Английская Википедия:Germany–Switzerland border

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Файл:Hohentengen-Roetteln.jpg

Rötteln Castle, Hohentengen am Hochrhein (Germany) as seen across the Rhine from Kaiserstuhl (Switzerland)

Файл:Diessenhofen Brücke.JPG

Historic Rhine bridge between Diessenhofen (left) and Gailingen (right), completed in 1816

Файл:Deutsch-Schweizer Grenze Konstanz - A 7-4760.jpg

Customs facilities between Konstanz (Germany) and Kreuzlingen (Switzerland)

The border between the modern states of Germany and Switzerland extends to Шаблон:Convert, mostly following Lake Constance and the High Rhine (Шаблон:Lang), with territories to the north mostly belonging to Germany and territories to the south mainly to Switzerland. Exceptions are the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen, the Rafzerfeld of the canton of Zürich, Bettingen and Riehen municipalities and part of the city of Basel in the canton of Basel-City (these regions of Switzerland all lie north of the High Rhine) and the old town of the German city of Konstanz, which is located south of the Seerhein. The canton of Schaffhausen is located almost entirely on the northern side of the High Rhine, with the exception of the southern part of the municipality of Stein am Rhein. The German municipality of Büsingen am Hochrhein is an enclave surrounded by Swiss territory.

Economy

Much of the border is within the sphere of the Zurich metropolitan area and there is substantial traffic, both for commuting and for shopping, across the border, with the S-Bahn services S9 and S36 (and the former S22) of Zürich S-Bahn, three lines of Schaffhausen S-Bahn and one line of Aargau S-Bahn running through Swiss and German territory. The Swiss municipality of Kreuzlingen forms part of the conurbation of Konstanz, with cross-border regional train services S14 and S44 of St. Gallen S-Bahn. Similarly, the Trinational Eurodistrict of Basel includes territory in both France and Germany (with Basel S-Bahn services S5, S6, RB27 and RB30 and Basel tram line 8 also operating across the Swiss-German border). As of 2023, there are 64'934 cross-border commuters between Germany and Switzerland.

History

The High Rhine has had the character of being mostly the northern border of the Old Swiss Confederacy since the Swabian War and the accession of Basel and Schaffhausen in 1499–1501, dividing the Swiss Confederacy from the Swabian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire; with the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the border acquired the status of an international border de jure.Шаблон:Cn

With minor changes (such as the acquisition of Rafzerfeld in 1651), it remained unchanged since, even throughout the Napoleonic era when it divided two French client states (Cisrhenian Republic and Helvetic Republic) and later the Confederation of the Rhine from the restored Swiss Confederacy, and eventually the German Confederation from modern Switzerland.Шаблон:Cn The border persisted even during the Nazi era (although with the Anschluss of Austria, the German-Swiss border technically included the Austrian-Swiss border from 1938 and until the formation of the German Federal Republic in 1949).Шаблон:Cn

On 12 December 2008 Switzerland implemented the Schengen Agreement. This removed all passport controls for travellers crossing the border; however, customs officers from both countries are still authorised to carry out customs checks on border crossersШаблон:Cn, as Switzerland is not in the EU Customs Union.

In mid-2016, during the European migrant crisis, the German government deployed an additional 90 border guards and 40 police officers in order to reduce the level of illegal immigration passing through Switzerland.

Transportation

Since Switzerland's accession to the Schengen Area in 2008, there have been no permanent passport controls along this border. Customs controls are still in operation since Switzerland is not part of the European Customs Union.

Railway

Файл:Eisenbahnbrücke Waldshut–Koblenz 2021 - 1.jpg

Waldshut–Koblenz railway bridge over the High Rhine between Germany (left) and Switzerland (right)

Файл:Staatsgrenze Ramsen-Moskau.jpg

Boundary stone along the track of the Etzwilen–Singen railway

Шаблон:As of railway lines crossing the border are (from West to East):

