Code . Other assigned flat signs are as follows:
Other notation and usage
- Historically, raising a double flat to a flat would be notated using a natural and a flat sign (♮♭ or ♭♮). In modern notation the leading natural sign is often omitted.
- <score>{
\omit Score.TimeSignature \relative c { beses2 bes2 \accidentalStyle modern beses2 bes2 } } </score>
- To allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a flat as an accidental to indicate a note is lowered 70.6 cents.[5]
- In environments where the Шаблон:Music symbol is not supported, or in specific text notation, a double flat is sometimes written as ♭♭, Шаблон:Math, etc. Likewise, a triple flat can also be written as ♭♭♭, etc.
Footnotes
See also
References
External links
