Английская Википедия:Greenberg's linguistic universals
Материал из Онлайн справочника
Шаблон:Short description The American linguist Joseph Greenberg (1915–2001) proposed a set of linguistic universals based primarily on a set of 30 languages. The following list is verbatim from the list printed in the appendix of Greenberg's Universals of Language[1] and "Universals Restated",[2][3] sorted by context.
The numbering is fixed to keep Greenberg's number associations, as these are commonly referenced by number, for example "Greenberg's linguistic universal number 12."
Typology
- "In declarative sentences with nominal subject and object, the dominant order is almost always one in which the subject precedes the object."
- "In languages with prepositions, the genitive almost always follows the governing noun, while in languages with postpositions it almost always precedes."
- "Languages with dominant VSO order are always prepositional."
- "With overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV order are postpositional."
- "If a language has dominant SOV order and the genitive follows the governing noun, then the adjective likewise follows the noun."
- "All languages with dominant VSO order have SVO as an alternative or as the only alternative basic order."
Syntax
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Ordered list
Morphology
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Ordered list
References
- ↑ [1] Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ [2] Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Greenberg "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements," Universals of Language, London: MIT Press, pp. 110-113.
