Английская Википедия:Great Storm of 1975

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The Great Storm of 1975 (also known as the Super Bowl Blizzard, Minnesota's Storm of the Century, or the Tornado Outbreak of January, 1975) was an intense storm system that impacted a large portion of the Central and Southeast United States from January 9 to January 12, 1975. The storm produced 45 tornadoes in the Southeast U.S. resulting in 12 fatalities, while later dropping over Шаблон:Convert of snow and killing 58 people in the Midwest. This storm remains one of the worst blizzards to ever strike parts of the Midwest, as well as one of the largest January tornado outbreaks on record in the United States.

Meteorological synopsis

The storm originated over the Pacific Ocean and crashed into the Northwest Pacific coast with damaging gale-force winds on January 8, 1975. By January 9 it had cleared the Rocky Mountains and began to redevelop and strengthen. At the same time, Arctic air was being drawn southward from Canada into the Great Plains, and large amounts of warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico were being pulled northward into much of the eastern U.S. The storm was a classic Panhandle Hook which moved from Colorado into Oklahoma before turning northward towards the Upper Midwest. It produced record low barometric pressure readings in the Midwest, with the pressure falling to an estimated 28.38 inches (961 mb) just north of the Minnesota border in Canada.

Tornado outbreak

Tornado summary event

Файл:1975tordamage.png

Damage from an F3 tornado in St. Clair County, Alabama

An unusual feature of this outbreak was that daytime heating, typically a key ingredient in the formation of tornadoes, had very little impact on their development. Rather, as the storm system pulled out into the central plains, strong thunderstorms and tornadoes quickly began to form despite the late hours. The first two tornadoes touched down after 10:00 p.m. CST on January 9 in Oklahoma and Louisiana. From there the progression of the twisters shifted eastward through the overnight and early morning hours, setting the stage for what would turn out to be a record-setting day on January 10. Texas saw five tornadoes between 1:30 a.m.–3:30 a.m., one tornado touched down in Arkansas at 6:00 a.m., Louisiana saw seven tornadoes between 5:30 a.m.–8:00 a.m. (killing one person), Mississippi had five tornadoes between 8:15 a.m.–10:00 a.m. (killing nine), and Illinois and Indiana each experienced three lunch-hour tornadoes. The tornadic line of storms then shifted into Alabama (killing one) and Florida during the afternoon and evening hours.

Outbreak death toll

State	Total	County	County total
Alabama	1	St. Clair	1
Florida	1	Bay	1
Louisiana	1	Acadia	1
Mississippi	9	Lincoln	5
		Pike	4
Totals	12
All deaths were tornado-related

Mississippi and Alabama were the two states hardest hit by this outbreak. Alabama had the most twisters of any state with 13, but Mississippi saw the largest and deadliest tornado. An F4 tornado that tore through Pike, Lincoln, Lawrence, and Simpson Counties at 8:14 a.m. killed nine people and injured over 200, and severely damaged 38 blocks in the town of McComb. The 39 tornadoes on January 10 marked the most active tornadic day in January in U.S. history at that time. The 52 tornadoes during January 1975 also set a U.S. record for the most tornadoes during that month. Both of these records were broken in January 1999.

After a calm day on January 11, four more tornadoes touched down in Florida and Georgia on January 12, killing one person in Florida. By the time the outbreak ended it had produced 45 tornadoes, killed 12 people, injured 377 and caused $42 million in damages.

Confirmed tornadoes

January 9 event

List of confirmed tornadoes
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Oklahoma
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	E of Ashland to SE of Arpelar	Pittsburg	0430	12.4 miles (19.8 km)
Louisiana
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	N of Quebec to E of Transylvania	Madison, East Carroll	0440	18 miles (28.8 km)	Two homes were destroyed, along with numerous barns and outbuildings. Two trailers were also destroyed in the Alsatia area. A church and a parsonage were damaged as well. Six people were officially injured, but the actual total may have been three.
Arkansas
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Springdale area	Washington	0655	0.5 miles (0.8 km)	5 injuries.
Texas
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Daingerfield area	Morris	0730	0.3 miles (0.5 km)
Source: Grazulis (1975), Tornado History Project - January 9, 1975 Storm Data

