Английская Википедия:Fribourg
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Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-fr)Шаблон:Efn is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and district of La Sarine. Located on both sides of the river Saane/Sarine, on the Swiss Plateau, it is a major economic, administrative and educational centre on the cultural border between German-speaking and French-speaking Switzerland. Its Old City, one of the best-maintained in Switzerland, sits on a small rocky hill above the valley of the Sarine. In 2018, it had a population of 38,365.
History
Prehistory
The region around Fribourg has been settled since the Neolithic period, although few remains have been found. These include some flint tools found near Bourguillon, as well as a stone hatchet and bronze tools. A river crossing was located in the area during the Roman Era. The main activity in the Swiss plateau bypassed the area to the north, however, and was instead centered around the valley of the river Broye and Aventicum. Therefore, only a few remains from the Roman era have been found in Fribourg. These include the traces of a wall foundation on the plains near Pérolles.[1]
Middle Ages
The town was founded as Freiburg in 1157 by Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen. Its name is derived from German Шаблон:Lang (free) and Шаблон:Lang (fort). Its most ancient part is conveniently located on a former peninsula of the river Sarine, protected on three sides by steep cliffs. The easily defended city helped the Dukes of Zähringen to strengthen and extend their power in the Swiss plateau in the area between the Aare and La Sarine.[1]
Beginning at the time of its inception, Fribourg built a city-state; initially, the land it controlled lay some distance away. When the dukes of Шаблон:Lang died out in 1218, the city was transferred to the related Шаблон:Lang family. They granted the city its former privileges and wrote the municipal laws in the so-called Шаблон:Lang in 1249, in which the legal, institutional and economic organizations were established. Several treaties with neighbouring city-states, including Шаблон:Lang (1239), Bern (1243), and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) (1245), were signed at this time.
The city was sold to the Habsburgs in 1277. Trade and industry began as early as the mid-13th century. In the early period, Fribourg consisted of four distinct inner city districts: Burg, Au, La Neuveville, and Spital. The city developed rapidly, which led to its first expansion: the Burg district expanded to the west in 1224, a town was established across the river in 1254, and in 1280 development began near Place Python. These expansions reflect the economic boom in Fribourg. The 14th century was dominated by trade, and cloth and leather production, which brought the city renown in Central Europe by 1370. In 1339, Fribourg participated alongside the Habsburgs and the County of Burgundy in the Battle of Laupen against Bern and its Swiss Confederacy allies.
The treaty with Bern was renewed in 1403. The leaders of the city began a territorial acquisition, in which they gradually brought more nearby land under their control. This laid the ground-work for the Canton of Fribourg. By 1442 the city had control of all the land within about Шаблон:Convert, on both sides of the Saane. It was therefore directly controlled by the city leaders, not by any intermediate administration.
The mid-15th century was shaped by various military conflicts. First, considerable losses in a war against Savoy had to be made good. The Savoyard influence on the city grew, and the Habsburgs ceded it to them in 1452. It remained under the control of Savoy until the Burgundian Wars in 1477. As an ally of Bern, Fribourg participated in the war against Charles I of Burgundy, thereby bringing more land under its control.
After the city was released from the sphere of influence of Savoy, it attained the status of Free Imperial City in 1478. The city and its canton joined the Swiss Confederation in 1481, and has long influenced Swiss and European Catholicism. In the 16th century, Fribourg continued to grow, first following the invasion of Шаблон:Lang in 1536 with the help of Bern, and then in 1554 through the annexation of land formerly controlled by the Count of Шаблон:Lang.
Several prominent families developed as a result of the cloth and leather trade, beginning in the 14th century, including Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (originally from Bern), Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang. Together with the local nobles (the Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang/Velga, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang families) they formed the 15th century patrician class. This contributed to the decline of the cloth trade, however, as the families involved in the industry began to be more concerned with governing the city and its surrounding possessions.
An important milestone for the politics of the city was reached in 1627, when the patricians drew up a new constitution, in which they declared that they were the only people capable of ruling the city, and thereby took control of all voting rights. This consolidated the oligarchy which had begun to form as early as the 15th century.[1]
Importance of monasteries and churches
The monasteries of Fribourg have always formed a centre of religious culture, which includes architecture, sculpture and painting, and have contributed to the culture of the city. The Franciscan monastery was donated by Jakob von Riggisberg in 1256. In early times, it was closely associated with the city council, because it housed the city archives and its monastery church was used for town meetings until 1433.
