Английская Википедия:Four Heavenly Kings
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Multiple issues
The Four Heavenly Kings are four Buddhist gods or devas, each of whom is believed to watch over one cardinal direction of the world. In the Sanskrit language of India, they are called the "Caturmahārāja" (चतुर्महाराज) or "Caturmahārājikādeva": "Four Great Kings". In Chinese mythology, they are known as "Sì Dàtiānwáng" (Шаблон:Zh) or collectively as "Fēng Tiáo Yǔ Shùn" (Шаблон:Zh). The Hall of Four Heavenly Kings is a standard component of Chinese Buddhist temples.
Names
The Kings are collectively named as follows:
| Language | Written form | Romanization | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sanskrit | चतुर्महाराज | Chaturmahārāja Chaturmahārājikā |
Four Great Kings |
| लोकपाल | Lokapāla | Guardians of the World | |
| Sinhala | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transliteration | Four Privileged/Bestowed Gods |
| Burmese | Шаблон:My Шаблон:My |
Шаблон:IPA-my Шаблон:IPA-my |
Loanword from catulokapāla loanword from catumahā + king nats |
| Chinese | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transliteration | Heavenly Kings |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transliteration | Four Heavenly Kings | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transliteration | Four Great Heavenly Kings | |
| Japanese | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transliteration | Four Heavenly Kings |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Transliteration | Four Great Heavenly Kings | |
| Korean | Шаблон:Lang/사천왕 | Шаблон:Transliteration | Four heavenly kings |
| Vietnamese | 四天王 | Tứ Thiên Vương | Four heavenly kings |
| 四大天王 | Tứ Đại Thiên Vương | Four great heavenly kings | |
| Tagalog | ᜀᜉᜀᜆ ᜈᜀ ᜑᜀᜒ ᜐᜀ ᜎᜀᜈᜄᜒᜆ | Apat na Hari sa Langit | Four heavenly kings |
| Tibetan | རྒྱལ༌ཆེན༌བཞི༌ | rgyal chen bzhi | Four great kings |
| Mongolian | Шаблон:MongolUnicode Тэнгэрийн дөрвөн хаан |
Tengeriin dörwön xaan | Four kings of the sky |
| Thai | จาตุมหาราชา | Chatumaharacha | Four Great Kings, loan word from catumahārāja (Pali) |
| จตุโลกบาล | Chatulokkaban | Four Guardians of the World, loan word from catulokapāla (Pali) | |
| Pali | Catu-Mahārāja | Catu-Mahārāja | The Four Great Kings |
The Four Heavenly Kings are said to currently live in the Cāturmahārājika heaven (Pali: Cātummahārājika, "Of the Four Great Kings") on the lower slopes of Mount Sumeru, which is the lowest of the six worlds of the devas of the Kāmadhātu. They are the protectors of the world and fighters of evil, each able to command a legion of supernatural creatures to protect the Dharma.
