Английская Википедия:Fort Augusta

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Infobox military installation Fort Augusta was a stronghold in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the upper Susquehanna Valley from the time of the French and Indian War to the close of the American Revolution. At the time, it was the largest British fort in Pennsylvania, with earthen walls more than two hundred feet long topped by wooden fortifications. With a garrison of over 300 troops and walls specially constructed to resist artillery, it presented a formidable defense and was never attacked. It served as a refuge for local settlers during the French and Indian War and during the American Revolutionary War. It was abandoned in 1780 and dismantled in 1796.[1]

History

Файл:Otzinachson - a history of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna- its first settlement, privations endured by the early pioneers, Indian wars, predatory incursions, abductions and massacres, (14597569229).jpg
Plan of Fort Augusta on the east bank of the Susquehanna River as it was laid out on June 25, 1756 at the former location of Shamokin

Construction

The fort was erected by Colonel William Clapham in 1756 at a site now within the limits of the city of Sunbury, on the site of the Lenape village of Shamokin,[2] which was abandoned only a few weeks before construction of the fort began.[3]Шаблон:Rp Named for Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, the mother of King George III, Fort Augusta was the largest of the provincial forts. It was first constructed as part of the British defense against French and Indian raids from the upper Allegheny region.[2] The fort was positioned so as to prevent Native American war parties from descending the Susquehanna River, to serve as a refuge for civilians under attack, and as a staging area for military expeditions against enemy forces.[4]Шаблон:Rp Later, it served as an American fortress to aid in protecting settlers of the upper Susquehanna from Britain's Indian allies to the north.[5]Шаблон:Rp[6]

The plan of the fort had been previously drawn up by Governor Robert Hunter Morris, who wrote to Clapham on 12 June recommending "a square with one ravelin to protect the curtain where the gate is, with a ditch, covered way, and glacis."[5]Шаблон:Rp In early July, Clapham marched with his troops from Fort Halifax, while eighteen canoes and bateaux carried supplies downriver, encountering numerous falls and rapids which hindered their progress.[5]Шаблон:Rp[7] On 14 August, Clapham wrote to Governor Morris: "We have the walls of the fort now above-half finished and our other works in such situation that we can make a very good defense against any body of French and Indians that shall seat themselves before us without cannon."[5]Шаблон:Rp

Clapham had largely completed Fort Augusta by late August.[8]Шаблон:Rp It was the largest British fort built in Pennsylvania, with earthen walls more than two hundred feet long topped by wooden fortifications.[9][10] Buildings included a bakery, smoke house, beef cistern, pork cistern, and a powder magazine with an underground powder keg. The wall facing the river was composed of upright logs, and the rear wall was made up of lengthwise logs. Beyond the main wall was a dry moat that was half as deep as the wall was high. In front of the main gate, a small bridge over the moat could be raised in the event of an attack. Triangular bastions on each corner permitted a crossfire covering the entire extent of the wall. A well was located in the westernmost bastion. Blockhouses connected by a stockade formed a covered way to the river.[11] Clapham took particular care to reinforce the fort's main walls so that they would resist artillery.[5]Шаблон:Rp

The fort was garrisoned by sixteen officers and 337 men[2] and had twelve cannons and two swivel guns.[12]Шаблон:Rp It served as a base for the Third Battalion, Pennsylvania Regiment of Foot, known as the Augusta Regiment, which was originally formed to build and garrison Fort Augusta.[13] Modifications and improvements continued to be made for months, and in late October, Clapham described the final stages of the fort's construction: "In eight or ten days more the ditch will be carried quite around the parapet, the barrier gates finished and erected, and the pickets of the glacis completed."[5]Шаблон:Rp Construction of the fort was completed in 1757 under the command of Colonel James Burd.[14]

A description of the fort is written on the back of the plan of Fort Augusta in the Pennsylvania Archives:

