Английская Википедия:Great Plains Shelterbelt
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox forest The Great Plains Shelterbelt was a project to create windbreaks in the Great Plains states of the United States, that began in 1934.[1] President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated the project in response to the severe dust storms of the Dust Bowl, which resulted in significant soil erosion and drought. The United States Forest Service believed that planting trees on the perimeters of farms would reduce wind velocity and lessen evaporation of moisture from the soil. By 1942, 220 million trees had been planted, covering Шаблон:Convert[2] in a 100-mile-wide zone from Canada to the Brazos River. Even Шаблон:As of, "the federal response to the Dust Bowl, including the Prairie States Forestry Project which planted the Great Plains Shelterbelt and creation of the Soil Erosion Service, represents the largest and most-focused effort of the [U.S.] government to address an environmental problem".[3][4]
History
The "Number One Shelterbelt" is located in Greer County, in southwestern Oklahoma. Oklahoma's first State Forester, George R. Phillips, had the distinction of planting the very first tree in the federal program's very first shelterbelt in 1935." The first tree was an Austrian pine planted on the H.E. Curtis farm near Willow, Oklahoma, on March 18.[3]
The project called for large-scale planting of trees across the Great Plains, stretching in a 100-mile wide zone from Canada to northern Texas, to protect the land from wind erosion. Native trees, such as red cedar and green ash, were planted along fence rows separating properties, and farmers were paid to plant and cultivate them. The project was estimated to cost $75 million over 12 years. When disputes arose over funding sources (the project was considered to be a long-term strategy and therefore ineligible for emergency relief funds), FDR transferred the program to the WPA.[5]
The Great Plains Shelterbelt was allowed under the 1924 Clarke–McNary Act and was carried out by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).[2] Project headquarters were in Lincoln, Nebraska,[6] and Raphael Zon served as the technical director. The U.S. Forest Service and Civilian Conservation Corps assisted.[7] "The Shelterbelt Program of 1935–1942 ... [was] later known as the Prairie States Forestry Project."[8]
By 1942, 30,233 shelterbelts had been planted, which contained 220 million trees and covered Шаблон:Convert.[2]
Restoration efforts in the 21st century
Шаблон:As of, "Many shelterbelts in Kansas and throughout the central Great Plains are old and are no longer providing the benefits that they used to", according to Kansas State Forester Larry Biles.[9]
Шаблон:As of in Nebraska,
In 2010, federal grants were made available for shelterbelt maintenance and restoration in Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska as part of the Central Great Plains Shelterbelt Renovation and the Central Great Plains Forested Riparian Buffer CCPI proposals.[10][11] Funding for the CCPI (Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative) is provided as a project of the Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service.[9]
See also
- Afforestation
- Agroforestry
- Buffer strip
- Desertification
- Ecological engineering
- Ecological engineering methods
- Ecotechnology
- Energy-efficient landscaping
- Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature
- Hedge
- Human ecology
- Macro-engineering
- Proposed sahara forest project
- Protection forest
- Sand fence
- Sustainable agriculture
- Windbreak
References
Notes
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite web A fuller account of the Great Plains Shelterbelt, describing its limitations and its successes, with a history of the development of forestry in the Plains
- Illustration and description of a typical farmstead shelterbelt in South Dakota
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite conference
External links
- The Prairie States Forestry Project (1940) at the Internet Archive
- Prairie States Forestry Project in Kansas - Part 1, Historical video footage from the Kansas Forest Service
- Prairie States Forestry Project in Kansas - Part 2 Historical video footage from the Kansas Forest Service
- ↑ "Fighting the Drouth" Popular Mechanics, October 1934.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite conference
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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