| Pali | Vessavana | Virūlhaka | Dhatarattha | Virūpakkha |
| devanagari Sanskrit romanization |
[[Vaiśravaṇa|वैश्रवण (कुबेर) Шаблон:IAST]] (Kubera) |
[[Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)|विरूढक Шаблон:IAST]] |
[[Dhṛtarāṣṭra|धृतराष्ट्र Шаблон:IAST]] |
[[Virūpākṣa|विरूपाक्ष Шаблон:IAST]] |
| Meaning | he who hears everything | he who causes to grow | he who upholds the realm | he who sees all |
| Control | yakkhas | kumbhandas | gandhabbas | nagas |
| Description | This is the chief of the four kings and protector of the north. He is the ruler of rain. His symbolic weapons are the umbrella or pagoda. Wearing heavy armor and carrying the umbrella in his right hand, he is often associated with the ancient Sri Lankan god of wealth, Kubera. Associated with the color yellow or green. | King of the south and one who causes good growth of roots. He is the ruler of the wind. His symbolic weapon is the sword which he carries in his right hand to protect the Dharma and the southern continent. Associated with the color blue. | King of the east and god of music. His symbolic weapon is the pipa (stringed instrument). He is harmonious and compassionate and protects all beings. Uses his music to convert others to Buddhism. Associated with the color white. | King of the west and one who sees all. His symbolic weapon is a snake or red cord that is representative of a dragon. As the eye in the sky, he sees people who do not believe in Buddhism and converts them. His ancient name means "he who has broad objectives". Associated with the color red |
| Image | ||||
| Color | yellow or green | blue | white | red |
| Symbol | umbrella | sword | pipa | serpent |
| mongoose | stupa | |||
| stupa | pearl | |||
| Followers | [[Yaksha|Шаблон:IAST]] | [[Kumbhanda|Шаблон:IAST]] | gandharvas | nāgas |
| Direction | north | south | east | west |
| Traditional/Simplified Chinese Pinyin |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
| Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang | |
| Kanji Hepburn romanization |
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Hangul romanized Korean |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang 增長天王 Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang 持國天王 Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang 廣目天王 Шаблон:Lang |
| Vietnamese alphabet Chữ Hán |
Шаблон:Lang 多聞天王 |
Шаблон:Lang 增長天王 |
Шаблон:Lang 持國天王 |
Шаблон:Lang 廣目天王 |
| Filipino alphabet Baybayin |
Шаблон:Lang ᜊᜀᜒᜐᜀᜊᜀᜈᜀ |
Шаблон:Lang ᜊᜒᜓᜇᜑᜀᜃᜀ |
Шаблон:Lang ᜇᜑᜎᜆᜑᜀᜎᜀᜐᜆᜎᜀ |
Шаблон:Lang ᜊᜒᜎᜓᜉᜀᜃᜐᜀ |
| Burmese Script | ဝေဿဝဏ္ဏနတ်မင်း (Waithawun Nat Min) ကုဝေရနတ်မင်း (Kuwaira Nat Min) |
ဝိရူဠကနတ်မင်း (Wirulakka Nat Min) | ဓတရဋ္ဌနတ်မင်း (Datarattha Nat Min) | ဝိရူပက္ခနတ်မင်း (Wirupakkha Nat Min) |
| Tibetan alphabet and romanization | རྣམ་ཐོས་སྲས་ (Namthöse) | ཕགས་སྐྱེས་པོ་ (Phakyepo) | ཡུལ་འཁོར་སྲུང་ (Yülkhorsung) | སྤྱན་མི་བཟང་ (Chenmizang) |
| Mongolian Script and Mongolian Cyrillic and Mongolian Latin alphabet | Шаблон:MongolUnicode (Олон үндэстний үзэл) Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:MongolUnicode (Тиений өсөлт) Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:MongolUnicode (үндэсний засвар үйлчилгээ) Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:MongolUnicode (селестиел сурталчилгаа) Шаблон:Lang |
| Thai script romanization |
ท้าวเวสวัณ (Thao Wetsawan) ท้าวเวสสุวรรณ (Thao Wetsuwan) ท้าวกุเวร (Thao Kuwen) |
ท้าววิรุฬหก (Thao Wirunhok) | ท้าวธตรฐ (Thao Thatarot) | ท้าววิรูปักษ์ (Thao Wirupak) |
- Four Heavenly Kings statues at the royal crematorium of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand
-
Vaiśravaṇa of the north direction, king of yakṣas.
-
Virūḍhaka of the south direction, king of kumbhāṇḍas.
-
Dhṛtarāṣṭra of the east direction, king of gandharvas.
-
Virūpākṣa of the west direction, king of nāgas.
Mythology
All four Kings serve [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Шаблон:IAST]], the lord of the devas of Шаблон:IAST. On the 8th, 14th and 15th days of each lunar month, the Kings either send out emissaries or go themselves to inspect the state of virtue and morality in the world of men. Then they report their findings to the assembly of the Шаблон:IAST devas.