Similarly, the Augustinian monastery was founded in the mid-13th century, and enjoyed the support of the noble Velga family for a long time. Additionally, La Maigrauge Abbey has existed since 1255, and has belonged to the Cistercians since 1262. An important institution was the public hospital, opened in the mid-13th century, which provided services for the poor.[1]
During the Reformation, Fribourg remained Catholic, although it was nearly surrounded by the Protestant Bern. This led to repeated conflicts over religion in border regions, and in areas controlled jointly by Fribourg and Bern. The city was a major centre of the Counter-Reformation. At the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th, new monasteries were established in the city, including: a Capuchin monastery (1608), another on Bisemberg (1621), an Ursuline monastery (1634), and a Visitandine monastery (1635). The most influential monastery, however, was that of the Jesuits, which contributed to a large extent to the advancement and prosperity of the city. It established the College of Saint Michael in 1582, the theological faculty of which formed the basis of the University of Fribourg. The concept of an objective press was also begun by the Jesuits.[1]
In 1613 Fribourg became the seat of the Bishop of Lausanne, who, after the Reformation, was forced first into Evian, and then into exile in Burgundy. Today it is the seat of the Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg.[1]
1780–1809
The strong patrician regime, consisting of no more than 60 families, filled all of the influential positions in the city and dominated all political, social, economic and cultural arenas of Fribourg. On several occasions unhappy citizens joined to attempt a revolt, including in 1781 under the leadership of Pierre-Nicolas Chenaux. These revolts were repressed with the help of Bern and Bernese troops. The invasion of Switzerland by French troops in 1798 led to the downfall of this Ancien Régime. Fribourg capitulated to the French on 2 March and relinquished leadership of its lands. This freed the way for the first municipal elections, in which Jean de Montenach was elected the first mayor. With the introduction of the Act of Mediation under Napoleon in 1803, the separation of the city of Fribourg from its Canton was finally carried out. Fribourg was made the capital of its region and Canton, and, between 1803 and 1809, was one of the capitals of Switzerland.[1]
Sonderbund
The patricians regained control of the city in 1814 during the Restoration period. They ruled until 1830. Its leadership was followed by a new and more liberal constitution. Fribourg was part of the 1845-1847 Sonderbund, a "separate alliance" of Catholic cantons attempting to secede from Switzerland. Fribourg and the Sonderbund capitulated to Federalist forces under General Dufour on 14 November 1847 in what amounted to a brief and nearly bloodless Swiss civil war. Since 1848, the new national constitution and the amendment to the Canton constitution has guaranteed every citizen the right to vote.
Modern times
The later 19th and the 20th century brought about drastic changes to the city's culture and physical nature. In 1848 the city wall was partially torn down and a new bridge constructed across the Saane/La Sarine. The opening of the midland railway line through the city in 1862 led to the development of a "railway station quarter" of the city. The improved transportation enabled Fribourg to undergo industrialisation. The city centre shifted from the Old City to the new Train Station quarter. Extensive areas in Pérolles, Beauregard and Vignettaz were developed with industry or houses around 1900. The inauguration of the university in 1889 was an important event in Fribourg. Another economic boon to the city was the opening of the nearby A12 highway.
Geography
Topography
Fribourg has an elevation of Шаблон:Convert (in the Old City), and is situated Шаблон:Convert southwest of Bern. It is located on the Swiss plateau, and extends on both sides of the Sarine, which, in the vicinity of Fribourg, has cut deeply into the molasse. The Old City is located on a hill, only about Шаблон:Convert wide, which rises about Шаблон:Convert above the valley floor. Most quarters of the city are located on the High Plateau and the surrounding hills, which have an average elevation of Шаблон:Convert. The valley floor is only settled in the area immediately around the Old City.
Fribourg has an area, Шаблон:As of, of Шаблон:Convert. Of this area, Шаблон:Convert or 13.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while Шаблон:Convert or 17.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, Шаблон:Convert or 63.3% is settled (buildings or roads), Шаблон:Convert or 5.7% is either rivers or lakes and Шаблон:Convert or 0.8% is unproductive land.[2]
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 4.5% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 34.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 15.2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.5%. Out of the forested land, 14.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 6.9% is used for growing crops and 6.0% is pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 1.7% is in lakes and 4.0% is in rivers and streams.[2]
The area of the municipality, which is relatively small for a city, covers an area of Molasse in the central part of Canton of Fribourg. The area is cut through from south to north by the tightly wound Saane/La Sarine, which has eroded a valley, in some places, to a depth of Шаблон:Convert below the surrounding Plateau. In general, the valley floor is between Шаблон:Convert wide. Le Lac de Pérolles, formed as a reservoir by Maigrauge Dam, the first Gravity Dam in Europe, in 1872, is located south of the city. The head of the Schiffenensee is located just Шаблон:Convert north of the city. At both of these artificial lakes, La Sarine covers nearly the entire valley floor.
The hills flanked on both sides by steep, largely wooded, slopes. To the east, the municipality reaches up the slopes of Mount Schönberg, which, with an elevation of Шаблон:Convert, is the highest point in Fribourg. The river Galtera, also deeply cut into the plateau, flows between the mountain and the river, emptying into the Saane/La Sarine near the Old City.
The former village of Bourguillon lies within the municipality. Fribourg borders on Düdingen and Tafers to the east, Pierrafortscha to the southeast, Marly to the south, Villars-sur-Glâne and Givisiez to the west, and Granges-Paccot to the north.
Climate
Politics
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Castle embattled and towered on dexter issuant from a Semi Annulet all Argent.[3]
The canton and the capital share the same name but have different coats of arms.