"Fort Augusta stands at about forty yards distance from the river, on a bank twenty-four feet from the surface of the water; that side of the fort...which fronts the river, is a strong palisado, the bases of the logs being sunk four feet into the earth...They are squared--some of the lower ends three feet in diameter...and are mostly white oak. There are six cannon mounted, one in...each bastion fronting the river, and one in...the flank of each of the opposite bastions; the woods cleared to a distance of three hundred yards."[5]Шаблон:Rp

French and Indian War

Файл:Model of Ft. Augusta on grounds of Sunbury's Radio Station, River Front Drive, Sunbury, Pa (68820).jpg
Model of Fort Augusta in 1939

During the French and Indian War in 1756, several hundred French and Indian troops traveled the Great Shamokin Path in an effort to destroy Fort Augusta, the main stronghold of the English at the junction of the East and West branches of the Susquehanna River. This army was gathered from the French posts at Duquesne, Kittanning, Venango and Le Boeuf and assembled at the mouth of Anderson Creek, near the present location of Curwensville, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Here, crude boats, rafts and bateaux were constructed for passage down the Susquehanna River for the proposed attack. They dragged along with them two small brass cannon, but after reconnoitering found the distance too great for the guns to shoot from the hill opposite the fort, and the attack was abandoned. A British defeat at Fort Augusta would have altered the course of the French and Indian War.[15]Шаблон:Rp[16]

The fort saw no action during Pontiac's War, which was fought in the Great Lakes region, and the garrison was evacuated in June, 1765. An Indian trading post, opened in May 1758, remained in operation.[8]

American Revolutionary War

During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Augusta became the headquarters of the military department of the upper Susquehanna, 1778-1780. Following the Wyoming Massacre on 3 July 1778, Indian raids killed or captured nearly a fifth of the soldiers in local forts, and over three thousand settlers across the West Branch Susquehanna Valley fled to Fort Augusta in a mass exodus known as "the Great Runaway."[17]Шаблон:Rp[18] The fort at that time had a garrison of fewer than one hundred troops, and Colonel Samuel Hunter, the commander, made an urgent plea for reinforcements. Congress ordered eight hundred and fifty militia to defend the fort.[5]Шаблон:Rp

Abandonment and dismantling

Файл:A new and accurate map of the Province of Pennsylvania, in North America - from the best authorities. LOC 2010587014.tif
A 1780 map showing Fort Augusta above and to the left of the center of the page.

After 1780, the fort was abandoned,[15]Шаблон:Rp although the colonel's residence was occupied until 1784 by the fort's last commander, Colonel Samuel Hunter (1732-1784), who died there and was buried nearby.[5]Шаблон:Rp The fort was dismantled in 1796,[16] except for the colonel's residence, where Colonel Hunter's family lived until 1848, when it was burned down by a disgruntled servant.[11]

Archaeology

A Works Progress Administration (WPA) investigation of the fort was conducted in 1938,[19] however the excavation records have been lost. Excavations in 1978-1979 uncovered portions of the palisade wall and the dry moat, and 18th-century artifacts such as animal bones, musket balls, gun parts, buttons, cannon balls, and colonial ceramics as well as older Indian objects were recovered.

Investigations in 1981, 1992, and 2005-2006 defined and located parts of structures mentioned in historic documents, including the probable location of the fort’s northeast bastion.[20] Excavations in this area uncovered the remains of a log footer, the dry moat, and various military artifacts.

Excavations in 1992 concentrated on the powder magazine, a 10-foot by 12-foot underground brick-lined storage area built in 1758, which was repaired.[21] During the mid-19th century, a wooden building stood over the underground chamber and at one time it was enlarged and strengthened to serve as the first jail in Northumberland County.[22]

