Английская Википедия:Gholam Mohammad Niazi

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Шаблон:Infobox person Gholam Mohammad Niazi (Шаблон:Lang-prs‎; 1932–1979), was a leading professor at Kabul University, member of the Muslim Brotherhood, and the founder of the Islamic movement in Afghanistan.  In 1974 he was jailed for promoting the Islamist regime and was killed in jail in 1979.

Niazi is remembered as the father of Political Islam in Afghanistan. He believed Islam had an important role in the social and political structure of Afghanistan. Many of Afghanistan's most prominent politicians are influenced by the groundwork Niazi laid.

Early years

Gholam Mohammad Niazi was born in 1932 in the Andar district of the Ghazni province which lies east of central Afghanistan. He spent his early childhood in Andar before moving to Kabul for primary education.

Education

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Al-Azhar University in the early 1930s.

Niazi attended the local Hajwiri primary public school and then transferred to the Abu Haneefa school in Kabul. He was very successful in school, so he was given the opportunity to further his studies in Egypt. Niazi enrolled in Al-Azhar University in Cairo, where he obtained a master's degree in Islamic law in 1957. He was one of the first Afghan students to study Islam in Egypt. Niazi's educational path was uncommon in Afghanistan. Traditionally ulema studied in private madrasa in Afghanistan and the few Afghans that had the opportunity to study abroad studied in Pakistan. The influx of Afghani students studying in Egypt brought new Middle Eastern political influence to Afghanistan. Niazi led the way for new modernist and politicized intellectuals to abandon traditional madrasa.

Time in Egypt

During his studies in Cairo, Niazi joined the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood deeply influenced his visions of Islam and triggered his conception of an Islamic movement in Afghanistan. Sayyid Qutb was his main source of intellectual inspiration. Specifically, Niazi's advocacy for a legal system exclusively based on Sharia law is rooted in Qutb’s works.

In 1954, Nasser, the president of Egypt, outlawed the Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood became an underground organization. This greatly shaped Niazi's experience of activism. The Muslim Brotherhood’s emphasis on popular support and connection with the masses inspired Niazi's political strategy.

Political career

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Flag of Jamiat-e Islami

Niazi returned to Afghanistan from Egypt in 1957. Upon arrival he spread his ideas in intellectual circles throughout Kabul. He established a cell at an Abu Haneefa seminary in Paghman, a suburb of Kabul, and held informal meetings with other professors and intellectuals to spread his ideas. Initially, they secretly gathered, but they became a formal political organization named Jamiat-e Islami in 1972.  Niazi was the president of the organization, which had as members such as Sebghatullah Mojaddidi and Minhajuddin Gahiz among others.

Ideology

Niazi opposed westernization and communism because of their secular nature. He called for a spiritual revolution and emphasized the need to obtain a deep knowledge of Islam. Niazi believed religion and science should go hand in hand. He worked towards establishing a new education model that followed the ideas and principles of the Muslim Brotherhood. Niazi rigorously studied Islamic history and applied a political science lens to his learnings to understand the failures of past Islamic regimes. His publication, Majalle-ye Shariat (Review of Muslim Law) reinforced the Islamic movement and supported establishing an Islamic government in Afghanistan. While his ideology was highly intellectual in nature, he also supported the formation of an armed branch within the movement to be prepared to take action if necessary.

Muslim Youth

Many of the members of Jamiat-e Islami were professors, so they often spread their ideas directly to their students. The Islamist ideas spread rapidly among students in Kabul, and the students created the Sazman-e Jawanan-e musalman (Muslim youth) in 1969. They became a militant student organization that opposed Zionism, American and Soviet imperialism, the partition of Pakistan and the Afghan Monarchy. They supported an Islamic social justice system with more equitable economic redistribution. The student movement, inspired by Niazi, operated more overtly than Jamiat-e Islami and harbored important politicians such as Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Burhanuddin Rabbani. When the communist party was established in 1965, the students of the Islamist political party overtly expressed their disagreements which caused a lot of disorder and resistance at Kabul University between 1965 and 1972.

The secretive nature of Niazi's political engagement makes it difficult to evaluate his role in the Muslim Youth. Rabbani claims that the student movement was obedient to Niazi and the Professors. On the other hand, Hekmatyar argues that Muslim Youth and the Professors were completely separate, despite their shared ideological perspectives, because the Professors feared overt opposition to the Afghan political structure would put their positions at risk.

Political participation

Niazi never directly participated in protests or demonstrations, but he instigated and inspired many. He likely did not participate due to fear of government repression. In spring 1971, he initiated a demonstration in Kabul in reaction to the publication of a communist journal that he deemed blasphemy. Tens of thousands of people demonstrated throughout the streets of Kabul, making it the largest demonstration in the history of the city.