Administrative divisions
Government
The Municipal Council (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-de) constitutes the executive government of the City of Fribourg and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-de), each presiding over a directorate comprising several departments and the related commissions. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (syndic). In the mandate period 2021–2026 (la législature) the Municipal Council is presided by Monsieur le Syndic Thierry Steiert. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the General Council (parliament) are carried by the Municipal Council. The regular election of the Municipal Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every five years. Any resident of Fribourg allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council. Due to the constitution by canton of Fribourg not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of type C and being resident in the canton of Fribourg for at least 5 years.[4] The current mandate period is from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2026. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Proporz. The mayor is elected as such by a public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Town Hall (L'Hôtel de Ville), in the old city on Place de l'Hôtel-de-Ville.[5]
As of 2021, Fribourg's Municipal Council is made up of two representatives of the PS/SP (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and one each of PDC/CVP (Christian Democratic Party), PCS/CSP (Christian Social Party), and PES/GPS (Green Party), giving the left parties a majority of four out of five seats. The last regular election was held on 7 March 2021. All previous members have been re-elected.[6]
| Municipal Councillor (Conseiller communalШаблон:\Conseillère communale, Gemeinderat/-rätin) |
Party | Head of Directorate (Direction / Direktion, since) of | in office since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thierry Steiert[MC 1] | Шаблон:Color box PS | General Administration, Human Resources, Legal Affairs, and Civic Community Affairs (de l'administration générale, des ressources humaines, du service juridique et des affaires bourgeoisiales / der Zentralverwaltung, des Personalwesens, des Rechtsdienst und der Burgergemeinde, 2021) | 2011 |
| Laurent Dietrich[MC 2] | Шаблон:Color box PDC | Finance, Culture, and Information Technology (des finances, de la culture et de l'informatique / der Finanzen, der Kultur und der Informatik, 2021) | 2016 |
| Miirjam Ballmer | Шаблон:Color box PES | Youth Services, Schools and Social Cohesion, Social Services, and Adult Guardianship (de l'enfance, des écoles et de la cohésion sociale, des affaires sociales et des curatelles d'adultesШаблон:\der Schule, Kinder und gesellschatflichen Zusammenhalt, der Sozialhilfe und der Beistandschaft für Erwachsene, 2021) | 2021 |
| Andrea Burgener Woeffray | Шаблон:Color box PS | Construction and Services Urban Planning and Architecture and Civil Engineering, Environment and Energy (de l'édilité, des services d'urbanisme et architecture et du génie civil, environnement et énergieШаблон:\des Bauwesens und der Dienste Stadtplanung und Architektur und Tiefbau, Umwelt und Energie, 2021) | 2016 |
| Pierre-Olivier Nobs | Шаблон:Color box PCS | Local Police and Mobility and Sports (de la police locale et mobilité et des SportsШаблон:\der Ortspolizei und Mobilität und des Sports, 2021) | 2016 |
Parliament
Шаблон:Pie chart The General Council (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-de), the city parliament, holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every five years. The General Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipal Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.
The sessions of the General Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipal Council, members of the General Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Fribourg allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the General Council. Due to the constitution by canton of Fribourg not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of type C and being resident in the canton of Fribourg for at least 5 years.[4] The Parliament holds its meetings in the Grande salle de la Maison de Justice, in the old city on rue des Chanoines 1.[7]
The last regular election of the General Council was held on 7 March 2021 for the mandate period (la législature) from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2026. Currently the General Council consist of 23 (-7) members of the Social Democratic Party (PS/SP), 21 (+13) Green Party (PES/GPS), 1 (-1) Christian Democratic People's Party (PDC/CVP), 8 (-2) The Liberals (PLR/FDP), 7 (+2) Centre Gauche (PCS/CSP), 6 (-2) Swiss People's Party (UDC/SVP), and one (-) for parti des artistes (PA/KP), giving the left parties a very strong absolute majority.[8]
Elections
National Council
In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS/SP which received 29.4% (-6.8) of the vote. The next four most popular parties were the Green Party 20.9% (+11.0), the PDC/CVP 15.5% (-7.0), the UDC/SVP 9.7% (-4.1), and the FDP/PLR 9.1% (+0.4).[9] In the federal election, a total of 9,426 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.6%.[10]
In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS/SP which received 36.3% of the vote. The next four most popular parties were the PDC/CVP (22.5%), the UDC/SVP (13.8%), the Green Party (9.8%), and the FDP/PLR (8.7%). In the federal election, a total of 9.795 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.4%.[11]
Demographics
Population
Fribourg has a population (Шаблон:As of) of Шаблон:Swiss populations.Шаблон:Swiss populations ref Шаблон:As of, 31.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals.[12] Between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 8.3%. Migration accounted for 8.1%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.9%.[13]
Fribourg is the largest city in Canton Fribourg. The population of Fribourg grew markedly at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as from 1930 to 1970. The maximum population of 42,000 was reached in 1974. Since then, there had been a population loss of approximately 14%, which might have recently reversed.
The population of the agglomeration around Fribourg is 110,000, or, counting only the most nearby suburbs, 75,000 (2015). This includes the municipalities of Avry, Belfaux, Corminboeuf, Givisiez, Granges-Paccot, Marly, Matran and Villars-sur-Glâne. Surrounding municipalities include Givisiez, Granges-Paccot, Villars-sur-Glâne, Marly, as well as Corminboeuf, Belfaux, Grolley, and stretches as far as Düdingen (French Guin) and Tafers (French Tavel) on the right bank of the Sarine.
