Английская Википедия:Gilaki language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Hatnote Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language
Gilaki (Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Lang) is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people. Gilaki is closely related to Mazandarani.[1] The two languages of Gilaki and Mazandarani have similar vocabularies.[2][3][4][5] The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages)[6] share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (specifically Kartvelian language),[6][7][8] reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of the Gilak people and Mazandarani people.
Classification
The language is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki[9][10][11][12] and Galeshi/Deylami.[13][14] The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid River,[15] while Galeshi is spoken in the mountains of eastern Gilan and western Mazandaran.[14]
There are three main dialects but larger cities in Gilan have slight variations to the way they speak. These "sub-dialects" are Rashti, Rudbari, Some’e Sarai, Lahijani, Langerudi, Rudesari, Bandar Anzali, Fumani, Alamouti and Taleghani.[4]
Gilaki, which has two main dialect types, eastern and western, with the Safidrūd River as the general border, is a member of the Caspian subgroup. [16] There are many subdialects of Gilaki, and, progressing to the east, it gradually blends into Mazandarani. The intermediate dialects of the area between Tonokābon and Kalārdašt serve as a transition between Gilaki and Mazandarani. The differences in forms and vocabulary lead to a low mutual intelligibility with either Gilaki or Mazandarani, and so these dialects should probably be considered a third separate language group of the Caspian area.[17] In Mazandaran, Gilaki is spoken in the city of Ramsar and Tonekabon. Although the dialect is influenced by Mazandarani, it is still considered a Gilaki dialect.[18][19]
Furthermore, the eastern Gilaki dialect is spoken throughout the valley of the Chalus river.[20]
Apart from four Turkish-speaking villages higher up, the inhabitants of Alamut speak Gilaki and those of Rudbar Tati.[21] In Qazvin province, Gilaki is spoken in northern parts of the province, in Alamut.[22][23]
Grammar
Gilaki, is an inflected and genderless language. It is considered SVO, although in sentences employing certain tenses the order may be SOV.[24]
Dispersion
Gilaki is the language of the majority of people in Gilan province and also a native and well-known language in Mazandaran, Qazvin and Alborz provinces. Gilaki is spoken in different regions with different dialects and accents.[25][26][27][28][29][11][12][10][30] The number of Gilaki speakers is estimated at 3 to 4 million.[31][32][33] Ethnologue reports that the use of Gilaki is decreasing as the speaker population is decreasing.[34]
Phonology
Gilaki has the same consonants as Persian, but different vowels. Here is a table of correspondences for the Western Gilaki of Rasht, which will be the variety used in the remainder of the article:
Gilaki | Persian | Example (Gilaki) |
---|---|---|
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA/Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA (perhaps allophonic) | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA/Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA/Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
There are nine vowel phonemes in the Gilaki language:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
Mid | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
Open | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
The consonants are:
labial | alveolar | post-alveolar | velar | uvular | glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
voiceless stops | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
voiced stops | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | ||
voiceless fricatives | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
voiced fricatives | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | ||
nasals | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |||
liquids | Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA | |||||
glides | Шаблон:IPA |
Verb system
The verb system of Gilaki is very similar to that of Persian. All infinitives end in -tən/-dən, or in -V:n, where V: is a long vowel (from contraction of an original *-Vdən). The present stem is usually related to the infinitive, and the past stem is just the infinitive without -ən or -n (in the case of vowel stems).
Present tenses
From the infinitive dín, "to see", we get present stem din-.
Present indicative
The present indicative is formed by adding the personal endings to this stem:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
dinəm | diním(i) |
diní | diníd(i) |
diné | diníd(i) |
Present subjunctive
The present subjunctive is formed with the prefix bí-, bú-, or bə- (depending on the vowel in the stem) added to the indicative forms. Final /e/ neutralizes to /ə/ in the 3rd singular and the plural invariably lacks final /i/.
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
bídinəm | bídinim |
bídini | bídinid |
bídinə | bídinid |
The negative of both the indicative and the subjunctive is formed in the same way, with n- instead of the b- of the subjunctive.
Past tenses
Preterite
From xurdən, "to eat", we get the perfect stem xurd. To this are added unaccented personal endings and the unaccented b- prefix (or accented n- for the negative):
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
buxúrdəm | buxúrdim(i) |
buxúrdi | buxúrdid(i) |
buxúrdə | buxúrdid(i) |
Imperfect
The imperfect is formed with what was originally a suffix -i:
xúrdim | xúrdim(i) |
xúrdi | xúrdid(i) |
xúrdi | xúrdid(i) |
Pluperfect
The pluperfect is paraphrastically formed with the verb bon, "to be", and the past participle, which is in turn formed with the perfect stem+ə (which can assimilate to become i or u). The accent can fall on the last syllable of the participle or on the stem itself:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
buxurdə bum | buxurdə bim |
buxurdə bi | buxurdə bid |
buxurdə bu | buxurdə bid |
Past subjunctive
A curious innovation of Western Gilaki is the past subjunctive, which is formed with the (artificial) imperfect of bon+past participle:
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
bidé bim | bidé bim |
bidé bi | bidé bid |
bidé be/bi | bidé bid |
This form is often found in the protasis and apodosis of unreal conditions, e.g., mən agə Əkbəra bidé bim, xušhal bubosti bim, "If I were to see/saw/had seen Akbar, I would be happy".
