Английская Википедия:GWR 2900 Class

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox locomotive

The Great Western Railway 2900 Class or Saint Class, which was built by the Great Western Railway's Swindon Works, incorporated several series of 2-cylinder passenger steam locomotives designed by George Jackson Churchward and built between 1902 and 1913 with differences in the dimensions. The majority of these were built as 4-6-0 locomotives; but thirteen examples were built as 4-4-2 (but converted to 4-6-0 during 1912/13). They proved to be a highly successful class which established the design principles for GWR 2-cylinder classes over the next fifty years, and influenced similar classes on other British railways.

Background

After finally converting the last broad gauge lines in 1892, the Great Western Railway (GWR) began a period of modernization as new cut-off lines shortened its routes to west of England, South Wales and Birmingham. During the first decade of the twentieth century the Chief Mechanical Engineer, George Jackson Churchward, designed or acquired a number of experimental locomotives with different wheel arrangements and boiler designs to help him plan for the future motive power needs of the railway.[1] The first of these was a two-cylinder 4-6-0 locomotive, designed in 1901 whilst Churchward was still the Chief Assistant of his predecessor William Dean.

Prototypes

Between 1902 and 1905 Churchward built and tested three prototype locomotives with detail differences, before using the third as the basis for the production series.

No. 100

Файл:Prototype 4-6-0 No.100.jpg
No. 100 as built in 1902

The first prototype was completed at the Swindon Works of the GWR (Lot 132) in February 1902.[2] It was numbered 100 and in June 1902 was named Dean (later William Dean) to mark the latter's retirement. The new design incorporated all of Churchward's current ideas including a domeless parallel boiler, raised Belpaire firebox, Шаблон:Convert diameter outside cylinders with Шаблон:Convert piston stroke, and boiler pressure of Шаблон:Convert.[3] The piston valves were driven by rocking levers actuated by the expansion link of Stephenson valve gear – this particular design was only used on no. 100.[4] The parallel boiler was later replaced with a taper boiler, and then the first superheated taper boiler in 1910. Churchward had studied American boiler design, but he was also later influenced by continental practice in efficient motion design. From the Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (SACM) a de Glehn 4-4-2 compound engine was ordered for comparative trials on the GWR.[5] According to E.C. Poultney, No. 100 was the first 4-6-0 locomotive to have high enough boiler capacity and steam ports large enough to handle the steam flow required by large cylinders: "The engine probably influenced to a large extent the use made of engines of the 4-6-0 type".[6] No.100 was renumbered 2900 in 1912, and was withdrawn from service in 1932.

No. 98

Файл:GWR 4-6-0 No.98.jpg
The second prototype No. 98 as built 1903

A second prototype locomotive, No. 98, was built at Swindon Works in March 1903 (Lot 138) to a similar design but with a taper boiler, re-designed valve gear layout and cylinders and a shorter wheelbase.[7] Valve diameters were increased from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert.[5] According to Poultney, these improvements "may truly be said to be the keystone of the arch upon which all modern locomotives are designed".[8] In 1906 this locomotive was re-boilered with a Шаблон:Convert boiler to correspond with the third prototype. This prototype locomotive was named Vanguard in 1907 (renamed Ernest Cunard in the same year). It was renumbered 2998 in 1912, received a superheated boiler in 1911 and was withdrawn in 1933.

No. 171

A third prototype, No. 171, was built at Swindon in December 1903 (Lot 145) incorporating the improvements to No. 98 but with a Шаблон:Convert boiler and minor amendments to the heating surface and grate area. It was built as a 4-6-0 but in October 1904 it was converted to a 4-4-2 to enable better comparison with the performance of the French built de Glehn 4-4-2 Compound; it was reconverted to 4-6-0 in July 1907.[7] The conversion was carried out by substituting Шаблон:Convert trailing wheels with outside suspension for the final set of driving wheels. It was named Albion in 1904, renumbered 2971 in 1912, received a superheated boiler in 1910 and was withdrawn in 1946. No. 171 formed the basis of the main production series, introduced in 1905, although at this time Churchward was still unsure of the relative merits of the 4-4-2 and 4-6-0 wheel arrangements.

Production series

The Saint class appeared in four production series built between 1905 and 1913, each of which differed in dimensions. There were also differences between members of each series in terms of the boilers used, wheel arrangement, and arrangements for superheating. Different series and individual locomotives within series were also fitted with different tenders ranging from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert capacity.