The growth of the agglomeration around Fribourg has fused the city proper with the neighboring towns of Villars-sur-Glâne, Givisiez, and Granges-Paccot. The town of Klein-Schönberg, which belongs to Tafers, and the village of Uebewil, which belongs to Düdingen, are located right on the eastern edge of town. This settlement area itself has a population of 60,000 (2015).
Шаблон:As of, the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 12,080 Swiss men (31.8% of the population) and 6,475 (17.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 13,855 Swiss women (36.4%) and 5,636 (14.8%) non-Swiss women.[14] Of the population in the municipality, 10,756 or about 30.3% were born in Fribourg and lived there in 2000. There were 6,394 or 18.0% who were born in the same canton, while 7,164 or 20.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 8,981 or 25.3% were born outside of Switzerland.[15]
Шаблон:As of, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.9%.[13]
Шаблон:As of, there were 17,825 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 13,581 married individuals, 2,146 widows or widowers and 1,995 individuals who are divorced.[15]
Шаблон:As of, there were 15,839 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2. persons per household.[13] There were 7,342 households that consist of only one person and 687 households with five or more people. Шаблон:As of, a total of 15,409 apartments (87.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 1,757 apartments (9.9%) were seasonally occupied and 549 apartments (3.1%) were empty.[16] Шаблон:As of, the construction rate of new housing units was 5.5 new units per 1000 residents.[13]
Шаблон:As of the average price to rent an average apartment in Fribourg was 1062.05 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$850, £480, €680 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 623.40 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a two-room apartment was about 792.47 CHF (US$630, £360, €510), a three-room apartment was about 993.14 CHF (US$790, £450, €640) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 1870.76 CHF (US$1500, £840, €1200). The average apartment price in Fribourg was 95.2% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[17] The vacancy rate for the municipality, Шаблон:As of, was 1.45%.[13]
Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:[1] <timeline> Colors=
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ImageSize = width:1100 height:500 PlotArea = height:350 left: 100 bottom:90 right:100 Legend = columns:3 left:220 top:70 columnwidth:160 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:40000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:8000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1600 start:0 Colors=
id:TO value:yellowgreen legend:Total id:FR value:teal legend:French_Speaking id:GE value:green legend:German_Speaking id:PR value:lightpurple legend:Protestant id:CA value:oceanblue legend:Catholic id:SW value:red legend:Swiss
PlotData=
color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center bar:1850 from:start till:9065 text:"9,065" color:TO bar:1870 from:start till:10581 text:"10,581" color:TO bar:1888 from:start till:12195 text:"12,195" color:TO bar:1900 from:start till:15794 text:"15,794" color:TO bar:1910 from:start till:20293 text:"20,293" color:TO bar:1930 from:start till:21557 text:"21,557" color:TO bar:1950 from:start till:29005 text:"29,005" color:TO bar:1970 from:start till:39695 text:"39,695" color:TO bar:1990 from:start till:36355 text:"36,355" color:TO bar:2000 from:start till:35547 text:"35,547" color:TO
LineData =
points:(300,156)(400,175) color:FR points:(400,175)(500,198) color:FR points:(500,198)(600,208) color:FR points:(600,208)(700,250) color:FR points:(700,250)(800,286) color:FR points:(800,286)(900,276) color:FR points:(900,276)(1000,288) color:FR points:(300,130)(400,139) color:GE points:(400,139)(500,149) color:GE points:(500,149)(600,153) color:GE points:(600,153)(700,174) color:GE points:(700,174)(800,187) color:GE points:(800,187)(900,163) color:GE points:(900,163)(1000,156) color:GE points:(100,94)(200,100) color:PR points:(200,100)(300,104) color:PR points:(300,104)(400,111) color:PR points:(400,111)(500,111) color:PR points:(500,111)(600,110) color:PR points:(600,110)(700,115) color:PR points:(700,115)(800,118) color:PR points:(800,118)(900,118) color:PR points:(900,118)(1000,117) color:PR points:(100,165)(200,175) color:CA points:(200,175)(300,182) color:CA points:(300,182)(400,206) color:CA points:(400,206)(500,245) color:CA points:(500,245)(600,257) color:CA points:(600,257)(700,316) color:CA points:(700,316)(800,404) color:CA points:(800,404)(900,350) color:CA points:(900,350)(1000,305) color:CA points:(100,165)(200,176) color:SW points:(200,176)(300,189) color:SW points:(300,189)(400,214) color:SW points:(400,214)(500,237) color:SW points:(500,237)(600,261) color:SW points:(600,261)(700,327) color:SW points:(700,327)(800,372) color:SW points:(800,372)(900,332) color:SW points:(900,332)(1000,316) color:SW
</timeline>
| Historic Population Data[1] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Total Population | French Speaking | German Speaking | Protestant | Catholic | Other | Jewish | Islamic | No religion given | Swiss | Non-Swiss |
| 13th century | 2,000–3,000 | ||||||||||
| 1450 | 6,000 | ||||||||||
| 1798 | 5,117 | ||||||||||
| 1811 | 6,200 | ||||||||||
| 1850 | 9,065 | 511 | 8,554 | 8,574 | 491 | ||||||
| 1870 | 10,581 | 1,136 | 9,731 | 9,794 | 1,110 | ||||||