Hunter House Museum

Today, on the site of the old fort, the Northumberland County Historical Society has its headquarters in the Hunter House Museum in Sunbury, Pennsylvania.[23] The museum contains historical and archaeological artifacts dealing with Fort Augusta and items of local history. It also contains Fort Augusta's well and the original powder magazine,[2] as well as a genealogical library of material on early families in Northumberland County and surrounding counties. A model of the fort, built in 2013, stands in the front of the museum as a replica of the original model, which was built in 1939, and taken down in 1974.[24] The model of the fort was reconstructed and rededicated on 10 November 2013.[25]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Clarence M. Busch, Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, Vol. 1, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1896
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Katherine Faull, "Fort Augusta," (page 1) in Sunbury: A History, Bucknell Environmental Center, Lewisburg, PA
  3. ↑ John Franklin Meginness, "Otzinachson: Or, a History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna; Embracing a Full Account of Its Settlement--trials and Privations Endured by the Early Pioneers--full Accounts of the Indian Wars, Predatory Incursions, Abductions, and Massacres, &c." in American County Histories: Pennsylvania county and regional histories. H. B. Ashmead, 1857
  4. ↑ Waddell, Louis M. "Defending the Long Perimeter: Forts on the Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Frontier, 1755-1765.” Pennsylvania History, 62:2(1995):171-195.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,8 Herbert C. Bell, History of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, Chicago: Brown, Runk & Co., 1891
  6. ↑ Amanda Rasmussen, "An Analysis of Archaeological Remains at Fort Halifax Park," doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2016
  7. ↑ Katharine Faull, "Charting the Colonial Backcountry: Joseph Shippen's Map of the Susquehanna River," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol CXXXVI October 2012 No. 4, pp. 461-465
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Hunter, William Albert. Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753–1758, (Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018.
  9. ↑ Tucker, Spencer. The Encyclopedia of North American Colonial Conflicts to 1775: A–K. ABC-CLIO, 2008.
  10. ↑ James Herbstritt, Janet Johnson and Kurt Carr, "Digging Fort Hunter's History," Pennsylvania Heritage, Fall 2011
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Katherine Faull, "Fort Augusta," (page 2) in Sunbury: A History, Bucknell Environmental Center, Lewisburg, PA
  12. ↑ Roberts, Robert B., Encyclopedia of Historic Forts: the military, pioneer, and trading posts of the United States, New York: Macmillan, 1988
  13. ↑ A Brief History of The Augusta Regiment
  14. ↑ This Week in Pennsylvania Archeology, "Excavations of a Frontier Fort," Friday, August 14, 2015
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Major Israel McCreight, Memory Sketches of Du Bois, Pennsylvania: A History, Gray Printing Company, 1939
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 "Fort Augusta – 1756," The Society of Colonial Wars
  17. ↑ Marcus Gallo, "Fair Play Has Entirely Ceased, and Law Has Taken Its Place": The Rise and Fall of the Squatter Republic in the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna River, 1768–1800," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol CXXXVI October 2012 No. 4, pp. 405-434
  18. ↑ Katherine Faull, "The Great Escape," in Sunbury: A History, Bucknell Environmental Center, Lewisburg, PA
  19. ↑ Godcharles, Frederic A. "Valuable Recoveries at Fort Augusta – Work Done by WPA Project." The Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 1938, VIII (4): 75-78
  20. ↑ Delle, James A. Phase II Archaeological Investigations at Fort Augusta, Sunbury, PA; Preliminary Report on 2005 Excavations. Prepared for the Northumberland County Historical Society in cooperation with the Bureau of Historic Preservation.
  21. ↑ Warfel, Stephen. "Archaeological Investigations of the Powder Magazine at Fort Augusta." Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings, 1993; 31:7-56.
  22. ↑ Katherine Faull, "The Powder Magazine," in Sunbury: A History, Bucknell Environmental Center, Lewisburg, PA
  23. ↑ Hunter House Museum
  24. ↑ Ashley Wislock, "Finishing touches placed at new Fort Augusta model in Sunbury," The Daily Item, Oct 29, 2013
  25. ↑ "Dedication of Fort Augusta model set for 3 p.m. Sunday," The Daily Item, Nov 8, 2013
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