Scott series

Файл:GWR 2900 Class No. 181.jpg
First series No. 181 Ivanhoe as built as a 4-4-2

Whilst 171 was undergoing trials in 1905 nine further locomotives were ordered to be built at Swindon Works to a similar design (Lot 154) followed by a further ten (Lot 158), totalling 19 locomotives in this series. Thirteen of these were built as 4-4-2s and six as 4-6-0s. However, by January 1913, Churchward was persuaded by the superior adhesion provided by a 4-6-0 and they had all been converted to this wheel arrangement.[9] The new locomotives were numbered 172–190 (renumbered 2972–2990 in 1912). Twelve of the series were named after characters in the novels of Sir Walter Scott. Directors of the GWR accounted for most of the other names. The series was withdrawn between 1931 and 1951.

Ladies

A second series of ten similar locomotives appeared in May 1906 (Swindon Lot 164), numbered 2901–10 and named after historical, mythological or poetical 'Ladies'. Nos. 2904–6 had short tapered boilers and short smokeboxes, whereas Nos. 2902–03 and 2907–10 had longer versions. All except 2901 had Шаблон:Convert cylinders, giving a tractive effort of Шаблон:Convert. No. 2901 Lady Superior was the first British locomotive to be built with a modern Schmidt superheater.[7] The remainder of the locomotives were fitted with Swindon No.3 superheaters between 1909 and 1911 and were withdrawn between 1933 and 1952.

In May 1906 Charles Collett, then assistant manager of Swindon Works, supervised a demonstration run of number 2903 Lady of Lyons, newly released from the erecting shop. By mile-post timings observed from the engine and from passing times recorded at Little Somerford and Hullavington signal boxes, Шаблон:Frac miles apart and with a descending gradient of 1 in 300 between them, a speed of approximately Шаблон:Convert was recorded, but not in a sufficiently accurate manner as to be considered a record.[10][11][12]

Saints

Файл:Cardiff General Station geograph-2423641-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
No. 2920 Saint David; from the third production series, built 1907, at Cardiff Central departing east towards Birmingham, 1953

A third series of twenty further locomotives appeared during August and September 1907 (Swindon Lot 170), numbered 2911–30 and named after Saints. The framing for these had long curved ends under the cab and over the cylinders, which greatly improved the rather angular appearance of the earlier locomotives. They were fitted with cone boilers and smokeboxes. In October 1908, No. 2922 Saint Gabriel was fitted with a Swindon No. 2 superheater. The following year the Swindon No. 3 superheater became standard for the class.[13] Between 1909 and 1912 the remainder of the locomotives were fitted with the Swindon No. 3 superheater. The Saints were withdrawn between 1932 and 1951. No. 2925 Saint Martin was rebuilt with smaller wheels in December 1924 to become the prototype Collett 4900 and renumbered 4900 but still carrying the same name.

Courts

Файл:Swindon Locomotive Depot geograph-2428181-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
2934 Butleigh Court from the fourth production series at Swindon Locomotive Depot in 1950

A fourth series of 25 locomotives appeared during the years 1911 to 1913 (Swindon Lots 185, 189 and 192). These were numbered 2931–55 and named after famous Courts (i.e. mansions). They were all built with superheaters and there were detailed differences between the boilers used on different lots.[13] They were all withdrawn between 1948 and 1953.

Table of orders and numbersШаблон:Sfnb
Year Quantity Lot No. Works Nos. Locos Nos. (pre-1912) Loco Nos. (post-1912) Notes
1902 1 132 1928 100 2900
1903 1 138 1990 98 2998
1903 1 145 2024 171 2971
1905 9 154 2106–2114 172–180 2972–2980 Scott-series
1905 10 158 2128–2137 181–190 2981–2990 Scott-series
1906 10 164 2199–2208 2901–2910 2901–2910 Lady-series
1907 20 170 2259–2278 2911–2930 2911–2930 Saint-series
1911 10 185 2426–2435 2931–2940 2931–2940 Court-series
1912 10 189 2476–2485 2941–2950 2941–2950 Court-series
1913 5 192 2506–2510 — 2951–2955 Court-series

Performance

Файл:Swindon railway station geograph-2428215-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg
2935 Caynham Court as rebuilt in 1931 with Lentz-style rotary-cam poppet valves, at Swindon 1946