| 1888 | 12,195 | 7,556 | 4,523 | 1,607 | 10,512 | 22 | 74 | 11,321 | 874 | ||
| 1900 | 15,794 | 9,701 | 5,595 | 2,395 | 13,270 | 140 | 109 | 14,208 | 1,586 | ||
| 1910 | 20,293 | 12,358 | 6,688 | 2,372 | 17,746 | 483 | 121 | 16,798 | 3,495 | ||
| 1930 | 21,557 | 13,524 | 7,176 | 2,287 | 19,100 | 393 | 77 | 19,588 | 1,969 | ||
| 1950 | 29,005 | 18,286 | 9,630 | 2,834 | 25,826 | 466 | 137 | 27,069 | 1,936 | ||
| 1970 | 39,695 | 22,437 | 11,114 | 3,256 | 35,863 | 2,737 | 115 | 101 | 179 | 32,208 | 7,487 |
| 1990 | 36,355 | 21,240 | 8,288 | 3,148 | 29,750 | 5,028 | 63 | 1,132 | 1,641 | 27,632 | 8,723 |
| 2000 | 35,547 | 22,603 | 7,520 | 3,082 | 24,614 | 4,065 | 62 | 1,676 | 2,843 | 25,834 | 9,713 |
Languages
Most of the population (Шаблон:As of) speaks French (22,603 or 63.6%) as their first language, German is the second most common (7,520 or 21.2%) and Italian is the third (1,359 or 3.8%). There are 55 people who speak Romansh.[15] Few inhabitants in village of Basse-Ville speak Bolze, a mixed language created from the blend of French and Swiss German.[18] Fribourg, the city and the canton, has two official languages, and French outweighs German as both the language of the local government and the most commonly spoken language in public discourse and business in the canton.
Fribourg has always been located on the Swiss language border, but at the time of the city's founding in the 12th century, German was the prevailing language. Although German was the official language of the city until 1800, French gradually became more influential. This was aided by industrialization, which led to an influx of French-speaking immigrants. Since the political changes of the late 18th century and early 19th century, the German-speaking population has been a minority. Even in German, the town is often called "Fribourg" instead of the Standard German "Freiburg", which helps distinguish it from Freiburg im Breisgau on the edge of the Black Forest, Germany. Another explanation is that in the local Alemannic German dialect, the city is called Frybùrg or Friburg (pronounced: [ˈfrib̥ʊrɡ]), from which the French name "Fribourg" was probably derived.Шаблон:Citation needed
Religion
From the Шаблон:As of, 24,614 or 69.2% were Roman Catholic, while 2,763 or 7.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 443 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.25% of the population), there were 13 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 668 individuals (or about 1.88% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 62 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who were Jewish, and 1,676 (or about 4.71% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 161 individuals who were Buddhist, 71 individuals who were Hindu and 43 individuals who belonged to another church. 2,843 (or about 8.00% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 2,509 individuals (or about 7.06% of the population) did not answer the question.[15]
The city remained Catholic during the Reformation, and has since become a centre of Catholicism. It has a greater than average number of churches and monasteries. Fribourg has been the seat of the Diocese of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg since 1613. (See Sonderbund)
Economy
Development of trade and economy
Several types of industry developed in Fribourg as early as the 13th and 14th centuries. The extension of the city along the east bank of the Saane/La Sarine made about this time was indicative of a strong economic upturn. In Galterntal, water power was used for various mills. Along the Saane new trade districts developed with the towns of Au, Neustadt and Matten.
The tanneries and cloth manufacturers, strengthened by widespread sheep raising, led to an economic boom in the 14th and 15th centuries. This helped Fribourg by making its trades well known throughout central Europe. A gradual decline in cloth making in the second half of the 15th century occurred as local farmers replaced their sheep with cattle. Other reasons for the collapse of the cloth industry in the 16th century include the fact that the guild refused to use new materials or modern styles, and that the social structure of the city changed with the rise of the patrician class.
After this time, Fribourg was shaped by low-level trade, and was not industrialized until it was connected to the Swiss Railroad, beginning in the 1870s. After Lake Pérolles was built in 1872, energy was able to be supplied to the plateau south and west of the city. Thus, an industrial area developed there, dominated in its early years by a wagon factory and a lumber mill. Later, two breweries were established in this area. A chocolate factory was established in Villârs-sur-Glâne in 1901, but it came under Fribourg's jurisdiction in 1906 after a change of borders.
In the course of the 20th century, the plateau became the industrial section of the city. The development of new industrial areas in neighbouring municipalities, beginning in the 1970s, has permitted continued economic growth.
Economic situation today
Шаблон:As of, Fribourg had an unemployment rate of 4.9%. Шаблон:As of, there were 18 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 5 businesses involved in this sector. 3,821 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 232 businesses in this sector. 21,614 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 2,004 businesses in this sector.[13] There were 17,207 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 47.1% of the workforce.