Progressive
There are two very common paraphrastic constructions for the present and past progressives. From the infinitive šon, "to go", we get:
Present progressive
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
šón darəm | šón darim |
šón dari | šón darid |
šón darə | šón darid |
Past progressive
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
šón də/du bum | šón də/di bim |
šón də/di bi | šón də/di bid |
šón də/du bu | šón də/di bid |
Compound verbs
There are many compound verbs in Gilaki, whose forms differ slightly from simple verbs. Most notably, bV- is never prefixed onto the stem, and the negative prefix nV- can act like an infix -n-, coming between the prefix and the stem. So from fagiftən, "to get", we get present indicative fagirəm, but present subjunctive fágirəm, and the negative of both, faángirəm or fanígirəm. The same applies to the negative of the past tenses: fángiftəm or fanígiftəm.
Nouns, cases and postpositions
Gilaki employs a combination of quasi-case endings and postpositions to do the work of many particles and prepositions in English and Persian.
Cases
There are essentially three "cases" in Gilaki, the nominative (or, better, unmarked, as it can serve other grammatical functions), the genitive, and the (definite) accusative. The accusative form is often used to express the simple indirect object in addition to the direct object. A noun in the genitive comes before the word it modifies. These "cases" are in origin actually just particles, similar to Persian ra.
Nouns
For the word "per", father, we have:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nom | per | perán |
Acc | pera | perána |
Gen | perə | peránə |
The genitive can change to -i, especially before some postpositions.
Pronouns
The 1st and 2nd person pronouns have special forms:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nom | mən | amán |
Acc | məra | amána |
Gen | mi | amí |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nom | tu | šumán |
Acc | təra | šumána |
Gen | ti | šimí |
The 3rd person (demonstrative) pronouns are regular: /un/, /u.ˈʃan/, /i.ˈʃan/
Postpositions
With the genitive can be combined many postpositions. Examples:
Gilaki | English |
---|---|
re | for |
həmra/əmra | with |
ĵa | from, than (in comparisons) |
mian | in |
ĵor | above |
ĵir | under |
ru | on top of |
The personal pronouns have special forms with "-re": mere, tere, etc.
Adjectives
Gilaki adjectives come before the noun they modify, and may have the genitive "case ending" -ə/-i. They do not agree with the nouns they modify.
- Example for adjectival modification: Western Gilaki: pilla-yi zakan (big children), Surx gul (red flower). Eastern Gilaki: Sərd ow (cold water) (ɑb-e særd in Persian), kul čaqu (dull knife) (čaqu-ye kond in Persian).
Possessive constructions
- Examples for possessive constructions of nouns in Western Gilaki: məhine zakan (Mæhin's children) (Bæče-ha-ye Mæhin in Persian), Baγi gulan (garden flowers) (Gol-ha-ye Baγ in Persian). In Eastern Gilaki: Xirsi Kuti (bear cub) (Bæč-e Xers in Persian).