The locomotives performed well as passenger locomotives over all the long-distance routes of the GWR and on all but the fastest express trains until they gradually became displaced to secondary services by the Castle Class in the late 1920s and 1930s.[14][15] However, the Шаблон:Convert driving wheels limited their usefulness on freight trains. Churchward had recognized this limitation by the introduction of his GWR 4700 Class 2-8-0 design with Шаблон:Convert driving wheels in 1919, intended for express goods trains. However, Churchward's successor Charles Collett felt that a smaller-wheeled version of the 'Saint' class could form the basis of a successful mixed-traffic class of locomotives. He therefore rebuilt No. 2925 Saint Martin with Шаблон:Convert driving wheels to become the prototype of his successful Hall Class locomotives. Thus the 2900 class became a template for later GWR 2-cylinder 4-6-0 classes including the Modified Hall, Grange, Manor and County classes, all of which were of the same basic design.[16] Moreover they also influenced similar engines on other railways such as the LMS "Black Fives", the LNER B1s and the BR Standard Class 5s.[17]

Collett also experimented on several other members of the class. In 1923 No. 2933 was given an altered blastpipe and in 1927 No. 2947 was fitted with cylinder by-pass valves. In 1931 No. 2935 was rebuilt with Lentz-style rotary cam poppet valve gear,[18] which remained in use until the engine was scrapped in 1948.[19]

Assessment

The class incorporated many revolutionary advances which were influential in British locomotive design for the next fifty years. According to The Great Western Society, 'Saint' class locomotives "represented one of the most important steps forward in railway traction of the 20th century", and they "are now acknowledged to have had a profound influence on almost every aspect of subsequent steam locomotive development".[20] W.A. Tuplin commented; "No other locomotive design, except perhaps Stephenson's 'Rocket', has represented such a long leap in the right direction as GWR No. 98.".[17]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 6 January 1932, locomotive No. 2949 Stanford Court was hauling a milk train that overran signals at Didcot East Junction and collided with a freight train, which was being hauled by GWR 2800 Class 2-8-0 No. 2808. The locomotive was derailed and six wagons were slightly damaged.[21]

List of locomotives

No. Name Built Withdrawn Notes
2900 William Dean Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Originally unnamed. Carried name Dean from June to November 1902
2901 Lady Superior Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named October 1906
2902 Lady of the Lake Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named April 1907
2903 Lady of Lyons Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named April 1907
2904 Lady Godiva Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named April 1907
2905 Lady Macbeth Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named April 1907
2906 Lady of Lynn Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named May 1907 Connecting rods donated to 2999 Lady of Legend project
2907 Lady Disdain Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named April 1907
2908 Lady of Quality Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named May 1907
2909 Lady of Provence Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named May 1907
2910 Lady of Shalott Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Named May 1907 Whistle donated to 2999 Lady of Legend project
2911 Saint Agatha Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2912 Saint Ambrose Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2913 Saint Andrew Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2914 Saint Augustine Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2915 Saint Bartholomew Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2916 Saint Benedict Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2917 Saint Bernard Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2918 Saint Catherine Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2919 Saint Cuthbert Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Originally named Saint Cecelia; renamed October 1907
2920 Saint David Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts The Last Saint to be withdrawn from service
2921 Saint Dunstan Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2922 Saint Gabriel Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2923 Saint George Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2924 Saint Helena Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2925 Saint Martin Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Rebuilt to prototype Hall class
2926 Saint Nicholas Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2927 Saint Patrick Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2928 Saint Sebastian Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2929 Saint Stephen Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2930 Saint Vincent Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2931 Arlington Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2932 Ashton Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2933 Bibury Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2934 Butleigh Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2935 Caynham Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2936 Cefntilla Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2937 Clevedon Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2938 Corsham Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2939 Croome Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2940 Dorney Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2941 Easton Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2942 Fawley Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2943 Hampton Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2944 Highnam Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2945 Hillingdon Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2946 Langford Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2947 Madresfield Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2948 Stackpole Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2949 Stanford Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2950 Taplow Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2951 Tawstock Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2952 Twineham Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2953 Titley Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2954 Tockenham Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2955 Tortworth Court Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts
2971 Albion Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as No. 171. Named Albion February 1904. Rebuilt to 4-4-2, October 1904. Renamed The Pirate March 1907. Rebuilt back to 4-6-0, July 1907 and renamed Albion. Renumbered 2971, 1913.
2972 The Abbot Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as 4-4-2 No. 172 Quicksilver, named after a stagecoach operating between London and Devonport.[22] Renamed March 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, April 1912.
2973 Robins Bolitho Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as No. 173
2974 Lord Barrymore Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as No. 174 Barrymore. Renamed, May 1905
2975 Lord Palmer Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed No. 175. Named Viscount Churchill, 1907. Renamed Sir Ernest Palmer, February 1924. Renamed Lord Palmer, in October 1933.
2976 Winterstoke Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed No. 176. Named, April 1907.
2977 Robertson Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed No. 177. Named, April 1907.
2978 Charles J. Hambro Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as No. 178 Kirkland, named after racehorse owned by Sir Frank Bibby.[23] Renamed, May 1935.
2979 Quentin Durward Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as 4-4-2 No. 179 Magnet. Renamed, March 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, August 1912.
2980 Coeur de Lion Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 180. Named in March 1907 after subject of the novel Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott.[24] Rebuilt as 4-6-0, January 1913.
2981 Ivanhoe Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 181. Named in 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, July 1912.
2982 Lalla Rookh Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 182. Named in 1906. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, November 1912.
2983 Redgauntlet Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as 4-4-2 No. 183 Red Gauntlet. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, April 1912. Renamed Redgauntlet, June 1915.
2984 Guy Mannering Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as 4-4-2 No. 184 Churchill. Renamed Viscount Churchill in 1906. Renamed Guy Mannering, 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, August 1912.
2985 Peveril of the Peak Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 185. Named Winterstoke, February 1906. Renamed Peveril of the Peak, April 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, May 1912. Withdrawn August 1931. First scheduled withdrawal.
2986 Robin Hood Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 186. Named in April 1906. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, May 1912.
2987 Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 187. Named Robertson after a GWR Director,[25] November 1905. Renamed Bride of Lammermoor, April 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, June 1912.
2988 Rob Roy Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 188. Named, 1907. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, May 1912.
2989 Talisman Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 189. Named, 1906. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, October 1912.
2990 Waverley Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed 4-4-2 No. 190. Named, 1906. Rebuilt as 4-6-0, November 1912.
2998 Ernest Cunard Шаблон:Dts Шаблон:Dts Built as unnamed No. 98. Named Persimmon, 1906. Renamed Vanguard, March 1907. Renamed Ernest Cunard, December 1907. Renumbered 2998 in 1913.
2999 Lady of Legend Шаблон:Dts Rebuilt in 2019 from GWR 4900 Class 4942 Maindy Hall. When running as a 4-4-2 Atlantic, will carry the identity 191 Churchward.