Шаблон:As of the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 20,099. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 14, of which 4 were in agriculture, 8 were in forestry or lumber production and 1 was in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 3,530 of which 1,744 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 9 or (0.3%) were in mining and 1,455 (41.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 16,555. In the tertiary sector; 2,633 or 15.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 993 or 6.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 1,003 or 6.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 568 or 3.4% were in the information industry, 957 or 5.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 1,535 or 9.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 3,273 or 19.8% were in education and 1,970 or 11.9% were in health care.[19]
Fribourg has more jobs than laborers, and is therefore a large commuter destination for the largely agricultural surrounding area. Local industry includes food and luxury products, drinks (the breweries are owned by the Danish firm Carlsberg), metal and machine construction, electronics, and computer technology.
The largest number of workers are active in the service industries. Many of these work in government administrative positions. Other important sectors are education (at the university), banks and insurance companies, tourism and restaurants, as well as health services. Fribourg is home to the administrative offices of several international companies. The Cantonal hospital is on the border with Villars-sur-Glâne.
Шаблон:As of, there were 16,572 workers who commuted into the municipality and 6,505 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.5 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.[20] Of the working population, 35% used public transportation to get to work, and 37.8% used a private car.[13]
Education
Schools at the compulsory and pre-university level are available in both French and German. The university is officially bilingual, meaning students are expected to have a passive knowledge of both languages, even though it is possible to graduate with a degree exclusively in either language, or both. It is also reputed abroad for its legal and theological studies.
The Villa St. Jean International School was also located in Fribourg.
- University of Fribourg
- University of Applied Science Fribourg: offers applied tertiary education in technical and management disciplines. Part of UAS Western Switzerland/HES-SO.
- École de multimédia et d'art de Fribourg: multimedia and art school, Fribourg, is a professional school on new media communication, image and technics.
Fribourg is home to 5 libraries. These libraries include; the BCU Fribourg, the Deutsche Bibliothek Fribourg, the Bibliothèque de la Ville, the Haute école de santé Fribourg and the École d’ingénieurs et d’architectes (EIA-FR). There was a combined total (Шаблон:As of) of 3,531,605 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 611,405 items were loaned out.[21]
In Fribourg about 11,649 or (32.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 5,671 or (16.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 5,671 who completed tertiary schooling, 47.7% were Swiss men, 31.2% were Swiss women, 12.4% were non-Swiss men and 8.7% were non-Swiss women.[15]
The Canton of Fribourg school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend a three or four-year optional upper Secondary school. The upper Secondary school is divided into gymnasium (university preparatory) and vocational programs. After they finish the upper Secondary program, students may choose to attend a Tertiary school or continue their apprenticeship.[22]
During the 2010–11 school year, there were a total of 14,170 students attending 974 classes in Fribourg. A total of 4,966 students from the municipality attended any school, either in the municipality or outside of it. There were 25 kindergarten classes with a total of 385 students in the municipality. The municipality had 117 primary classes and 2,037 students. During the same year, there were 117 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,313 students. There were 470 vocational upper Secondary classes and were 186 upper Secondary classes, with 4,012 upper Secondary students and 4,840 vocational upper Secondary students The municipality had 46 specialized Tertiary classes and were 13 non-university Tertiary classes, with 273 non-university Tertiary students and 310 specialized Tertiary students.[14] With its vast diversity of languages and course offerings, University of Fribourg is a popular destination for students on their Erasmus Programme.
Шаблон:As of, there were 8,234 students in Fribourg who came from another municipality, while 305 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[20]
Transport
Fribourg is the most important transport hub of the canton of Fribourg.
Roads
The town lies on the old main road from Bern to Vevey, and acts as an access point to Payerne, Morat and Thun. The connection to the Swiss motorway network was established in 1971 with the opening of the A12 motorway from Bern to Matran, which was extended in 1981 to Vevey. The Swiss east-west A1 from the West Bern bypasses the town to the north and west, only affecting the communities of Tälchen and Chamblioux. The access points of Fribourg-Sud and Fribourg-North are each about 3 km from the city centre.
Railway
The connection to the railway network was accomplished in several stages from 1860. Initially, the railway line from Bern to Fribourg opened on 2 July 1860 with a temporary terminal at Balliswil about 4 km north of the city, as the Grandfey Viaduct over the Sarine valley was not yet finished. On 4 September 1862, the whole of the line from Balliswil to Lausanne via Fribourg opened, with a temporary station building at Fribourg railway station, until the permanent building opened in 1873. A line to Payerne opened on 25 August 1876 and to Morat on 23 August 1898.
Public transport
A funicular railway has been operated from the Neuveville district to the upper city since 1899 by the sewage works. The Fribourg funicular is one of the world's few remaining water-powered funiculars, and the only one powered by sewage water. The upper station is located at the sewage plant which pumps sewage water into the descending car, which makes it heavier than the ascending car. The sewage is released at the bottom.[23]
From 1897 to 1965 in Fribourg there was a Шаблон:Convert long tram network in operation, with the trams replaced from 1949 with the Fribourg trolleybus system. The current bus network is now operated by the Transports publics fribourgeois, with connections to Bulle, Avenches, Schmitten, Schwarzenburg and in the tourist region Schwarzsee.