On the orders of Śakra, the Kings and their retinues stand guard to protect Шаблон:IAST from another attack by the Asuras, which once threatened to destroy the realm of the devas. They also vowed to protect the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Buddha's followers from danger. In Chinese Buddhism, all four of the heavenly kings are regarded as four of the Twenty Devas (二十諸天 Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the Twenty-Four Devas (二十四諸天 Èrshísì zhūtiān), a group of Buddhist dharmapalas who manifest to protect the Dharma.[1]
According to Vasubandhu, devas born in the Cāturmahārājika heaven are 1/4 of a krośa in height (about 750 feet tall). They have a five-hundred-year lifespan, of which each day is equivalent to 50 years in our world; thus their total lifespan amounts to about nine million years (other sources say 90,000 years).
The attributes borne by each King also link them to their followers; for instance, the nāgas, magical creatures who can change form between human and serpent, are led by Шаблон:IAST, represented by a snake; the gandharvas are celestial musicians, led by Шаблон:IAST, represented with a lute. The umbrella was a symbol of regal sovereignty in ancient India, and the sword is a symbol of martial prowess. Шаблон:IAST's mongoose, which ejects jewels from its mouth, is said to represent generosity in opposition to greed.
| Vaiśravaṇa
(north) |
||
| Virūpākṣa
(west) |
Heavenly Kings | Dhṛtarāṣṭra
(east) |
| Virūḍhaka
(south) |
- Statues of the Four Heavenly Kings of Lingyin Temple, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
-
Duōwén Tiānwáng (North)
-
Zēngzhǎng Tiānwáng (South)
-
Chíguó Tiānwáng (East)
-
Guăngmù Tiānwáng (West)
- Statues of the Four Heavenly Kings of Jikō-ji, Takasago, Hyōgo, Japan.
-
Jikoku-ten (east)
-
Zōjō-ten (south)
-
Kōmoku-ten (west)
-
Tamon-ten (north)
Popular culture
- In the Hong Kong entertainment industry, Andy Lau, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Aaron Kwok are known as the Four Heavenly Kings.
- In first seasons of Sailor Moon, and Sailor Moon Crystal, the Four Heavenly Kings were the four loyal and faithfully devoted generals and bodyguards of Prince Endymion.
- In MegaBeast Investigator Juspion, starting in episode 13, the main villain Mad Gallant employs a quartet of assassins called the Four Evil Heavenly Kings (悪の四天王, Aku no Shitennō).
- The third movie of Detective Dee, by Tsui Hark, "Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings" (2018) (traditional Chinese: 狄仁傑之四大天王; simplified Chinese: 狄仁杰之四大天王).
- In Pokémon, the group of Pokémon trainers known as the Elite Four in English are called the Four Heavenly Kings (四天王) in Japanese.
In Street Fighter, the leading members of Shadaloo known as the Grand Masters in English are known as the Four Heavenly Kings (四天王). They consist of M. Bison (Vega in Japanese), Vega (Balrog in Japanese), Balrog (M. Bison in Japanese), Sagat (formerly), and F.A.N.G.
See also
- Anemoi
- Bacab
- Four Dwarves (Norse mythology)
- Four Holy Beasts
- Four Living Creatures
- Four sons of Horus
- Four Stags (Norse mythology)
- Four Symbols
- Four temperaments
- Guardians of the directions
- Lokapala
- Royal stars
- Svetovid
- Tetramorph
- Watchtower
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Refbegin
- Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar. Hindu Gods and Goddesses in Japan. New Delhi: Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd., 2003. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Nakamura, Hajime. Japan and Indian Asia: Their Cultural Relations in the Past and Present. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1961. Pp. 1–31.
- Potter, Karl H., ed. The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, volume 9. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1970–. Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN (set).
- Thakur, Upendra. India and Japan: A Study in Interaction During 5th cent.–14th cent. A.D.. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1992. Шаблон:ISBN. Pp. 27–41.
External links
- Schumacher, Mark. "Shitenno - Four Heavenly Kings (Deva) of Buddhism, Guarding Four Cardinal Directions". Digital Dictionary of Buddhism in Japan.
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