Английская Википедия:Gask Ridge
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
The Gask Ridge is the modern name given to an early series of fortifications, built by the Romans in Scotland, close to the Highland Line. Modern excavation and interpretation has been pioneered by the Roman Gask Project, with Birgitta Hoffmann and David Woolliscroft. The ridge fortifications: forts, fortlets and watchtowers were only in operation for a few years, probably fewer than ten.[3]
Name
The name "Gask Ridge" refers to the Шаблон:Convert ridge of land to the north of the River Earn in Perthshire.[4] In Scottish Gaelic, a gasg is a projecting tail or strip of land.[5] In the early 20th century, a line of Roman signal-towers (or watch-towers) was discovered along this ridge between the Roman forts of Strageath and Bertha.[6]
History
The Gask Ridge system was constructed sometime between 70 and 80 AD.[7] Construction on Hadrian's Wall was started 42 years after completion of the Gask Ridge (from 122 to 130 AD), and the Antonine Wall was started 12 years after completion of Hadrian's Wall (from 142 to 144 AD). Although the Gask Ridge was not a wall, it may be Rome's earliest fortified land frontier.[8] The fortifications approximately follow the boundary between Scotland's fertile Lowlands and mountainous Highlands, in Perth and Kinross and Angus. The later Hadrian's Wall and Antonine Wall were further south and considerably shorter.
The principal forts of the Gask Ridge frontier system were (from south to north):[9] Camelon, Drumquhassle, Malling, Doune, Glenbank (fortlet), Bochastle, Ardoch, Kaims Castle (fortlet), Strageath, Dalginross, Bertha, Fendoch, Cargill (fort and fortlet), Inchtuthil (Legionary fortress), Cardean, Inverquharity (fortlet) and Stracathro.
Glenblocker forts
The forts of Drumquhassle, Menteith/Malling, Bochastle, Doune, Dalginross and Fendoch in the south-west were collectively referred to as glenblocker forts in the older literature; they are also called the Highland line forts.[10] Glenblocker describes their location at the exit of some of the glens.
All of the forts were originally built during the Flavian occupation in Scotland. A broader group consists of
- Drumquhassle (near Drymen, overlooking the southern end of Loch Lomond and the road back to the Clyde)
- Malling (on the Lake of Menteith, overlooking the access to the Duke's Pass and a narrow point between the mountains and the Forth Mosses)
- Bochastle (near Callander), overlooking the road to Loch Katrine and the Pass of Leny
- Dalginross (near Comrie) overlooking the Eastern end of Loch Earn
- Fendoch (north of Crieff) overlooking the Sma' Glen
- Inchtuthil (below Dunkeld) The legionary fortress at the mouth of Strath Tay, guarding the main roads to Inverness
- Inverquharity (near Kirriemuir) a fortlet-sized station at the east end of Glen Clova
Cardean, Stracathro and Doune are sited further away from their respective traffic corridors, although fulfilling the same function.
Role
It has traditionally been thought that these forts were meant to prevent invasions out of the Scottish Highlands into Roman-held territory.[11] This may have been the intention, in cooperation with the other forts on the Gask Ridge and along Strathmore, as only the legionary fortress of Inchtuthil with 5,000–6,000 soldiers would have been strong enough to deal with a major incursion. The smaller forts were more likely to serve as a disincentive to small-scale raiding parties.[12]
The relationship between the Glenblocker forts and the Gask Ridge has in the past been seen as a staged withdrawal.[13] Recent research suggests that the three elements are part of the same frontier system, stretching roughly from Loch Lomond to Montrose. In this hypothesis, the Glenblocker forts controlled access to valleys in the frontier area, which loop back into the frontier, rather than link with the Iron Age settlements further north. Their value as a block to invasion is doubtful, as their situation would have allowed supervision but they lacked the manpower to deter anything but cattle rustling.