Despite his secretive nature, Niazi leveraged his position as the Dean of the Religious Science Faculty at Kabul University to advocate for official reforms. He used his institutional power to expand the Islamic Studies department at the university and to amend the entrance exam to include religious knowledge as a compulsory subject.

Additionally, Niazi tried to spread his ideas to other countries to trigger the creation of Islamic movements. In 1970, he and another professor attended the Peace Conference of Soviet Muslims, held in Tashkent. At the conference, they expressed their support to the Muslims repressed under communism. Despite having some personal connections with figures of political Islam in Egypt, Pakistan, and India, Niazi and the Professors were never able to create meaningful institutional ties with any Islamic Movement abroad.

Challenges to the Islamic movement in Afghanistan

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Flag of the Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan.

Due to the covert nature of the Islamist movement, Gholam Mohammad Niazi and the Islamist movement faced numerous challenges. Initially, challenges to the movement were contained to the Kabul University campus and were mainly perpetrated by rival communist student groups, inspired by the Communist Party of Afghanistan. As the Islamist movement grew new challenges arose outside of the university.

Communism

The Islamist student movement led by Professor Gholam Mohammad Niazi faced numerous challenges from communist groups. Between 1965 and 1972, the university became a site of clashes between the anti-communist Islamists and the communist student groups. These clashes took place on the university's different campuses and were bloody at times.

Opposition of traditional Ulema

The ulema was initially skeptical of the Muslim youth movement taking place at the Kabul University. Except for the ulema in three provinces, Nangrahar, Kunar and Laghman, there was little cooperation between religious leaders and Islamist student movements. This was primarily due to mutual distrust between the two groups. The Ulema saw the youth movement as radical whereas the students saw the ulema as too conservative. However, this distrust was not felt by Professor Mohammad Niazi, he, along with his fellow professors, wished to maintain friendly relations with the ulema.

Government repression

After taking power through a bloodless coup in 1973, Mohammed Daud Khan proclaimed himself President of the newly instated Republic of Afghanistan which officially ended monarchy in the state. His pro-soviet political party, the National Revolutionary Party, did not have the high levels of popularity originally envisaged. Daud undertook repressive action against the different factions of opposition beginning with the Islamists. In 1974, in cooperation with Communist members of the police, Daud ordered the arrests of Islamist militants. Among those arrested was Gholam Mohammad Niazi. Many of those who were not arrested fled to Pakistan where the Islamist movement regrouped. In 1975, Pakistan exiled Afghan Islamist groups led violent attacks in the northeast of Afghanistan prompting further crackdowns by the Daud regime.

Death

During the period of targeted Islamist repression by Daud's authoritarian regime, Gholam Mohammad Niazi was jailed in 1972, but he was released soon after. In 1974 he was jailed again in Pul-e-Charkhi prison, along with many other Islamists. Two hundred known prisoners, including Gholam Niazi and Mawlawi Fayzani, were kept without judgment. After five years of imprisonment, Niazi was killed in prison alongside a large group of other Islamists. Account of the circumstance of his death and other Islamists on 29 May 1979 is given below: Шаблон:Blockquote

It is debated whether the Soviets were involved in his death, directly, indirectly, or at all.

Legacy

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Burhanuddin Rabbani serving as President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Gholam Mohammad Niazi is remembered as the father of political Islam in Afghanistan. He was successful in transforming Islam into a political movement by utilizing the power of popular support. However, the Islamic movement he established did not achieve unity. After Niazi's death, the remaining members of the Jamiat-e Islami were exiled, and the movement quickly fragmented.

Notable affiliations

Burhanuddin Rabbani

Burhanuddin Rabbani was a professor at Kabul University who became the leader of the Jamiat-e Islami in 1972. He succeeded Gholam Mohammad Niazi as founder and transitioned the organization from a secretive group into a formal Islamist political party. Rabbani was exiled in 1974 due to the state's desire to repress opposing parties and views. Under the Peshawar Accords, he served as the country's president from 1992 to 2001.

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was an engineering student at Kabul University. He was an Islamic student said who was attracted to Niazi's political ideology. Hekmatyar was a member of the Muslim Youth. While participating in demonstrations, he threw acid in women's faces and famously assassinated Saidal, a member of the Showla-i-Javid, a Mao-ist political party at Kabul University. Later, in 1975 he founded the Hezb-i Islami, a segment of the Jamiat-e Islami who split under Rabbani's leadership. In 1992, he became Prime Minister of the new post-Soviet regime.

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Sayyaf (left) as Afghan mujahideen commander in 1984.

Abdul Rassul Sayyaf

Abdul Rassul Sayyaf was a professor at Kabul University. In 1972, he became the deputy of the Jamiat-e Islami. He was exiled from Afghanistan and then jailed for affiliation with Gholam Mohammad Niazi and his political group in 1973. Sayyaf was highly against the political rule of then King Zahir Shah.