Airport
The regional Bern-Belp Airport is an hour away from the area.[24]
Culture and tourism
Fribourg is a day trip destination for tourists who want to visit the sights of the city. These include the historic Old City with its Gothic Cathedral of Saint Nicholas renowned for its stained glass windows designed by Józef Mehoffer, and the museums. The Natural History Museum was founded in 1873, and is now located in the natural sciences building at the university. The Museum of Art and History, located in the Ratzéhof since 1920, has exhibits on ancient and early history, sculpture and paintings, traditional tin figures, arts and crafts, as well as money and graphic collections. In the cathedral, a treasure chamber has been on display since 1992. Other museums include the Swiss Museum of Marionnettes, the Swiss Sewing Machine Museum, the Gutenberg Museum, the Bible and Orient Museum and a beer museum.
Cultural experiences include the festival of religious music, the international folklore convention, the jazz parade, an international film festival and Cinéplus (since 1972).
Like its sister city Bern, Fribourg has preserved its medieval center as a whole that is now one of the largest in Europe. It is located on a spectacular peninsula, surrounded on three sides by the Saane/La Sarine. The architecture of the Old City date primarily from the Gothic period; it was built predominately before the 16th century. Most houses are built of the local molasse stone. Consisting of the neighborhoods Bourg, Auge and Neuveville, its old town is rich in fountains and churches dating from the 12th century until the 17th century. Its cathedral, reaching Шаблон:Convert in height, was built between 1283 and 1490. The fortifications of Fribourg form the most important medieval military architecture of Switzerland: Шаблон:Convert of ramparts, 14 towers and one big bulwark. The protections are especially well preserved east and south of the city.
Heritage sites of national significance
Fribourg is home to 67 buildings or sites that are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.[25]
- Religious Buildings: Cistercians Maigrauge Abbey with Library, the former Convent of the Augustinians, Former Commandry de Saint-Jean, Notre-Dame Basilica, Saint-Nicolas et Trésor Cathedral, Centre paroissial du Christe-Roi, Chapel de Lorette, Chapel Saint-Barthélemy and Chapel de Pérolles, Convent of the Capucins, Convent of the Cordeliers, Convent of the Ursulines, Church of Saint-Pierre, Monastère de la Visitation and Monastère of the Capucines de Montorge
- Secular Buildings: Former Hôtel des Postes et Télégraphes, Centrale énergétique de la Maigrauge, Cercle de la Grande Société, Chancellerie de l’État, Poya Castle, Cure at Rue de la Lenda 1, Factory Complex of the Chocolats Villars company, Fortifications, Funiculaire Neuveville-Saint-Pierre, Hôpital of the Bourgeois, Hôtel de Ville, Immeuble de rapport Sallin, Les Arcades, Motta Swimming Pool and Vieille Village
- Houses and Private Buildings: Auberge de la Cigogne, House at Rue de la Neuveville 48, House at Rue d’Or 7, House at Rue d’Or 13, House d’Alt at Place de l’Hôtel-de-Ville 1, House de Castella, House de Fégely-d’Estavayer dite Vicarino, House de François-Prosper de Castella, House de Gottrau dite Les Tornalettes, House de Jean-François d’Ammann de Macconens, House de Lanthen-Heid, House de Reyff, House de Reyff de Cugy, House de Techtermann, House de Nicolas Kuenlin, House des tanneurs Reyff, House Fégely (?) dite tannerie Deillon and Villa Mayer
- Schools: Collège Saint-Michel, Université Miséricorde
- Archives, Libraries and Museums: Archives de l’État de Fribourg, Archives de la Ville de Fribourg, Cantonal and University Library, Grenier de Derrière-Notre-Dame et Museum Gutenberg, Musée suisse des arts graphiques, Grenier de la Planche and Hôtel Ratzé et Museum d’art et d’histoire
- Fountains: Fountain de la Fidélité, Fountain de la Force, Fountain de la Samaritaine, Fountain de la Vaillance, Fountain de Sainte-Anne, Fountain de Saint-Georges, Fountain de Saint-Jean, Fountain de Samson and Jo Siffert Fountain
- Bridges: Pont de Bern, Pont de Saint-Jean, Pont du Gottéron and Pont du Milieu
Sports
The most popular sport club in the town is by far ice hockey club HC Fribourg-Gottéron, which plays in the National League (NL). Their home arena is the 9,075-seat BCF Arena. Established in 1937, it has never won a Swiss championship, but has been runner-up five times.
Basketball is played by Fribourg Olympic, which plays its home games at the 3,500-capacity gym of the Holy Cross College. The club has been successful, winning 13 championships (1966, '71, '73, '74, '78, '79, '81, '82, '85, '91, '92, '98, '99 and 2007), six Swiss Cups (1967, '76, '78, '97, '98 and 2007) and one League Cup in 2007.
The football club FC Fribourg plays in the 2. Liga Interregional, the fifth tier of Swiss Football.
Since 1933, on the first Sunday in October, a race from Murten to Fribourg, the "Murtenlauf" (Murten Run), is held to commemorate the Battle of Murten. The Шаблон:Convert race is one of the most popular fun runs in Switzerland.
