Английская Википедия:Grendel
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses
Grendel is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf (700–1000 CE). He is one of the poem's three antagonists (along with his mother and the dragon), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist Beowulf. He is referred to as both an Шаблон:Lang, types of beings from wider Germanic mythology. He is also described as a descendant of the Biblical Cain and "a creature of darkness, exiled from happiness and accursed of God, the destroyer and devourer of our human kind."Шаблон:Sfn He is usually depicted as a monster or a giant, although his status as a monster, giant, or other form of supernatural being is not clearly described in the poem and thus remains the subject of scholarly debate. The character of Grendel and his role in the story of Beowulf have been subject to numerous reinterpretations and re-imaginings. Grendel is feared by all in Heorot but Beowulf, who kills both him and his mother.
Story
Grendel is a figure in the poem Beowulf, preserved in the Nowell Codex.Шаблон:Sfn Grendel, being cursed as the descendant of the Biblical Cain, along with elves and other eotens, is "harrowed" by the sounds of singing that come every night from the mead hall of Heorot built by King Hroðgar. Unable to bear it any more, he attacks Heorot. Grendel continues to attack the Hall every night for twelve years, killing its inhabitants and making this magnificent mead hall unusable. To add to his monstrous description, the poet details how Grendel consumes the men he kills, "now that he could hope to eat his fill."Шаблон:Sfn
Beowulf hears of these attacks and leaves his native land of the Geats to destroy Grendel. He is warmly welcomed by King Hroðgar, who gives a banquet in celebration. Afterwards Beowulf and his warriors bed down in the mead hall to await the inevitable attack. Grendel stalks outside the building for a time, spying the warriors inside. He then makes a sudden attack, bursting the door with his fists and continuing through the entry. The first warrior Grendel finds is still asleep, so he seizes the man and devours him. Grendel grabs a second warrior, but is shocked when the warrior grabs back with fearsome strength. As Grendel attempts to disengage, the reader discovers that Beowulf is that second warrior. Beowulf uses neither weapon nor armour in this fight. He also places no reliance on his companions and has no need of them. He trusts that God has given him strength to defeat Grendel, whom he believes is God's adversary.Шаблон:Sfn Beowulf tears off Grendel's arm, mortally wounding the creature. Grendel flees but dies in his marsh den. There, Beowulf later engages in a fierce battle with Grendel's mother in a mere, over whom he triumphs with a sword found there. Following her death, Beowulf finds Grendel's corpse and removes his head, which he keeps as a trophy. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour".Шаблон:Sfn He returns to Heorot, where a grateful Hroðgar showers him with gifts.Шаблон:Sfn
Narrative role
Tolkien argues for the importance of Grendel's role in the poem as an "eminently suitable beginning" that sets the stage for Beowulf's fight with the dragon: "Triumph over the lesser and more nearly human is cancelled by defeat before the older and more elemental." Tolkien argues that "the evil spirits took visible shape" in the characters of Grendel and the dragon; however, the author's concern is focused on Beowulf.Шаблон:Sfn Tolkien's essay was the first work of scholarship in which Anglo-Saxon literature was seriously examined on its literary merits – not just for scholarship about the origins of the English language, or what historical information could be gleaned from the text, as was common in the 19th century.Шаблон:Sfn
Identity and physical description
Description in the poem
During the decades following Tolkien's essay, the exact description of Grendel was debated by scholars. Indeed, because his exact appearance is never directly described in Old English by the original Beowulf poet, part of the debate revolves around what is known, namely his descent from the biblical Cain (the first murderer in the Bible). Grendel is called a sceadugenga – "shadow walker", in other words "night goer" – given that the monster was repeatedly described to be in the shroud of darkness.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
After Grendel's death, Hroðgar describes him as vaguely human in shape, though much larger:
| Old English textШаблон:Sfn | Tolkien translationШаблон:Sfn | |
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Grendel's disembodied head is also so large that it takes four men to transport it. Furthermore, when Grendel's torn arm is inspected it is described as being covered in impenetrable scales and horny growths.Шаблон:Sfn
| Old English textШаблон:Sfn | Heaney translationШаблон:Sfn | |
|---|---|---|
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Relationship to Biblical traditions
Some scholars have linked Grendel's descent from Cain to the monsters and giants of the Cain tradition.Шаблон:Sfn Alfred Bammesgerber looks closely at line 1266 where Grendel's ancestry is said to be the "misbegotten spirits"Шаблон:Sfn that sprang from Cain after he was cursed. He argues that the word in Old English Шаблон:Lang should be translated "the great former creation of spirits".Шаблон:Sfn
Relationship to wider Germanic traditions
Identity as a eoten
In 1936, J. R. R. Tolkien's Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics discussed Grendel and the dragon in Beowulf. Tolkien points out that while Grendel is the descendant of the Biblical Cain, he "cannot be dissociated from the creatures of northern myth". He notes that Cain is presented as the ancestor of beings such as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, which he equates with their Old Norse cognates of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. He further argues that this blending of traditions is intentional and seen throughout the poem more generally.Шаблон:Sfn Grendel specifically is described as both a Шаблон:Lang and a Шаблон:Lang, cognate with Шаблон:Lang-non and Шаблон:Lang respectively; it has been proposed that the poet and the audience of the poem would have seen Grendel as belonging to this same group of beings as the Шаблон:Lang of Scandinavian tradition.Шаблон:Sfn While Шаблон:Lang in Old Norse accounts are highly diverse, lacking a single physical appearance, and best thought of as a social grouping, some broadly shared traits have been identified such as living in the periphery of the world, outside of society.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In both Old Norse and Old English accounts, these borders between the realms of humanity and those of supernatural beings are often marked by water, such as rivers or the surface of lakes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This is notably consistent with Grendel's depiction as living in marshes and Maxims II, which identifies fens as the characteristic living place for Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Other
Katherine O'Keefe has suggested that Grendel resembles a berserker, because of numerous associations that seem to point to this possibility.Шаблон:Sfn
Sonya R. Jensen argues for an identification between Grendel and Agnar, son of Ingeld, and suggests that the tale of the first two monsters is actually the tale of Ingeld, as mentioned by Alcuin in the 790s. The tale of Agnar tells how he was cut in half by the warrior Bödvar Bjarki (Warlike little Bear), and how he died "with his lips separated into a smile". One major parallel between Agnar and Grendel would thus be that the monster of the poem has a name perhaps composed of a combination of the words gren and daelan. The poet may be stressing to his audience that Grendel "died laughing", or that he was gren-dael[ed] or "grin-divid[ed]", after having his arm torn off at the shoulder by Beowulf, whose name means bee-wolf or bear.Шаблон:Sfn
Other interpretations and discussions
Peter Dickinson (1979) argued that seeing as the considered distinction between man and beast at the time the poem was written was simply man's bipedalism, the given description of Grendel being man-like does not necessarily imply that Grendel is meant to be humanoid, going as far as stating that Grendel could easily have been a bipedal dragon.Шаблон:Sfn
Other scholars such as Sherman Kuhn (1979) have questioned Grendel's description as a monster, stating:
Place-names
Grendel likely features in English place names dating to the Anglo-Saxon period such as Шаблон:Lang ("Grendel's pit"), Шаблон:Lang ("Grendel's mere) and Шаблон:Lang ("Grendel's bog"). It has been further noted that these places are often nearby, or are, watery places, such as lakes and marshes, or other locations away from human habitation.Шаблон:Sfn
Depictions
Grendel appears in many other cultural works.
Citations
Bibliography
Primary
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Secondary
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External links
Шаблон:Beowulf Шаблон:Authority control
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