January 10 event

List of confirmed tornadoes
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Texas
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Hooks area	Bowie	0800	4 miles (6.4 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	La Marque area	Galveston	0955	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Jasper area	Jasper	1030	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Kountze area	Jefferson	1030	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
Louisiana
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Vinton	Calcasieu	1125	0.5 miles (0.8 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	SE of Fishville	Grant	1230	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Jennings to Evangeline	Jefferson Davis, Acadia	1315	7.6 miles (12.2 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	NE of Oak Grove	West Carroll	1315	0.5 miles (0.8 km)	1 injury
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	S of Mermentau to Crowley	Acadia	1335	13.5 miles (21.6 km)	1 death – A trailer was destroyed near the touchdown point, resulting in the fatality. In Crowley, six trailers and seven homes were damaged. Eight people were injured.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Lawtell area	St. Landry	1400	1 miles (1.6 km)	5 injuries
Arkansas
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	S of Stuttgart	Arkansas	1210	0.5 miles (0.8 km)
Mississippi
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F4	SW of McComb to SW Pinola	Pike, Lincoln, Lawrence, Simpson	1414	56.5 miles (90.4 km)	9 deaths – This long-tracked tornado, possibly a tornado family, destroyed seven buildings and a marina near the beginning of its path. Major damage occurred in McComb, where many homes, apartments, vehicles and businesses were completely destroyed, and two schools and two National Guard armories were badly damaged. The tornado injured five students, out of 325 who had taken shelter in a school. Many homes, trailers, and barns were destroyed in rural areas as well. In the community of "Camper", a trailer was destroyed, with its remains twisted around a utility pole. 210 people were injured and at least 10,000 trees were snapped or uprooted.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	SE of Linwood to NW of Selma	Adams	1448	11.9 miles (19 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Clinton to SE of Flora	Hinds, Madison	1555	15 miles (24 km)	This tornado overturned a truck on I-20. It also destroyed a home and badly damaged another. One person was injured.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	SE of Greenfield	Rankin	1610	4.5 miles (7.2 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	S of Biloxi	Harrison	2000	0.5 miles (0.8 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	W of Pascagoula	Jackson	2025	2.5 miles (4 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	N of Helena	Jackson	2030	0.1 miles (0.16 km)	A brief touchdown destroyed two homes and two trailers near Helena.
Illinois
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	SE of Raleigh	Saline	1715	2 miles (3.2 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Old Shawneetown area	Gallatin	1732	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
Indiana
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Harwood area	Vanderburgh	1825	0.5 miles (0.8 km)
Alabama
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	NE of East Brookwood	Tuscaloosa	2030	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Citronelle area	Mobile	2045	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	N of Faunsdale	Marengo	2045	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	N of Porter	Jefferson	2045	2 miles (3.2 km)	A short-lived tornado destroyed four houses and two trailers, and four people had minor injuries.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Vestavia Hills area	Jefferson	2145	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Keystone area	Shelby	2200	0.2 miles (0.32 km)	14 injuries
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F3	W of Pell City to NE of Ragland	St. Clair	2215	18.8 miles (30 km)	1 death – In Pell City, the tornado destroyed 49 homes and damaged 259 others, and 15 trailers and 27 businesses were damaged or destroyed. The tornado also destroyed five homes in Ragland, where 48 others were damaged.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	NW of Loxley	Baldwin	2215	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	Prattville area	Autauga	2245	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	SW of Montgomery	Montgomery	2250	2 miles (3.2 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	SW of Davisville	Macon	0000	1 miles (1.6 km)	A brief tornado produced major damage in the Cotton Valley area, destroying 17 homes and damaging 28 others. Nine people were injured. Rating disputed, ranked F3 by Grazulis.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	NE of Salem	Lee	2030	0.1 miles (0.16 km)	A brief touchdown destroyed three homes and five trailers. It also damaged 22 homes and injured six people. Rating disputed, ranked F3 by Grazulis.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	E of Ranburne	Cleburne	2030	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
Florida
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	W of Mary Esther	Okaloosa	2355	1 miles (1.6 km)
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F0	N of Ponce de Leon	Holmes	0130	0.1 miles (0.16 km)
North Carolina
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	W of Selica	Transylvania	0230	4.3 miles (6.9 km)
Source: Grazulis (1975), Tornado History Project - January 10, 1975 Storm Data