Withdrawal

The below list shows when all of the original 2900's were withdrawn from service.

Table of withdrawals
Year Quantity in
service at
start of year		 Number withdrawn Quantity
withdrawn		 Locomotive numbers
1924 77 1 1 2925.
1931 76 3 4 2909–10/85.
1932 73 4 8 2900/4/19/86.
1933 69 6 14 2901/7/73–74/84/98.
1934 63 4 18 2917/23/76/82.
1935 59 4 22 2911/18/72/77.
1939 55 1 23 2990.
1944 54 2 25 2922/75.
1945 52 1 26 2921.
1946 51 4 30 2914/71/78/83.
1948 47 8 38 2905/13/16/28/35/80/88–89.
1949 39 8 46 2902–3/29-30/41–42/46/87.
1950 31 5 51 2908/15/24/39/55.
1951 26 13 64 2912/26–27/31–32/36/43–44/47–48/52/79/81.
1952 13 9 73 2906/34/38/40/49–51/53–54.
1953 Шаблон:04 4 77 2920/33/37/45.

Preservation

Файл:46945200094 ae34e6d299 Hugh.jpg
2999 Lady of Legend, on the demonstration running line at Didcot Railway Centre in April 2019

None of the original Saints survived into preservation, so the Great Western Society purchased GWR 4900 Hall Class 4-6-0 No. 4942 Maindy Hall from Barry Scrapyard in 1974, with the intention to rebuild it as a Saint. This would reverse the procedure whereby a Saint was rebuilt as the Hall prototype. The project finally began in earnest in 1995, by which time engineering capability in the preservation movement had greatly increased. It was decided that the engine would be built in the original straight frame form like the first Saints instead of the later curved frame style as fitted to Maindy Hall.[26] Following thirty years of storage and fifteen years of rebuilding work, 2999 Lady of Legend made its first moves in April 2019 and was formally launched at the Didcot Railway Centre in the same month.[27]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:GWR Locomotives

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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Great Western Society – GW 2900 Class overview (Accessed 26 April 2009)
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Harvnb
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  26. ↑ 2999 - Lady of Legend Didcot Railway Centre information page.
  27. ↑ Lady of Legend: launch weekend New Build Steam 14 April 2019
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