Notable residents
- Prior to the 19th century
- The de Weck family, prominent in Fribourg politics beginning in the 15th century
- Hans Fries (c. 1465 – c. 1523), Swiss painter before the Reformation
- Johann Augustanus Faber (c. 1470–1531), Swiss theologian
- Petrus Canisius SJ (1521–1597), Dutch Jesuit Catholic priest, lived in Fribourg 1577–1597 and founded the Jesuit Collège Saint-Michel
- Hans Gieng (first mentioned 1525 – died 1562), Swiss Renaissance sculptor best known for his public fountain figures
- Jean Jacques Joseph d'Alt (1653—1714), Swiss officer and administrator
- Jean-Baptiste Girard (1765–1850), Swiss Franciscan educator[26]
- 19th century
- Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss-American biologist and geologist[27][28]
- Johannes Bapst (1815–1887), Swiss Jesuit missionary, first president of Boston College[29]
- Pierre Rossier (1829–1886), pioneering Swiss photographer, used albumen photographs
- Adèle d'Affry (1836–1879), Swiss artist and sculptor from a noble and military family
- Jules Repond (1853–1933), Swiss lawyer and law professor, writer and journalist, politician, entrepreneur and military officer. Commander of the Pontifical Swiss Guard 1910–1921
- Johann Jakob Hess (1866–1949), Swiss Egyptologist and Assyriologist
- Wilhelm Schmidt SVD (1868–1954 in Fribourg), Austrian linguist, anthropologist and ethnologist
- Oswald Pilloud (1873–1946 in Fribourg), Swiss painter and illustrator
- Jean-Edouard de Castella (1881–1966 in Fribourg), Swiss painter and illustrator
- Oskar Naegeli (1885–1959 in Fribourg), Swiss dermatologist and chess master
- Léon Savary (1895–1968), Swiss writer and journalist, historian of the city of Fribourg
- 20th century
- Jean Bourgknecht (1902–1964), Swiss politician, mayor of Fribourg 1950–1959 and member of the Swiss Federal Council 1959–1962
- Jean Tinguely (1925–1991), Swiss sculptor of machines or kinetic art, in the Dada tradition
- Anni-Frid Lyngstad (born 1945), singer from Swedish pop group ABBA, lives near Fribourg
- Joseph Deiss (born 1946), economist and Swiss politician; member of the Swiss Federal Council 1999–2006
- Arlette Zola (born 1949), singer for Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982.
- Pierre Hemmer (1950–2013), Internet pioneer in Switzerland
- Urs Schwaller (born 1952), Swiss politician, member of the Swiss Council of States for the Canton of Fribourg since 2003
- Daniel Vasella M.D. (born 1953), physician, author and CEO of the Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis
- Roger de Weck (born 1953), journalist and author
- Jean-Francois Mayer (born 1957), religious historian, writer and analyst
- Claude Longchamp (born 1957), Swiss historian, political scientist and analyst for Swiss TV
- Thomas Baumer (born 1960), Swiss economist and expert for intercultural competence and personality assessment
- Caroline Charrière (1960–2018), Swiss composer, conductor, flautist and educator
- Franz Treichler (born 1961) Swiss musician, member of The Young Gods
- Alexander Laszlo (born 1964), polycultural systems scientist, residing in Argentina
- Jean-Claude Bastos de Morais (born 1967), corrupt Swiss-Angolan entrepreneur
- Alain Berset (born 1972), politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council
- René Brülhart (born 1972), Swiss lawyer, president of the board of directors of the Financial Information Authority (AIF) of Vatican City
- Mia Aegerter (born 1976), Swiss musician, model, and stage and film actress[30]
- BARON.E (formed 2019), a music duo formed by Faustine Pochon and Arnaud Rolle
- Sport
- Paul Aeby (1910–??), Swiss footballer, played for Switzerland in the 1938 FIFA World Cup
- Georges Aeby (1913–1999), footballer, played for Switzerland in the 1938 FIFA World Cup
- Jo Siffert (1936–1971), Swiss F1 racing driver
- René Fasel (born 1950), president of the International Ice Hockey Federation; also a dentist
- Sandra Kolly (born 1974), Swiss sport shooter, competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics
- David Aebischer (born 1978), National Hockey League goaltender
- Yves Miéville (born 1983), Swiss football player, over 250 team games
- Pascal Mancini (born 1989), Swiss 100 metres sprinter, nandrolone user and racist
- Volkan Oezdemir (born 1989), mixed martial artist[31]
Sister cities
See also
- List of mayors of Fribourg
- Franco-Provençal language
- Villa St. Jean International School
- Nova Friburgo, Brazil
- Sonderbund
Notes
References
External links
Шаблон:Municipalities of the district of Sarine Шаблон:Cantons of Switzerland
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 Шаблон:HDS
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data Шаблон:In lang accessed 25 March 2010
- ↑ Flags of the World.com accessed 1 December 2011
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Superweb database – Gemeinde Statistics 1981–2008 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 19 June 2010
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 13,6 Swiss Federal Statistical Office Шаблон:Webarchive accessed 1 December 2011
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Canton of Fribourg Statistics Шаблон:In lang accessed 3 November 2011
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 2 February 2011
- ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 28 January 2011
- ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices 2003 data Шаблон:In lang accessed 26 May 2010
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 28 January 2011
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed 24 June 2010
- ↑ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, list of libraries Шаблон:In lang accessed 14 May 2010
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite Catholic Encyclopedia
- ↑ IMDb Database retrieved 24 November 2018
- ↑ UFC profile accessed 31 May 2017
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