January 12 event

List of confirmed tornadoes
F#	Location	County	Time (UTC)	Path length	Damage
Florida
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F1	SW of Greenhead to N of Horrsville	Washington, Jackson	1615	53 miles (84.8 km)	A tornado, possibly a tornado family, destroyed a barn, and a house lost its roof. 12 people were injured.
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Panama City to NE of Bethel, GA	Bay, Calhoun, Jackson, Seminole, GA, Decatur (GA), Mitchell (GA), Worth (GA), Turner (GA)	1620	168.5 miles (269.6 km)	1 death – This was probably a family of skipping and shorter-lived tornadoes. In Florida, 25 homes and trailers were torn apart. In Georgia, many trees were snapped and uprooted, and buildings were destroyed at an industrial park. 100 homes and 50 trailers were damaged in Georgia as well. A total of 18 people were injured.
Georgia
bgcolor=#Шаблон:Storm colour | F2	Lyons area	Toombs	2215	2 miles (3.2 km)	A brief tornado overturned trailers and tore roofs from several homes, and businesses in the area were destroyed.
Source: Grazulis (1975), Tornado History Project - January 12, 1975 Storm Data

Blizzard

As the storm system began to move northeastward out of Oklahoma, the cool air pulled down behind the system interacted with the moisture being pulled northward to produce snow over a large part of the Midwest. The snow began falling on Friday, January 10 and continued for the next two days. Snowfall of a foot (30.5 cm) or more was common from Nebraska to Minnesota, with Шаблон:Convert in Riverton, Minnesota. The heaviest snow fell to the west of the low pressure center, which tracked from northeast Iowa through central Minnesota up to Lake Superior. Sustained winds of Шаблон:Convert with gusts from Шаблон:Convert produced snowdrifts up to Шаблон:Convert in some locations.

Sioux Falls, South Dakota saw visibilities of below Шаблон:Convert for 24 straight hours, and just east of Sioux Falls a Шаблон:Convert broadcast tower collapsed under the storm's fury. In Willmar, Minnesota, 168 passengers were trapped in a stranded train for hours, unable to walk to shelter because of dangerously low wind chill values. In Omaha, Nebraska a foot (31 cm) of snow fell, Sioux Falls saw Шаблон:Convert, Duluth, Minnesota saw Шаблон:Convert, and International Falls, Minnesota saw Шаблон:Convert.

Record low pressures were recorded in communities in Nebraska, Minnesota, Illinois, and Wisconsin, with a low of Шаблон:Convertb) in Duluth, Minnesota. Approximately 58 people died from effects of the blizzard and over 100,000 farm animals were lost. The combination of snowfall totals, wind velocities, and cold temperatures made this one of the most severe blizzards the Upper Midwest has experienced.

Record events

This storm system had, in part, a large effect on the weather in the entire eastern half of the country. A number of different weather records (at the time) were set during the four days of this storm, especially in daily high temperatures, wind gusts, low barometric pressure readings, and number of tornadoes.

Daily high temperatures

January 10

• Chicago: Шаблон:Convert
• Indianapolis, Indiana: Шаблон:Convert
• Louisville, Kentucky: Шаблон:Convert
• South Bend, Indiana: Шаблон:Convert

January 11

• New York City: Шаблон:Convert
• Providence, Rhode Island: Шаблон:Convert
• Washington, D.C.: Шаблон:Convert

Low pressure measurements

• Duluth, Minnesota: Шаблон:Convertb)
• Minneapolis, Minnesota: Шаблон:Convertb)
• Rochester, Minnesota: Шаблон:Convertb)
• Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Шаблон:Convertb)
• Rockford, Illinois: Шаблон:Convertb)
• St. Louis, Missouri: Шаблон:Convertb)

Tornadoes

• Most tornadoes on one day in January: 39
• Most tornadoes in the United States during January: 52

See also

• List of Minnesota weather records
• List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

References

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Citation
• Шаблон:Citation

External links

• Brainerd Daily Dispatch front page, January 11, 1975