Английская Википедия:Grail (women's movement)
Шаблон:Context The Grail, also Ladies of the Grail, is a Catholic community of about a thousand women from 24 countries, representing many different cultures, backgrounds, and work situations.
History
The Grail was started in 1921 as the Women of Nazareth by Fr. Jacques van Ginneken, a Dutch Jesuit. He felt that many new possibilities were opening up for women and that a group of lay women, unconfined by convent walls and rules, could make an immense contribution to the transformation of the world. By 1939, the Grail had become a colourful movement involving thousands of young women in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Germany, challenging them to deep personal and spiritual commitment. Pioneers in Catholic feminist theology, the Grail in the USA voted in 1969 to admit women of other Christian denominations, and in 1975, to accept Jewish women as members.[1]
The Grail was started in Australia in 1936,[2] the United States in 1940, New Zealand in the late 1930s, Brazil and South Africa in 1951, Uganda in 1953, Portugal in 1958, and subsequently in Tanzania, Ghana, Nigeria, Italy, Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Mozambique, Kenya, and Sweden. Grail members are also working in Belgium, Belize, Cape Verde, Egypt, France, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Malaysia, Switzerland, Ecuador, and Zimbabwe. Its United States headquarters, known as Grailville, is located in Loveland, Ohio.
Significant members
Anne Hope, a South African activist who worked closely with Steve Biko.[3]
Ecclesiastical status
In England, the Grail has the status of a secular institute within the Catholic Church, an association of lay people making a permanent commitment to a particular form of Christian life.[4]
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Reid, Elizabeth Julia ( 1961). I Belong where I am Needed. Link to Internet archive
- DeFerrari, Patricia (1998). "Collaborating in Christ's Redeeming Work: The U.S. Grail and Social Reform in the 1950s." US Catholic Historian. 16 (4):109-126.
- Kalven, Janet. Women Breaking Boundaries: a Grail Journey. Шаблон:ISBN
External links
- Official international website of The Grail
- "Grailville The Early Decades" YouTube video by YouTube user TheGrailintheUSA
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ A. Healey, The Grail in Australia: An international women’s movement and the Australian Church, Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society 31/2 (2010/11) Шаблон:Webarchive, 27-38.
- ↑ [Anne Hope: The Struggle for Freedom by Stephanie Kilroe, Daton, Longman and Todd, London, 2019]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