• Rhine Valley Railway between Basel Bad Bf and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Rcb, EC, ICE, IC)
• Wiese Valley Railway between Basel Bad Bf and Lörrach Hauptbahnhof (served by Шаблон:Rcb, Шаблон:Rcb)
• High Rhine Railway between Basel Bad Bf and Шаблон:Stn (served by Шаблон:Rcb, Шаблон:Rcb)
• Turgi–Koblenz–Waldshut railway between Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Ric, Шаблон:Ric)
• High Rhine Railway between Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Ric, Шаблон:Rcb)
• Eglisau–Neuhausen railway line between Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Ric, RE48, IC87)
• Eglisau–Neuhausen railway line between Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Ric, Шаблон:Ric, RE48, IC87)
• High Rhine Railway between Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Stn (served by Шаблон:Ric, Шаблон:Rcb, IC87)
• Etzwilen–Singen railway between Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Stn (a heritage railway).
• Lake Line between Шаблон:Stn and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Ric, Шаблон:Ric, IR75) and between Konstanz and Шаблон:Rws (served by Шаблон:Ric)

Some railway stations are border stations, where there are customs and previously passport control of both countries in the building. Such stations include Basel Badischer Bahnhof (located on Swiss territory near the border, but operated as a German station) and Konstanz station. It is possible to change trains without going through any border or customs control. Cross-border regional train services around Lake Constance (Шаблон:Lang) are part of Bodensee S-Bahn.

Tram and bus

A tram line and two bus lines offer cross-border services. The Basel tram line 8 was in 2014 extended across the border to Weil am Rhein in Germany. Verkehrsbetriebe Schaffhausen (vbsh) bus line 25, operating between Шаблон:Rws and Ramsen via the German enclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein, crosses the border four times in one journey. Another bus service, line 33 (7349) of Шаблон:Ill, connects Шаблон:Rws with Singen (Hohentwiel) railway station.

Ferries and boats

Several passenger boat lines connect German and Swiss harbours on Lake Constance (and also harbours in Austria), among others a car ferry between Friedrichshafen and Romanshorn. Until 1976, there were also train ferries in operation across Lake Constance. There are also passenger boat lines on the lower High Rhine and between Schaffhausen and Konstanz.

Geography

Файл:Karte Hochrhein.png

Map of the High Rhine

The German-Swiss border begins in at the German-Swiss-Austrian tripoint, located within Lake Constance. The precise location of the border within Lake Constance has never been agreed upon officially. The official Swiss national map of 1938 did mark it, at Шаблон:Coor, but maps made since the 1960s have avoided showing the border in the interior of the lake to reflect the lack of an official agreement.

The border makes landfall south of Constance, at Шаблон:Coor. Lake Constance separates the German Bodenseekreis from the Swiss canton of Thurgau. The short stretch of border (c. Шаблон:Convert) between Constance and Kreuzlingen comprises the only territory of Germany on the left bank of the High Rhine.

The border then runs along the Untersee, passing south of Reichenau. At the lake's exit it turns inland, towards the north, leaving Stein am Rhein within Switzerland, as well as the municipality of Ramsen (canton of Schaffhausen). It then returns to the Rhine, including Gailingen in Germany, but then turns north again to include the bulk of the canton of Schaffhausen, a right-bank territory including the town of Schaffhausen itself, in Switzerland, separating it from the German Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis and Waldshut district. Büsingen am Hochrhein (Constance district) is a German exclave which has borders with three Swiss cantons, namely Zurich, Schaffhausen, and Thurgau.

The border returns to the Rhine downstream of the Rhine Falls, then separating the Waldshut district from the canton of Zürich, but then deviates from the river again to include the Rafzerfeld plain into Zürich's Bülach district (a right-bank territory historically acquired by the city of Zürich from the counts of Sulz in 1651). Downstream of Rafzerfeld, the border then sticks to the course of the Rhine until it enters the city of Basel, forming the northern border of the canton of Aargau as far as Kaiseraugst and then the canton of Basel-Land (municipalities of Pratteln and Muttenz) bordering on the German Lörrach district.

Besides the right-bank part of Basel proper (Lesser Basel) the border also includes the right-bank municipalities of Riehen and Bettingen into the canton of Basel-Stadt. The border then cuts across the E35 south of Weil am Rhein and back to the Rhine, where it terminates in the French-German-Swiss tripoint, dividing into the French-German and the French-Swiss borders. The tripoint is located in the Rhine at Шаблон:Coord. A monument has been built near it, known as the Dreiländereck.

References

• Thomas Wüthrich, Adrian Wiget, Beitrag zur Konstruktion der Landesgrenze Deutschland – Schweiz im Untersee swisstopo (2008).