Английская Википедия:General of Ili
The General of Ili (Шаблон:Zh Officially Шаблон:Zh), also known in western sources as the Kuldya Military Governor, was a position created during the reign of the Qing Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735-1799) to "pacify" Dzungaria (now part of Xinjiang) and suppress uprisings by the Khoja "Rebels". The General of Ili governed the entire Xinjiang during Qing rule until it was turned into a province.
History
Based in Huiyuan City (Шаблон:Zh; now Huiyuan Town, Huocheng County),[1] in the Qing delineated greater Xinjiang region in the northwest of China, the general was the senior military commander in the area.[2] In 1759, Qing general Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi (Manchu: Zhaohuui) suppressed the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas and reestablished Qing control over the western part of Xinjiang. As a result, in 1762 the Qing court established the position of General of Ili with Ming Rui as the first incumbent.[2]
At the same time, the offices of Military Attache or Dūtǒng (Шаблон:Zh) and Imperial Resident (Шаблон:Zh) were created under the general to manage military affairs north and south of the Tian Shan range of mountains. The northern circuit (Шаблон:Zh) or Tarim Basin was administered by the Ili Ministerial Attache (Шаблон:Zh), five Ministerial Leaders (Шаблон:Zh), a Tarbagatai Ministerial Attache (Шаблон:Zh)Шаблон:Cref2 and a Minister of Affairs (Шаблон:Zh). In the south (Шаблон:Zh) or Altishahr there was a General Minister for Altashahr Affairs (Шаблон:Zh) responsible for Kashgar, Ye 'erqiang (Шаблон:Zh; now Yarkant County), Yingjisha'er (Шаблон:Zh; now Yengisar County), Uqturpan County, Aksu, Kuqa County, Hetian (Шаблон:Zh; now Hotan) and Kalash'er (Шаблон:Zh now Karasahr) amongst others. In the western circuit (Шаблон:Zh the Urumqi Military Command (Шаблон:Zh) was responsible for Gucheng (Шаблон:Zh; now Qitai County), Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County, Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi (now Hami City) and Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi (now Wusu) among other locations.
In 1763, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the construction of the new city of Huiyuan on the north bank of the Ili River as a base for the General of Ili. Thereafter, Huiyuan became the capital of the Qing Xinjiang Region. A further eight fortified cities were then constructed across the Ili or Dzungarian Basin: Ningyuan City (Шаблон:Zh; now Yining City), Huining City (Шаблон:Zh; now Bayandai Township [[[:Шаблон:Zh]]) Шаблон:Convert west of Yining), Taleqi City (Шаблон:Zh; now part of Huocheng County), Zhande City (Шаблон:Zh; now part of Qingshuihe County), Guangren City (Шаблон:Zh; now Lucaogou Town (Шаблон:Zh in Huocheng County), Gongchen City (Шаблон:Zh; now Khorgas City), Xichun City (Шаблон:Zh; now part of Yining City) and Suiding City (Шаблон:Zh; now Shuiding Town).
The headquarters of the Manchu bannermen was in Huiyuan and Huining while the Green Standard Army was distributed across the remaining towns with their commander in Suiding. Uyghur merchants (including the Taranchi) resided in Ningyuan. Their affairs were managed by the General of Ili through the East Yamen (Шаблон:Zh).
In 1864, during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor, the Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi broke out concurrent with the Dungan Revolt of 1862-77 further east. On 8 March 1866, a large force of Hui Muslims captured the General of Ili Mingsioi's Yamen. He committed suicide by blowing himself up but his predecessor Cangcing (Шаблон:Zh) was captured and paraded through the streets.[3]
After Tzarist Russia invaded the Ili Basin in 1865 they demolished Huiyuan then in 1876 Qing General Zuo Zongtang, at the head of a large army, ended Yaqub Beg's occupation of the southern part of Xinjiang. In 1881 the Qing army recaptured the Ili Basin and two years later rebuilt Huiyaun Шаблон:Convert north of its former site. This new settlement was known historically as "New Huiyuan" (Шаблон:Zh.
Xinjiang officially became a province in 1883 with its capital at Dihua Fu (Шаблон:Zh modern day Urumqi) and Huiyuan gradually lost its political status as the centre of the region. The General of Yili retained responsibility for defence in the north of the new province until the position was abolished following the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, which marked the end of Imperial China.
Officeholders
| Name | Appointed | End date | Banner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ming Rui | October 1762 | March 1767 | Bordered Yellow Banner |
| Agui | March 1767 | April 1768 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi | July 1768 | October 1769 | Plain White Banner |
| Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi | October 1769 | October 1770 | Plain White Banner |
| Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi | October 1770 | December 1770 | Bordered Blue Banner Imperial Clan |
| Yi Letu | December 1770 | July 1772 | Plain White Banner |
| Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi | October 1772 | July 1774 | Plain White Banner |
| Yi Letu | July 1774 | June 1784 | Plain White Banner |
| Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi | June 1784 | July 1784 | Plain Yellow Banner |
| Hai Lu (Шаблон:Zh | July 1784 | August 1784 | Plain Blue Banner |
| Yi Letu | August 1784 | July 1793 | Plain White Banner |
| Шаблон:Interlanguage link multi | July 1793 | September 1795 | Bordered Yellow Banner |
| Yong Duo (Шаблон:Zh) | September 1795 | November 1795 | Bordered Blue Banner |
| Bao Ning | 1795 | 1798 | |
| Ming Guang | 1798 | 1799 | |
| Bao Ning | 1799 | 1801 | |
| Songyun | 1801 | 1801 | |
| Bao Ning | 1801 | 1803 | |
| Songyun | 1803 | 1810 | |
| Jin Chang | 1810 | 1814 | |
| Songyun | 1814 | 1818 | |
| Chang Ling | 1818 | 1820 | |
| Gao Qi | 1820 | ||
| Qing Xiang | 1820 | 1825 | |
| Deying'a | 1825 | ||
| Chang Ling | 1825 | 1827 | |
| Deying'a | 1828 | ||
| Yu LIn | 1828 | 1831 | |
| Teyishunbao | 1831 | 1837 | |
| Yi Shan | 1837 | 1839 | |
| Guan Fu | 1839 | 1840 | |
| Buyantai | 1840 | 1845 | |
| Shuxing'a | 1845 | ||
| Saying'a | 1845 | 1850 | |
| Yi Shan | 1854 | ||
| Zhalafentai | 1854 | 1856 | |
| Chang Qing | 1856 | 1857 | |
| Zhalafentai | 1857 | 1860 | |
| Chang Qing | 1860 | 1864 | |
| Ming Xu | 1864 | 1866 | |
| Li Yunlin | 1866 | ||
| Rong Quan | 1866 | 1877 | |
| Jin Shun | 1877 | 1886 | |
| Xi Lun | 1886 | 1887 | |
| Selenga | 1887 | 1891 | |
| Fuleminge | 1891 | ||
| Chang Geng | 1891 | 1902 | |
| Ma Liang | 1902 | 1906 | |
| Guang Fu | 1906 | 1907 | |
| Chang Geng | 1907 | 1909 | |
| Guang Fu | 1909 | 1911 | |
| Zhi Rui | 1911 | ||
| Elehun | 1911 |
See also
Notes
Шаблон:Cnote2 Begin Шаблон:Cnote2 Шаблон:Cnote2 End
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Qing dynasty topics Шаблон:Xinjiang topics
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