Vocabulary
Gilaki | Mazandarani | Zazaki | Kurmanji | English | Persian | Persian transcription | Tat | Baluchi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dim | dim/ru | ruy/rı | dêm | face | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ru | dim/deym |
zäy | vače | pıte/doman | dergûş / zarok | baby/kid | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | əyəl | zag |
pile pɛr | gate piyer | Kalîke | kal | grandfather | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | kələpiyər | pirok |
zəmat | peyom | peyam | peyam | message | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
mərdə per | ši piyer | Pîye zama/viştewru | xezûr | father of the husband | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | xüsürmərd | |
kerk/murgh/kerat | kerg/kerk | kerg | mirîşk | hen | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | kərg | morg |
gow/gāb | guw | gâ | gaw/gab | cow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | mərəgou | gowk |
buĵor/cuer | jur/jār | cor | jor | up | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | zəvər | borz |
kiĵi/sitarə | rojā/esāre | astare | stêrk | star | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | astara | estar |
kor/kilkā/lāku | kijā/deter | kêna/çêna | keç | girl | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | duxtər/ kilə | jinek/ dohtar/ jinen zag |
rey/ri | rikā/peser | Laj/biko | law | boy | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | gədə | bachek/ marden zag |
putāl | melije | morcele | morî | ant | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | mujnə | morink |
siftāl/garzak | kangeli | zerqet | moz | bee | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | əng | gowder |
piča | bāmeši | psing | pisîk | cat/pussy cat | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | pişik | peshik |
nesä | nesum/sāyne | siya | reş | shadow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | sayə | sāyag |
vargadån/urgadån | āvizun hākerden | Vardan | êxistin | to hang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | vəzərən | |
pillə=pilla | gat | pîl/giran | gir | great | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | kələ | tuh/ mazan |
zäk/zäy | vače | doman,qîj,leyr | zarok | child | بچه | bačeh | əyəl | zag |
pɛr | piyer | pîye,baw | bav | father | پدر | pedar | piyər | pet/ pes |
kåråš=kereš/fakeshen | bakešiyen | keresdan | kişandin | to draw on the ground | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | kəşirən | |
fuduštån/uduštån | bučefessen | levnayış | mijîn | to suck | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | çumustən | |
vastån | vene/meyl | waşten | vîn | appetite or desire | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
šondån/fukudån | bašendiyen | şodan/şıdan | rijandin / pê de berdan | pouring of liquids | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
lisk | lis/sor | reser-lic | sîsk / runik | lubricious | ليز / سور | liz/sor | ||
kərč | tarne | kırç | brittle | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |||
där | dār | dâr | dar | tree | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | dar | dāar/ drachk/ mach(date tree) |
malĵå/čičini | mičkā | miliçik | tîvil / qilîç | sparrow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | mərgiçə | jenjeshk |
bušu | bur/bašo | buşu | biçe / here | go | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | bura/bara | bera/ shoten |
fegir/fagir | bair/bayr | fekir | bigre | take it in your hand | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | gir | ger |
fangir/fanigir | nair/nayr | megir | megire / negire | don't take in your hand | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | məgir | mager |
purd | perd/pel | pırd | pir | bridge | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | kürpi | |
si | gar/si/se | koy u kerra | çiya û kevir | mountain and stone | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
kenes | barxerd | temas | temas | touch | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
morghanə | merqāne | hâk | hêk | egg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | xakərg | āmorg/ hek |
lanti | mar | mar | mar | snake | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | mar | mār |
kəlach | kelaj | qela | qela | crow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | qəlağ | |
gərmalət | golmetare | isot, ferfer | îsot | pepper | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | istout | pelpel |
pamadur | goje | firang | firing | tomato | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | pamadur | |
vatərkəssən/vatərkəstən | baterkessen | terqnaiden | teqîn / peqîn | explode | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
šimi šin | šeme vesse | seba/semed şıma | ji bo te | for you | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | bey işmu/ bəri işmu | par shoma/ par ta/ shome ent/ ti ent |
mi šin | me vesse | seba/semede mı | ji bo min | for me | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | bey mən/ bəri mən | par man/ mani ent |
kiškazay | čindekā | kerge | mirişk | chicken | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | cücə | |
vərza | junekā | gâ | gaw / ganêr | male cow | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | nərəgou | |
leše | telem/telemkā | mungâ | mange | bull | گاو ماده | gāv-e māddeh | gou | |
jir/bijir | jir/jer | ceir/cér | jêr | down | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | zir | jahl/ cher |
luchan | qorpe/češ degārdiyen | çemard | roll of the eyes | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |||
bəjar/bijar | binjār/bijār/šālizār | berzer | zeviya rizê | rice farm | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
vachukastan | jurburden | vecyayen | helkiştin | climb | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | dürmarən | borz buten |
Comparison of Gilaki, Mazandarani, Kurmanci, Zazaki and Balochi
Notes
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite book (translated into Persian 1995)
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Scientific Information Database of the Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research
- Sample recording in Gilaki
- Dictionary of Gilaki (Dialect of Lahijan) and some of its characteristics
- Open access recordings of a Gilaki song and basic word list are available through Kaipuleohone
Шаблон:Languages of Iran Шаблон:Iranian languages Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Dalb, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. p. 226. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Page needed
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated, page 294
- ↑ The Tati language group in the sociolinguistic context of Northwestern Iran and Transcaucasia By D.Stilo, pages 137-185
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ محمود رنجبر، رقیه رادمرد (۱۳۸۲)، بررسی و توصیف گویش گالشی
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 «محمود رنجبر» و «رقیه رادمرد»؛ «بررسی وتوصیف گویش گالشی»؛ نشر گیلکان
- ↑ Stilo, Don "A Description of the Northwest Iranian Project at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopediaalamut-valley-alborz-northeast-of-qazvin-
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web