Only the legionary fortress at Inchtuthil, conveniently situated for access into Braemar and its hinterland, is large enough to have functioned as a defensive fortification or a jumping-off point for an invasion. The Gask Road and the towers alongside it in this hypothesis guarded the strategically important link to the harbours at the Firths of Tay and Forth and the southern part of the province.[14]
Tacitus writes in De vita Iulii Agricolae that Agricola was fighting in the area in around 80 AD; the latest coinage dates from 86 AD. This would suggest that the forts were occupied for six years at most. Recent archaeology has shown that many of the forts on the Gask Ridge were rebuilt, sometimes twice, without evidence of destruction through warfare. Further digs may cast some light on this apparent contradiction.
The forts of Ardoch, Strageath and Bertha on the Gask Road, as well as the forts of Cargill in Strathmore and the glenblocker fort of Dalginross have also produced Antonine material attesting to a reuse of the sites contemporary with the Antonine Wall.[15] In the Severan period the army passed through the area, and several camps across Scotland are dated to this period (for example, Kair House in Aberdeenshire and the fort at Carpow Roman Fort which is on the Firth of Tay.[16]
North of the Gask Ridge
The permanent sites are complemented by a series of large marching camps (large camps date to the 3rd century) from the Scottish Lowlands into Aberdeenshire and Moray. The Roman legions in the 1st century established a chain of forts at Ardoch, Strageath, Inchtuthil, Battledykes (which is unlikely to date from the same period as the Gask sites), Stracathro and Raedykes, taking the Elsick Mounth on the way to Normandykes, before going north to Glenmaillen and Auchinhove. Unconfirmed sites of possible Roman forts have also been found at Bellie, Balnageith and Cawdor.
In the 1990s researchers discovered new possible Roman fortifications north of Inverness and the Moray Firth. The most important are Tarradale and Portmahomack. These are being studied by Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland to verify that they are Roman.[17] Several chronological reconstructions of their role have been made.
See also
References
Bibliography
- Breeze, D. Northern Frontiers of Roman Britain (1982)
- Breeze, D. 'Roman Scotland (2007)
- Hanson William, G.Maxwell. Rome's North-west Frontier: The Antonine Wall (1986)
- Hanson, William S. "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B. M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
- Hanson, William S. Roman Campaigns North of the Forth-Clyde Isthmus: The Evidence of the Temporary Camps, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol. 109 142, 145 Edinburgh, 1980.
- Macdonald, G. (1916) The Roman Camps at Raedykes and Glenmailen, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol. 50 348–359
- Maxwell, G. S. (1980) Agricola's Campaigns: The Evidence of the Temporary Camps, Scot Archaeol Forum, vol. 12, 34, 35, 40, 41
- Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. Шаблон:ISBN
- Pitts, L. Inchtuthil. The Roman Legionary Fortress. Britannia Monograph Series 6 (1985)
- Robertson, A. S. (1976) Agricola's Campaigns in Scotland and their Aftermath, Scot Archaeol Forum, vol. 7 4
- St Joseph, J. K. (1951) Air Reconnaissance of North Britain, J Roman Stud, vol. 41 65
- Woolliscroft, D. and Hoffmann, B. The First Frontier. Rome in the North of Scotland (Stroud: Tempus 2006)
External links
- The Roman Gask Project
- Roman Military Campaigns in Scotland and Northern England at www.romanbritain.org
- Britannia-The Roman army and navy in Britain 55BC -410AD
- Photo of Bochastle - a glen blocker fort
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ William John Watson, 1973, The history of the Celtic place-names of Scotland, page 362. Irish University Press
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007
- ↑ Gazetteer at The Roman Gask Project
- ↑ L. Keppie, Scotland's Roman Remains. Edinburgh 1986) p. 156 ff.
- ↑ L. Keppie, Scotland's Roman Remains. Edinburgh 1986) p. 156
- ↑ D. J. Woolliscroft & B. Hoffmann, Rome's First Frontier (Stroud: Tempus 2006)
- ↑ Breeze 1982
- ↑ Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007
- ↑ Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007, updating Hanson & Maxwell 1986
- ↑ Breeze 2007
- ↑ Portmahomack
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century
- Archaeological sites in Angus, Scotland
- Archaeological sites in Perth and Kinross
- History of Perth and Kinross
- Roman fortifications in Scotland
- Roman signal towers in Scotland
- 1st-century fortifications
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
